中准调变英语怎么说及英文单词

㈠ 变更用英语怎么说，与修改有区别么

变更
change 决定性的改变

修改
modify 微调性的改变

㈡ 英文怎么掌握音调啊

语调(intonation)，即说话的腔调，就是一句话里声调(pitch)高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。世界上没有一种语言是用单一的声调说出的，以英语为例，英语有五种基本语调：升调(↗)、的降调(↙)、的升降调(∧)、的降升调(∨)以及平调(→)。一句话除了词汇意义(lexical meaning)还有语调意义(intonation meaning)。所谓词汇意义就是话中所用词的意义，而语调意义就是说话人用语调所表示的态度或口气。一句话的词汇意义加上语调意义才算是完全的意义。同样的句子，语调不同，意思就会不同，有时甚至会相差千里。请看下例：
1)A：Jean，can you bring me the newspaper?
B：Sorry?(↗)
Jean用升调说“Sorry”，其意思是“I didn't hear you.Could you say that again，please?”
我们再看下句：
2)A：Jean，can you bring me the newspaper?
B：Sorry.(↙)
在对话2)中，Jean用降调说“Sorry”，显然其意思是拒绝帮助或无能为力。
美国著名语言学家Kenneth L.Pike认为：
?一个音节的绝对调高是不重要的，而一个音节与另外一个的相对高度才是非常重要的。
英语有四级能区别意义的调高：
1)特高调(extra high)，即比正常的声调高两级，常在感情特别激动或惊讶时使用。
2)高调(high)，即比正常的声调高一级，一般用于语句中关键性的重读词。
3)中调(mid)，即说话人声音的正常高度。
4)低调(low)，即比正常的声调低一级，
一般是降调的最低点。
?应该按照说话人的态度来分语调模式，而不能按照句子的语法结构来分。没有所谓“疑问句的语调”或“陈述句的语调”。因为疑问句和陈述句都可以用各种语调模式来说。
因此，对于我们中国的英语学习者来说，通过了解某种调型所表示的某种态度或口气也就颇为重要。事实上，无论是在现实生活中还是在考试中，我们的学生常会因为对这些知识缺乏了解而无法确定说话人的态度、的感情、的口吻和意图等。然而这又是一个比较复杂的问题。本文将通过具体的例子从两方面来说明这个问题：
I.一句话中绝对调高及音调的相对高度所包含的意义
众所周知，人们在兴奋、的惊讶或感情激动时说话的语调就高，而在相反的情况下，语调则低。因此，在同一个场合中，如果一个人的语调明显高于另一个，或明显低于另一个，以此就可以推断出该说话人的意思及态度。
这里我们要着重谈谈一句话中语调的相对高度的不同所包含的意义。一句话中的语调波峰一般都是句重音所在。通过一句话中的语调波峰所在，我们就可以了解说话人的意思。如人们读“I live in the city.”这句话时，由于强调的对象不同，语调也就随之发生了变化。现不妨比较如下：
I(↗)live in the city.(隐含着在场的其他人不住在城里的意思)
I live(↗)in the city.(表示“我”只是“住在”城里，其隐含的意思是“我不在城里工作”或其他意思)
I live in(↗)the city.(表示“我住在城里边”，其隐含的意思是“我不住在城外”)
因此，对下面的对话所提问的问题进行选择时，就不难回答了。
3)M：Linda looked very tired these days.
W：She looked OK to me(↗).
Q：What does the woman think of Linda?(D)
[A]She saw Linda and me.
[B]Linda said she was fine.
[C]She looked up the word for me.
[D]She considered Linda was all right.
这句话里的句重音碰巧落在句子的最后一个单词“me”上。因为女士用升调重读“me”，这表示了女士有意与男士的看法形成对比，意思是：在你的眼里，她显得疲惫，可在我看来，她没什么问题。这表示了她那种无所谓的态度。
II.某些句型由于句尾语调的改变而引起意义改变的现象
1.使用疑问词who，which，what， how，when，where，why的特殊疑问句可以用降调也可以用升调，但含义是不同的。如：
4)A：Mr.Smith thinks we ought to get the money in hand first.
B：Who?(↗)
A：Mr.Smith.
B用升调说“Who”，表示听不清对方谈话中的某一部分，要求对方再重复那一部分。
5)A：We'd like to have someone to say a word at the beginning to welcome the group.
B：Who?(↙)
A：We thought that you or Dr.Johnson might do it.
B用降调说“Who”，其意思是问，对方想让谁在开场时致欢迎词。
2.附加疑问句可以读升调也可以读降调，意思是不相同的。降调表示发问者相信陈述句的内容，只等对方证实。升调表示发问者对陈述句内容的真实性没有把握，希望对方作出自己的判断。如：
6)A：You willfinish the work，won't you?(↙)
B：Yes，I will.
A用降调提问，意思是：I know you will finish the work，but I want you to confirm it.
7)A：You willfinish the work，won'tyou?(↗)
B：Yes，I will.(或No，I won't.)
A用升调提问，表示A心中没有把握，因此，得到的回答既可能是肯定的，也可能是否定的。因此，如果听到下面的对话并就所提问题进行选择时，哪个选项正确也就不言而喻了。
8)W：Mary says she likes playing tennis.
M：But she doesn't play tennis often，does she?(↙)
Q：Whatdoesthe man imply about Mary?(B)
[A]She plays a lot of other sports.[B]She doesn't really like tennis.
[C]She only likes watching tennis.
[D]She has a lot of things to do.
3.语调可以反应谈话人的互动性。如：
9)A：Are you Mr.Blake?
B：Yes.(↙)
A：Room twenty-six.
在这个例子中，B用降调说“Yes”，表示B的认可，这是一个封闭式的回答，这表明如果A没有新的问题要问或新的信息要告知，也许他们的对话就可以结束了。
10)A：Are you Mr.Blake?
B：Yes?(↗)
A：Ah，the secretary would like a word with you.
在这个例子中，B用升调回答“Yes”，表示这是一个开放式的回答，相当于：“Yes. But why do you ask?”或是“Yes.But who want to know?”之意。这也就是说，B在回答A的问题的同时又向A提出了一个新问题，并要求A予以回答。
掌握了这一点之后，对于下面的对话所提问的问题，就不难回答了。
11)M：How long shall we stay at the Grand Canyon?
W：A day?(↗)
Q：What does the woman mean?(B)
[A]We shall stay at the Grand Canyon for one day.
[B]Shall we stay at the Grand Canyon for one day?
[C]To stay at the Grand Canyon for one day is too short.
[D]To stay at the Grand Canyon for one day is enough.
4.陈述句式一般读降调，用以陈述事实。若读升调，往往表示对所说事情的怀疑。如：
She lent him her car.(↙)(用以陈述事
实)
She lent him her car?(↗)(表示惊奇、的怀疑，含有“Did she really lend her car to him ?”之意。)
再请看下面的试题：
12)M：I started driving at 8：00yesterday and arrived here at 5：30 this morning.
W：You drove all night?(↗)
Q：What does the woman mean?
[A]Night driving can be dangerous.
[B]You shouldn't have driven ring the night.
[C]Why don't you drive all night?
[D]Did you really drive all night?
答案为D。
5.有些一般疑问句的句式读作降调，实际上表示感叹。如：Hasn't she grown!(↙)这句话实则表示：她长得多快!
请看下面的试题：
13)M：Wasn't Sam's speech great!(↙)
W：Are you serious?
Q：What does the man say about Sam's speech?
[A]Sam's speech wasn't great，was it?
[B]Sam's speech was great，wasn't it?
[C]Sam gave a serious speech.
[D]Sam was not serious.
答案为B。
这里顺便说一下，问句不表示疑问的另一种情况：当一方提出一个问题，而另一方用问句作为回答时，这个问句有时是不需要回答的，而实际上相当于陈述句，但别有意味。如：
14)A：Are you going to watch TV again?
B：What else is there to do?(↗)
B反问A一个问题“What else is there to do?”，意思是：(除了看电视)还有什么好干的呢?
因此，对下面的问题就不难回答了。
15)M：Do you think Petty is qualified to do the job?
W：If Petty is not，who is?(↗)
Q：What does the woman mean?(C)
[A]Petty is not qualified for the job.
[B]Nobody is qualified for the job.

㈢ 英语单词发音规则

英语单词发音规则

一、元音字母在重读音节中的读音

元音字母 读 音 例 词
a 在开音节中 [ei] name plane Jane baby cake
在闭音节中 [æ] bag dad hat map black back
e 在开音节中 [i:] he these me Chinese
在闭音节中 [e] bed let pen desk yes egg
i 在开音节中 [ai] bike fly drive time nice kite
在闭音节中 fish big drink sit milk swim
o 在开音节中 [ou] those close go hoe home no
在闭音节中 [C] clock not box shop sock
u 在开音节中 [ju:] student excuse ty Tuesday
在闭音节中 [∧] bus cup jump much lunch
在开音节中，元音字母u在辅音字母j l r s后面时读[u:]音，例如：June blue ruler super

二、元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音

元音字母 读 音 例 词
a在[w]音后面 [C] want what watch wash quality
a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前 [α:] after plant graph ask grasp glass fast father
i在-nd -ld和gh前 [ai] find child light high
o在-st -ld前 [ou] most postcard old cold
o在m n v th前 [∧] come monkey love mother

三、元音字母在非重读音节中的读音

元音字母 读 音 例 词
a [E]E China another woman breakfast
orange comrade village cabbage
e [E] hundred student open weekend
chicken pocket begin children
i [E]/ holiday beautiful family animal
[ai] exercise satellite
o [E] second tonight somebody welcome
[Eu] also zero photo
u [E] autumn difficult
[ju:] popular congratulation January
动词中的a如果处在开音节位置，a读[ei]音，例如：operate
u处在开音节位置，又在辅音字母j l r s后面时，读[u(:)]音，例如：July influence February issue
在非重读音节中，许多单词中的元音字母a e i 即可以读作[E]音，也可以读作音。

四、-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音

元音字组 读 音 例 词
arar在[w]音后面 [α:] car farm dark sharpener
[C:] warm quarter towards
oror在[w]音后面 [C:] forty morning short
[E:] word worker worse
er ir ur [E:] certainly bird Thursday
辅音字母r双写时，前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音。例如： carry sorry hurry
-r音节在非重读音节中通常读[E]音，例如：dollar teacher martyr forget Saturday

五、-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音

元音字组 读 音 例 词
are [εE] care dare hare
ere [iE] here mere
ire [aiE] fire hire wire
ore [C:] more score before
ure [juE] pure cure
are ere ire ore很少出现在非重读音节中，ure在非重读音节中读[E]音，例如：picture pleasure
重读元音字母加Rr，再加非重读元字组时，重读元音字母应按-re音节拼读规则拼读，字母Rr读[r]音。例如：parent zero story ring inspiring
某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象。例如：orange very American paragraph

六、元音字组在重读音节中的读音

元音字组 读 音 例 词
ai/ay [ei] afraid rain wait day play
air [εE] air hair chair pair repair
alal在f m前 [C] small ball talk wall all
[C:l] always also salt almost
[α:] half calm
au/aw [C:] autumn daughter draw
ea [i:] teach easy cheap please
[e] heavy bread sweater weather
[ei] break great
ear [iE] hear dear near clear year
[εE] bear pear wear swear
[E:] earth learn early
ee [i:] jeep week green three
eer [iE] pioneer deer beer
ei/ey [ei] eight neighbour they
[i:] either key
eu/ew在j l r s后 [ju:] new few newspaper
[u:] flew brew jewelry
ie/ei[s]音之后 [i:] piece field receive
oa [ou] coat Joan boat goal
oar/oor [C:] roar board door floor
oi/oy [Ci] noise point boy toilet
oo [u:] broom food tooth school
book look cook foot good
ou/ow [au] flower house count down
[ou] know row throw though
[∧] young country enough
[u:] group you soup
our [C:] course your four
[auE] our hour ours
[E:] journey
ui在j l r s后 [ju:i] fluid suicide tuition
[u:] juice fruit suit

七、非重读音节中元音字组和字群的读音

元音字组或字群 读 音 例 词
ai/ay ei/ey Sunday foreign monkey
ow [ou] yellow sparrow tomorrow
元音字组在非重读音节中读[E]音或。例如:neighbour serious famous biscuit coffee
-sion -tion [Fn] impression nation
-sion在元音字母后 [Vn] vision decision occasion
-tion在s后 [tFEn] question suggestion
-sten [sn] listen
-stle [sl] whistle
-sure [VE] pleasure measure
-ture [tFE] picture culture

八、元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音

复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号，但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读。例如： everyday[ei] handbag[æ] blackboard[C:]
有些词随着语言的发展，前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义，融合成为一个词。其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音。例如： sun太阳 + day[ei]日子 ＞ Sunday 星期天 holy神圣 + day[ei]日子 ＞ holiday 假日 break中断 + fast[α:]斋戒 ＞ breakfast[E] 早餐 cup茶杯 + board木板[C:] ＞ cupboard[E] 碗柜

九、辅字组的读音

辅字组 读 音 例 词
b bike bus bag
[/] bomb tomb
cc在e前或在i/y前 [k] cake picture coat music
[s] face decide cinema
ch [tF] much chick rich teacher
[k] school headache chemistry
[F] machine
-ck [k] cock pocket black knock
d [d] doctor bread hand day
-dge [dV] bridge fridge
dr- [dr] children driver drink
f [f] five four breakfast
gg在e i/y前 [^] bag garden go
[dV] orange large German
gh [f] cough enough
[/] light daughter high
gu- -guegu在非重读音节中 [^] guess league dialogue
[^w] language anguish
h [h] hot head house hand
[/] hour honest
j [dV] jeep jar joke join July
k [k] kind bike skate make week
kn- [n] knife know knock
l [l] life milk school tall
m [m] monkey come autumn
-mn [m] autumn column solemn
nn在[k] [g]音前 [n] not shine ten note
[N] uncle thank hungry
-ng [N] morning young wrong
p [p] paper plane pig ship pen
ph [f] elephant photo telephone
q [k] Iraq
qu- [kw] quality quite
r [r] red rubber ruler
s在词首或清辅音前元音字母间或浊辅音前 [s] sit sleep desk
[z] music husband
sc- [sk] scarlet
[s] muscle science
sh [F] she fish shirt wash
t在通常情况下在弱读字母ia ie io前 [t] ten letter meet
[F] patient nation
tch [tF] watch
th在通常情况下在冠词 代词 介词 连词中在词尾-the -ther中 [θ] thin thirty method
[T] the these with than
[T] clothe fathe r weather
tr- [tr] tree train country truck
v [v] very voice love leave
w [w] week win wake sweet wait
[/] Answer two
wh-wh-在字母o前 [w] what when white why
[h] who whose whole
x在重读元音前 [ks] box text exercise
[gz] example exist exact
wr- [r] write
y- [j] yes yard yellow young
z [z] puzzle zero zoo