英语阅读考作者的意图
❶ 英语阅读题主旨大意题解题技巧
英语阅读题主旨大意题解题技巧
由于大纲要求读懂议论文和说明文,而真正的考研当中大概95%都是议论文,而考议论文的话,最重要的就是考议论文最具有标志性的东西,也就是说议论文主要考的就是论点和论据,那论点表现在题目上最有标志性的就是主旨大意题。很多同学反应文章的主旨比较难抓,那我从文章的结构入手,旨在给学生梳理清楚!
【英语阅读题主旨大意题解题技巧】
(一)主旨大意题的命题规律
1.从考查的对象上划分,主旨大意题可分为两种:
(1)篇章主旨:针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多,其次是末段或为几段主题的综合。
(2)段落主旨:针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句,也可能不在此(几)句,需要从上下文中寻找或总结。
2.从考查的内容上划分,还可分为主题类(内容)(考查文章或段落的主旨大意)、目的类(考查文章或段落的写作目的)和标题类(要求考生选出文章的最佳标题)三种。
主旨大意题经常用main idea, main point, key point, maintopic, mainly discuss, mainly explain, is mainly about; purpose; best title等词语来表达。
(二)主旨大意题的常考点
1.段首、段尾句常考:段首、段尾句一般表达了文章的.中心思想,或者就是该段的主题句,对全文或全段起着提纲挈领的作用。
2.语义转折处常考:尤其是段首的语义转折,其后面往往是作者真实的写作目的或基本观点,即文章的中心思想所在。
3.因果句常考:因果句通常可以表现出作者的意图、观点甚至全文的主题,因此成为考点。
(三)主旨大意题的7招技巧
一篇文章的主旨往往会在文章的第一段或开头部分找到。作者会通过“首段提问法”、“转移重心法”、“独句段开头”、“类比开头”、“事例开头法”等约定俗称的方式暗示或引入主题。因此,解答主旨题时,大家要首先重点研读文章第一段和第二段的段首句。
1. 首段提问法
如果文章第一段的第一句话、最后一句话或者第二段第一句是一个疑问句,那么本文的主旨就很可能是对该问题的一个解答。在这里同学一定要注意的一点就是并列问句不是主旨。
2. 喜新厌旧类
如果文章第一段先描述一件事情,然后在本段或第二段首句出现转折词,进而表述另一件事情,那么本文主旨就是转折词之后的另一件事。这类题目多会考的一种题型是写作意图题。
3. 事例开头类
如果文章开头引用、叙述个人经历、讲述故事、描写一起事故等方式举例。其目的显然是要通过举例的方法引出文章主题。通常情况下,这类文章的主题都会在首段末句或第二段的首句。
4. 类比开头法
如果一篇文章开头或第一段涉及一项内容A,随后或者第二段开头用到“Now the same thing is happening to B”等表示类比的句型,那么,这时可以确定本文主旨是B内容。
5. 独句段法
如果一篇文章的第一段是一句话,那么本文的主旨就是本句话所表达的内容。
6. 大众观点法
如果作者在文章的开头引用大众的或他人的观点,其目的显然是要通过大众或他人引出自己的观点。通常情况下,这类文章的主题会在表述大众观点或他人观点的句子之后。
7. 各段分述法
有些文章的第一段可能并没有采用上述方法来引入主题,这时可以考虑本篇文章是否采用了“各段分述,围绕主题”的方法。
总而言之,主旨类题在考研英语阅读理解中占据着相当重要的位置,能否正确理解文章主旨,对于作对阅读题具有绝对的指导性意义。而且,尤为关键的是,掌握了文章的主旨,对于其他题目的选择有着相当强的指导作用。
;❷ 职称英语解题技巧:领会作者的观点、意图和态度
与掌握所读材料的主旨和大意类似,领会作者的观点、意图和态度也是阅读理解题中较难解答的问题。回答这类题首先要在阅读过程中注意体会和觉察作者的观点、意图和态度。这种信息有时是直接表达的,但更多的是间接、含蓄的流露。不过,作者的这种主观情感和态度往往和全文的主题和要点相关联。所以,在根据主题和主旨的同时,应注意揣测作者的观点、意图和态度。
下面是这类题的一些常用的提问方式:
1. The author's main purpose in this passage is
2. The author's purpose of writing this passage is __
3. In this passage the author's attitude toward ...could best be described as
4. What is the author's attitude toward
5. The author's main thought is that __
6. The author probably feels that
7. The author appears to feel that
8. Which of the following does the author want to illustrate in discussing ...?
9. In this passage the author looks on ... with an attitude of
10. What is the tone of the passage?
11. What is the author's opinion about ...?
12. The author uses the example of... to show that ________
例1
I entered the hotel manager’s office and sat down. I had just lost £50 and I felt very upset. "I left the money in my room," I said, "and it's not there now." The manager was sympathetic, but he could do nothing. "Everyone's losing money these days." he said. He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door. A girl came in and put an envelope on his desk. It contained £50. "I found this outside this gentleman's room." she said. "Well, "I said to the manager, "there is still some honesty in this world!"
1. What did the writer believe had happened to his money?
A. He had left his money in the manager's office.
B. Someone had stolen his money.
C. The manager had the money.
D. The girl had stolen the money.
作者说:“I left the money in my room,and it’s not there now”,这句话的含义就是 “He believed that someone had stolen his money”。因此,选项B是正确答案。
例2
We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!
Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.
Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on indivial tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encour~/ge our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.
1. In the passage the author's attitude towards "mixed-ability teaching" is ________
A. critical B. questioning
C. approving D. objective
本题考核学生是否读懂作者对混合编班的态度。要回答该问题,首先要清楚四个选项的不同含义。选项A表示作者持“批评的”态度,选项B表示作者持“怀疑的”态度,选项C表示作者持“赞同的”态度,选项D表示作者持“客观的”态度。根据文章的第一段内容,可以看出作者是持“赞同的”态度,所用的人称代词也是we,因此答案是选项C。如果是持“客观的”态度的话,则人称代词不会用we。
2. The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be the development of the student's _______.
A. personal qualities and social skills
B. total personality
C. learning ability and communicative skills
D. intellectual ability
本题要求根据文章的意思推测作者的观点。根据第二段的内容,可以看出学生的total personality(总体素质)包括了academic ability or intellectual ability, personal qualities和 social skills。也就是说这些能力都是total personality的方方面面。再看一下这一段的第二;三两句,可以得出正确的答案应该是选项8。其他几个选项的意思都不全面,都不能反映作者的充分开发学生的全面能力的主张。
3. The author’s purpose of writing this passage is to______.
A. argue for teaching bright and not—SO-bright pupils in the same class
B. recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities
C. offer advice on the proper use of the library
D. emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teaching
本题要求读者了解作者写这篇文章的意图是什么。文章讨论了两种上课的方式: streaming pupils把学生按能力分班进行教学,和mixed—ability teaching把程度不齐的学生混班上课。并对比列举了前者的弊端和后者的种种优点。因此A项是正确的答案。而选项B、c、D中提到的几种做法均为mixed.ability teachin9的具体做法,都不能看做是作者写这篇文章的目的。这个题目要看懂全文才能够答对。
❸ 做英语阅读理解题如何推断写作目的麻烦告诉我
In writing the passage, the author intends to _____.
(2) 考查某处细节的写作意图The writer uses the example of…to show that _____.The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _____.
…are mentioned in the first paragraph to _____. 2. 常见的写作目的归纳不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的, 但写作目的通常有以下三种:(1) to entertain readers(娱乐读者,让人发笑)
(2) to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)
(3) to inform readers(告知读者某些信息)3. 技巧点拨 (1) 根据文体类别推断写作目的。这就要求我们了解在历年高考阅读题中,不同文体与三种目的的大致对应关系,这有助于做好此类试题。第一种写作目的(to entertain readers)常见于故事类的文章。如全国卷曾有一篇阅读文章,作者虚构了两个宇航员在太空工作的情形,一个宇航员Joe做完了修理工作后要回到飞船上,用力敲了多次飞船的门,但门都没开,最后才传来这样一句话“Who’s there ?”“It’s me ! Who else could it be ?”Joe生气地大喊。在这一问一答中作者的写作目的就跃然纸上:因为太空处于真空状态,不能传播声音,因此本文纯属虚构,写作目的是想令人发笑(to make people laugh)。而全国卷的另一篇阅读文章,则更多地选择那些可以显示两个主人公的笨拙的细节,目的是为了表现事情的有趣(to tell an interesting experience),从而达到娱乐读者的目的。第二种写作目的(to persuade readers)常见于广告类的文章。在这样的文章中,作者或是要推销一种产品﹑一种服务(to sell a proct or a service),或是要通过对旅游景点﹑报刊杂志﹑影片﹑电视节目等的介绍来达到他的写作目的:吸引更多的游客﹑读者或订户﹑观众等(to attract more visitors / readers / audience)。如广东卷曾有篇阅读理解文章介绍了四种杂志的内容和价格,其目的是to get more readers to subscribe。另一篇全国卷的阅读理解文章则介绍了一种被称为“。另一篇全国卷的阅读理解文章则介绍了一种被称为“篮子里的聚会”的家庭服务计划,文章内容包括服务的创意﹑服务的内容以及服务的价格和联系方式,由此我们可以推断出作者的写作目的是:to sell a service。第三种写作目的(to inform readers)多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章,了解这类文章的写作目的有赖于对文章主题的正确把握,阅读时有必要找准文章的主题句,或较好地对主题加以归纳.如全国卷有篇阅读文章,一开始我们就读到了这样的一个问题:“Excused from recycling because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute?” 这是介绍新产品或新思路的一种常见手法,可由此初步推断写作意图,作者在接下来的两个段落对这种废物回收装置作了具体的描述,并在最后一段告诉了我们这种装置的最大优点,把握了这些关键信息,我们也就明白了作者的意图:to introce a recycling system for high rises.上海卷的一篇阅读文章,一开始给出了文章的主题句In toy stores, what is old is new again 之后从 generational effect , economic factors 和marketing techniques三个方面分析了20世纪80年代的玩具又再重新热销的原因,这就是作者写本文的目的。
❹ 归纳六种英语阅读推断题的设题方式
六种英语阅读推断题的设题方式:询问文章的主要思想或要点;询问文章中的特定细节;询问文章的语气或态度;询问因果关系;询问从文章中得出的推论或结论;询问文章的结构或组织方式。
了解英语阅读推断题的设题方式对作答有很多好处。这些方式帮助我们了解考试命题人想要考察的内容,从而使我们能够更好地回答问题;了解设题方式还能帮助我们判断题目的类型,并根据题目的类型使用相应的方法来回答,例如,如果我们知道题目是询问文章的主要思想或要点,我们就可以使用相应的方法来提取文章的关键信息,并概括出文章的主要思想或要点。
总的来说,了解英语阅读推断题的设题方式能够帮助我们更好地了解题目,并使用合适的方法来回答问题,从而取得更好的成旦衡绩。
以下是这六种设题方式的详细介绍,希望这些模仿做信息对你有所帮助。
一、询问文章的主要思想或要点:
这类问题可能会问到文章的整体主题或信息,或者作者想要传达给读者什么。
1、示例:
What is the main idea of the passage?(译:这段话的主要思想是什么?)
What is the author trying to convey to the reader in this passage?(译:作者想通过这段话向读者传达什么?)
2、要回答这类问题,可以尝试以下方法:
(1)阅读整篇文章,提取出关键词和重点信息。
(2)根据关键词和信息提取出主要思想或要点。
(3)将主要思想或要点概括成一句话。
二、询问文章中的特定细节:
这类问题可能会问到文章中提到的特定事实或信息,或者关于特定单词或短语的含义。
1、示例:
What does the phrase "to be in the doldrums" mean in this context?(译:在这种情况下,“处于低迷状态”一词是什么意思?)
According to the passage, how many species of mammals are found on the island of Madagascar?(译:根据文章,在马达加斯加岛上发大档现了多少种哺乳动物?)
2、要回答这类问题,可以尝试以下方法:
(1)阅读整篇文章,注意关键词和重点信息。
(2)根据题目中的关键词定位到相应的段落或句子。
(3)根据题目的要求进行解释或回答。
三、询问文章的语气或态度:
这类问题可能会问到作者对某个特定主题的态度,或者文章的整体语气。
1、示例:
How does the author feel about the topic being discussed in the passage?(译:作者如何看待文章中讨论的主题?)
What is the overall tone of the passage?(译:全文的基调是什么?)
2、要回答这类问题,可以尝试以下方法:
(1)阅读整篇文章,注意作者的语言使用和措辞。
(2)注意文章中的修辞手法,如措辞、反问、讽刺等。
(3)根据文章中的信息和作者的语言使用判断作者的态度。
四、询问因果关系:
这类问题可能会问到文章中提到的不同事件或思想之间的关系,或者某些行动或事件的后果。
1、示例:
What caused the stock market to crash in 1929?(译:1929 年股市崩盘的原因是什么?)
What were the consequences of the Instrial Revolution?(译:工业革命的后果是什么?)
2、要回答这类问题,可以尝试以下方法:
(1)阅读整篇文章,注意文章中提到的事件和原因。
(2)根据题目的要求,分析因果关系并回答问题。
五、询问从文章中得出的推论或结论:
这类问题可能会问到从文章中提供的信息得出的结论,或者基于这些信息做出的推测或预测。
1、示例:
What can we infer about the character of Mr. Darcy based on his actions in the novel?(译:根据达西先生在小说中的行为,我们可以推断出达西先生的性格是什么?)
What predictions can we make about the future of the housing market based on the information provided in the passage?(译:根据文章中提供的信息,我们可以对房地产市场的未来做出哪些预测?)
2、要回答这类问题,可以尝试以下方法:
(1)阅读整篇文章,注意文章中提到的重要信息。
(2)根据文章中提到的信息,进行分析和推断。
(3)综合分析结果,回答问题。
六、询问文章的结构或组织方式:
这类问题可能会问到文章的组织方式,或者文章的不同部分之间的关系。
1、示例:
How is the passage organized? Is it chronological, thematic, or some other structure?(译:段落是如何组织的? 它是按时间顺序、主题还是其他结构?)
How do the different sections of the passage relate to each other?(译:文章的不同部分如何相互关联?)
2、要回答这类问题,可以尝试以下方法:
(1)阅读整篇文章,注意文章的组织方式。
(2)分析文章的段落结构,看看每一段都在讲什么。
(3)分析文章的整体结构,看看整篇文章是如何构建起来的。
(4)根据分析结果回答问题。
❺ 阅读理解:观点态度题解析
阅读理解:观点态度题解析
想要学好考研英语怎么能不知道观点态度阅读题的做题方法呢?下面就让我为大家详解一下吧。
考研英语阅读理解观点态度题主要考查的是考生对作者的意图、观点或态度的理解和把握。这种题型要求考生把握作者写作某篇文章的目的,明白作者对文章所论述的观点和中心所持的态度。考研英语试卷对这一部分的考查主要表现为情感态度题。该题型常问作者对某事是什么态度:主观(subjective)还是客观(objective);肯定(positive)还是否定(negative);赞成(approval)还是反对(opposition)等等。
这种题目对考生而言难度较大,迷惑性也较强,因为命题专家是针对整篇文章设问,考生很难找到具体对应的语言点,所以要把握整篇文章。例如作者在谈一件事时是 用反讽的口气,还是赞成的语气,此类题所给的答案选项一般是四个形容词,考生应在审题时就把握好这四个形容词所表达的意思,然后返回文章去寻找信息。特别 提醒考生要牢记所遇到的构成作者态度题选项的每一个形容词。做文章作者态度题时,千万不要把考生自己的态度揉进文章中,同时要注意区分作者本人的态度与作 者引用的观点态度。
理解作者的意图、观点和态度是近几年考试的热点题目,考生在做此类题时要把握这样的判断原则:既纵观全文,掌握主题思想有要注意文章的措辞,把握文章的基调或主旨(tenor),又要分清文章的`话语范围(field)及话语方式(mode)。解题的关键是要看作者在文中用了什么样的口气。若用褒义词,显然是赞成。若用贬义词,显然是反对。若是客观陈述,则是中性的立场,不偏不倚。注意:作者态度常常在转折词后表明出来,因此but一词至关重要(还有类似的yet, however, although, nevertheless等)。
该题型常见的提问形式有:
(1)The tone of the passage can best be described as ____
(2)The tone of the passage would be _____
(3)Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage____
(4)What is the attitude of the author towards____
(5)How does the writer feel about______
(6) The writer is of the opinion that_____
(7)The author seems to be _____
情感和态度在考研中大致可分为三类:happy/ unhappy; security/insecurity; satisfaction
dissatisfaction, 它们作为标记语反映出作者对某个现象采取的姿态,并从情感的角度评价该现象。因此,考生既要依靠文章的中心思想作为前提,又要注意作者的措辞,尤其是作为修饰语的形容词。我们以2003年的阅读Text 4为例具体说明这一点:
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people inJapanandSweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.
59. In contras to theU.S.,JapanandSwedenare funding their medical care .
[A] more flexibly
[B] more extravagantly
[C] more cautiously
[D] more reasonably
作者用limits, ineffective, painful这些消极的词语暗示了美国医疗卫生系统的缺憾,通过把握这些词语,我们就能得出D为正确选项。所以我们对语言的理解是有一定差异的,又如尼克松签订1972年公报时,对“一个中国”原则,他手下的修辞专家用了acknowledge 而不用recognize。因为后者是正式的,外交的,打心底里的承认,而前者是一种模糊,对某种既成事实的有限度接受,但在中文里出现的就是我们理解的“承认”。
可见考生在平时的单词理解中要结合不同的语境,不同的文章体裁,综合地认知寓意,才能透彻地理解作者的意图。
另外,判断作者情感态度除了关注作者的措辞,还要可以通过关注作者的举例角度和讲解角度,来判断文章作者的态度倾向:如果作者的一直论述某事物的积极地向上 的方面,其态度基本上是积极乐观的;如果作者举例论证某观点时,给的例子是正面的,那么我们同样可以判断作者的态度是积极乐观的;如果作者的论述有好有 坏,举例有正面有反面,我基本上可以判断作者的态度是客观的。同样,我们通过具体的真题案例进一步解释这一点。
再例1997年第54题:
It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates,Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened inAustralia. It’s world history.”
The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. InAustralia-- where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In theUSandCanada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
Under the new Northern Territory law, an alt patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.
54. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.
[A] opposition
[B] suspicion
[C] approval
[D] indifference
我们通过阅读该文,不难发现文章首段记述了安乐死法案通过以及当时在全球引起的反响,首段作者使用“it is world history”, 来表达他对该事件的态度,认为它意义重大;紧接着在第二段,作者首先讨论世人对此态度不一,但是作者通过转折,指出这个潮流不太可能被逆转了。第三段,作 者用一个肺癌病人为例,该病人认为安乐死法案的通过意味着自己可以平静地度过最后的时光,不用担心临死前要遭受的折磨。很明显这个事例是认识安乐死法案的 通过是一件好事。那么文章就作者的态度命题,答案肯定是approval。
;❻ 英语阅读理解很多人都说要明白出题人的意图,到底该杂去理解求大家给个例子让我明白点。
把自己当成作者,设想假如你来写这篇文章,你会怎么写?
多读几遍,相信书读百遍其义自见。
注意文章开头和结尾,注意线索,抓高频词。
例如:A Swing and a Hug
It was a warm,sunny,Saturday afteroon som fifteen or sixteen years age.I had volunteered to take my two older kids to the local playground while my wife put the youngest down for a nap.As soon as we got there my daughter headed forl the swings and asked for a push. As I was helping my daughter to go higher and higher ,I noticed another little girl trying in vain to get her own swing going .Her elderly grandmother was sitting quietly on a nearby bench and smiled at me.
I gave my daughter on bigpush and then walked over to the little girl an dasked if she could use a push too. She smiled and said "Yes!" I soon had her feet soaring towards the clouds while she laughtedd happily.For the next two hours I found myself pushing swings and playing tag with amy son ,daughter,and the other litter girl.By the time we headee home,I was physically exhausted ,but my spirits was still flying higher than those swings.
Two years later I was exhausted again after a long day's work. Still, I needed to pick upmy kids from the local grade school before heading home.I stood wearily in the parents'waiting area watching for my children. Suddenly ,I felt two tiny arms wrap around my stomach.I looked down and there was the little girl from the playground smiling up at me .she gave me one more big hug before heading off to catch her school bus.As I watched her back ,I didn't feel quite so tired anymore and my spirits were once again soaring in the Heavens.
In this life every single bit of love we share finds its way back to us again.It may travel from heart to heart or it may blossom in the soul where it was planted.It may take seconds or it may take years.The law of love,though,is never broken.What we give,we get back.What we sow ,we reap.The love we share,the kindness we give,and the joy we create will always come back to bless us.
秋千与拥抱是高频词,这两件事物之间的联系表现的爱的法则。很明显,作者的写作意图在文章末尾,最后一自然段是最重要的。
希望有帮助!
❼ 中考英语:如何推断作者意图做好阅读题
首先,要把握和围绕命题趋势,搞好总复习。
从近几年来的情况看,中考试题中阅读理解的内容和体裁越来越丰富。内容涉及社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理、政治经济、科学技术、医疗教育、幽默小故事等,体裁形式也是多样的。对此,同学们复习备考过程中,就必须做到全面练习,熟悉各种内容和体裁的不同特点,逐步掌握其有效的解题规律。
其次,要明确阅读理解题的考察内容和形式。
概括地说,阅读理解就是要考察学生的阅读技能,包括理解和把握文章主题;了解具体的内容细节;猜测词义技巧;归纳篇章大意;以及分析和推断作者想要表达的观点、意图和态度等。考题通常从以下五个方面来设题:
(1)文章主题和中心大意的考察。主要考察学生对文章的理解程度,包括作者的写作目的、中心思想及段落大意等。在这种形式下,考生只有读懂全文,才能正确完成解题。
(2)内容细节的考察。主要考察学生在快速阅读过程中,对具体信息点的掌握程度。
(3)确定文章标题的考察。主要是考察学生在宏观层面上的抽象概括能力。
(4)推论性考察。主要是考察学生根据阅读材料中所提供的信息,推断出未知信息的能力。要求学生把已有信息作为已知条件,从中推断出符合因果关系变化的未知结论。
(5)猜测词义考察。主要是考察学生的词汇量程度。这一点主要是建立在学生的长期积累基础上的。
再次,要熟练掌握阅读理解的解题方法和技巧。
针对不同内容和形式的考题,往往都有一些行之有效的解题方法和技巧。从考察内容的体裁上来说,故事类文章应该抓住人物、时间、地点和情节发展线索。科普类文章要以事实为中心进行思考,抓住事物的特征、用途、相互关系等。图表类短文常常是与我们日常生活密切联系的内容,主要应该从两方面入手,一是了解图表的主要内容。二是推敲图表中的语境或数字,找出它们之间的关联关系和表达的含义。新闻类文章成为短文阅读常考察的一个重要内容。阅读这类文章时,头脑中一定要带着5个“W”(who、where、what、when、why)去进行。
从考察形式上来讲,应对文章主题和中心大意考题时,寻找和发现文章主题句就是关键。这个主题句一般具有如下特点:①表达的意思比较概括。②句子结构简单,大多数时候,不采用长句、难句的形式。③段落的其他句子必定是用来解释或发挥主题句所表达的主题思想的。④主题句的位置除个别情况下是在文中的句子,大多数情况下,主题句往往是在段首和段尾。所以,在阅读文章时,要特别注意文章的首段、首句和末句。
在应对细节考察题时,一定要遵循忠实原文的原则。这种形式的考题常常是直观性问题,其正确答案都可以在阅读材料中找到相应文字来验证。
在确定文章标题的考题中,要正确领会全文的主题,从宏观的层面把握文章的中心思想。从而加以分析、抽象和概括,排除似是而非的干扰项,选出最佳的答案。另外,标题的特点一般是省略冠词,be动词或定语的人称代词,并且多以短评或简单句为主。
推论性考察题一般包括事实推断、指代推断、逻辑推断和对作者意图与观点的推断。常见的提问方式有:①The writer believes that ____.②From this passage we can guess ____.③The write suggests that ____。除了一般的事实题可直接从文中找出答案外,其他诸如对条件变化、因果关系以及作者意图等较为深层的逻辑推断题,则必须要建立在对全文的理解基础上,通过文章所提供的线索,加以综合分析,才能做出正确的推断。
词义猜测考察中,常见的提问方式有:①In this passage the underlined wor “×” means ____. ②The under lined word “×”refers to ____. ③Here “it” means ____。猜测词义时,可以从以下三个方面考虑:一是根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推测。二是运用语法知识和构词法进行分析。三是依据常识和生活经验做出判断。
最后,在备考和应考阶段应当注意的几个问题:
①要尽力扩大词汇量,提高阅读速度。
②要注意培养语意和词义推测能力,把握好长句和难句。
③尽量选取不同体裁和内容的文章,熟悉各自不同的侧重点,通过文章线索来分析和判断作者的意图和所表达的观点。
④尽量了解和掌握英语国家的风俗习惯、风土人情,必须按照英语语言的表达方式来理解文章,排除我们自己语言习惯的干扰。