高考英语阅读理解之词义猜测
❶ 如何做好英语阅读理解词义猜测题
猜测词义题
在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。
常见的题干有：
1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？
2) The word... could best be replaced by.
3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).
4) According to the passage,... probably means.
5) The author uses the word... to mean.
猜测词义时，一般可利用以下四个方面的线索：
一是针对性的解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。
1.根据定义（definition）猜测词义
如果生词有一个句子（定语从句或是同位语<同位语前常有 that="" is="" to="" in="" other="" or="" i.g.="">或是同位语从句）或段落来定义,或使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例1.Do you know what a territory is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own.（2005年湖北卷）
[分析]由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：动物的地盘。
例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．（2005年浙江卷）
[分析]由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。
例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . （2004年福建卷）
According to the passage ,The Pines is a .
A．place in which you can see many mobile homes
B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
[分析]通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。
2.根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。
例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.（2004年辽宁卷）
[分析]根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指议题。
二是内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。
1.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean? （2002年NMET）
A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests
[分析]根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。
例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是健谈的。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。
例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .
（2005年上海卷）
The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to .
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
[分析]根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（既然你是我的上司），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：冒失的，放肆的意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。
例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.（2005年江西卷）
根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：修剪（树枝等）的意思。
3.根据说明、并列、同等同义近义、、反义等关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表面的关系猜测词义。
例9.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together. （2005年江苏卷）
The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .
A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
[分析]句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：混合的，交织的。
例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. （2004年湖北卷）
[分析]根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins是一家医疗中心。
例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.
[分析]根据与insult侮辱的同等关系猜测defame为诋毁 ，中伤或诽谤
例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.
[分析]运用与football的同义关系推断为足球。
例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.
[分析]运用与The house近义关系可以推断dwelling与住所有关
例14.Most women in China ---ecated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.
[分析]后面的urban and rural, the young and old之间都有反义关系，运用这个关系可以推断illiterated为未接受过教育的，即文盲
三是通过构词法
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-ecational or single-sex schools?
根据词根ecational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-ecational的意思是：男女同校教育的意思。（2005年江西卷）
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．（2005年广东卷）
后缀 -ise/ize意思是使成为；使化，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：未被商业化的。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.（2005年北京卷）
Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是设计精巧的意思。
例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-proced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists. （2004年浙江卷）
根据合成词中的mass （大量的）和proce （生产），我们可以推测 mass-proce的意思是：大批量生产；规模生产的意思。
4.猜测词性变换新词含义
例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. （2004年山东卷）
head本为名词，表头。由the bus和home的语境逻辑可以推断，该句head为动词，表方向，结合全句可译为开往、驶向。
例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. （2004全国卷Ⅱ）
cloud本为名词，表云。分析语境逻辑可知，忧虑会影响一个人的判断，因此该句clouded应译为使难以。
❷ 高考英语阅读理解:高考英语阅读理解九大猜词技巧
《高考英语阅读理解九大猜词技巧》由liuxue86.com我整理。本内容整理时间为05月12日，如有任何问题请联系我们。 1.利用定义或解察指庆释(definition or explanation)
Signal words: means, refers to, be called, be known as ,can be defined as, in other words,that is , that is to say, 定语从句…..etc.
举例：
Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽）, or young leaves of trees.(B)
The word “pruning” means______
A. Regular cutting（修剪） of the plants
B. Frequent watering
C. Regular use of chemicals
D. Growing the plants high in the mountain
2.利用普通常识和经验(common sense or experience)
举例败握：
1. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．
“ocelot” means _________________(an endangered wild cat)
2.The period of adolescence, the period between childhood and althood ,may be long or short.
“adolescence” means___________(The period between childhood and althood)
3.利用同义/同位语(similarity/appositive)
Signal words：for example ，for instance，such as ，like，as---as，etc.
举例：
The largest player – Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices, such as deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite of the tourists. (C)
The words “deluxe sedans,” “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refer to ____.
A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers
4.利用举例(from examples)
Signal words: as, like, the same as，unlike, but，however, on the contrary, while,instead…逗搏ect.
举例：
1. The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted(飘） with the wind like feathers.
2. Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends.
5.利用比较或对比(comparison or contrast)
(1)Overwork may cause diseases.
over（过分的、过量的）＋work＝overwork“工作过度”。
(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
dis “不” + satisfied“满意的=dissatisfied “不满意的”。
6.利用构词法(Word formation)：前缀、后缀、复合、派生等
举例：
1. Is he intelligent or stupid?
2. Most women in Ghana--- the ecated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old--- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved.(C)
The underlined word “illiterate” in the passage means ____.
A. Repeated B. reiterated. C unecated D. sick
7.利用同义词或反义词(Synonym or Antonym)
举例：
Signal words:because，since ,so, such…that,so…that, ect
I feel that since you are my superior（上司）, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”(B)
The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “____” .
A．full of respect B． rude and too confident
C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
8.利用原因与结果关系猜词(from Cause and Result)
The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.(A)
A. work B. study C. name D. interest
9.利用上下文的语境(context or related information)
更多练习：
1. A good teacher works in quite a different way. His audience take an active part in his play: they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they don’t understand something, they say so.
The word “audience” in the paragraph means ____.
A. students
B. people who watch a play
C. people who act on the stage
D. people who listen to something
答案：A
解题关键：常识 teacher-----students
2. When some kind of pain killer(止痛药） was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the proct look weak and ineffective（无效的）.
The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours_______
Attracted the customers strongly
Had weak effects on the customers
Tricked the customers into shopping
Caused the customers to lose interest
答案：D
解题关键：因果关系 because
3. Collins decided that she must go, although the hazards of the trip were many, for example, the unbearable heat , the possibility of getting lost , the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes .
“hazard” means ___________________
A. pleasure, B. problem, C. danger, D. attraction
答案：C
解题关键：举例for example
4. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society
The underlined phrase “the most vocal” means______
A. Those who try their best to win
B. Those who value competition most highly
C.Those who are against competition most strongly
D. Those who rely on others most for success
答案：C
解题关键：上下文语境 context or related information
5.Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them－a form of favoritism will replace equality.
The word “favoritism" is used to describe the phenomenon that ________.
A. bright children also need certificates to get satisfying jobs
B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobs
C. poor children with certificates are favored in job markets
D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success
答案：B
解题关键：破折号（定义或同位语）
6. Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. That is to say, if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back.
“Object permanence” means that when out of sight, an object ______
A. Still exists B. keeps its shape
C. Still stays solid D. is beyond reach
答案：A
解题关键：
1.定义：definition that is to say也就是说
2.构词法：permanent—permanence
7. A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
What does the underlined word "hassle“ probably mean?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests
答案：C
解题关键：比较comparison(instead—相反,反而)
8. William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.”
The underlined word “mingled” most probably means? ? .
A．simple????B．mixed????C．sad???D．happy
答案：B
解题关键：definition or explanation 定义或解释猜测词义
9. The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a god came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him, licking his outstretched hand. “Good boy,” Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you are --- trying to lick me to death.”
Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” ?
A Messy and untidy.
B. Rich and expensive.
C. Comfortable and calming
D. Unusual and foreign.
答案：D
解题关键：对比contrast，normal—but---unusual
10. Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. When resting in the shade, they are also watching the sky to see what is flying by, and even in the heat of the day they will suddenly start up and run a mile across the plains to find out what is going on. If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves.
By describing lions as “opportunists”, the author means to say that lions ____.
A. are cruel animals
B. are clever animals
C. Like to take advantage of（利用） other animals
D. Like to take every chance to eat
答案：C
解题关键：构词法及下文解释opportunity---ist
❸ 高中英语阅读理解的词义猜测题怎么做
阅读理解能力测试的主要要求及应试策略 王俊 高中英语阅读理解能力测试的主要要求： 1．读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。 2．既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念。 3．既理解字面的意思，也理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度，意图等。 4．既理解某句，某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。 5．既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。根据这五项要求，我们可将阅读理解多项选择题归纳为以下几种题型：细节理解题，词句理解题，主题、主旨题，猜测词义题，推理判断题。下面作者结合平时教学中的经验体会，谈一谈做英语 阅读理解题的技巧与策略。 一、 先看题干，带着问题读文章。 即先看试题，再读文章。阅读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调，作者未加陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。特别适用于对 图形表格类题材的理解。 二、 速读全文，了解大意知主题。 阅读的目的是获取信息。一个人的阅读能力的高低决定了他能否快速高效吸收有用信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力。没有一定的阅读速度就不能顺利地输入信息，更谈不上运用英语。近几年的高考阅读速度大约是每分钟40个词左右。考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情 节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。 抓主题句这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。用归纳法撰写的文章，都是表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子居后。此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。通常用演绎法撰写的文章，大都遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即从概述开始，随之辅以细说。这时，主题句就是文章的第一句。当然也有些文章没有主题句，需要读者自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题，归纳概括题，中心思想题往 往直接可从主题句中找到答案。 试试看，你能找出下面一段文章的主题句吗？ The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. 不难看出，文章的第一句是主题句，后面的句子都围绕这个句子展 开。 三、 详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。 文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用"画 图列表法"，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。 例如：SEFC 3A Feed the World(2) 本文通过四个不同的国家和地区，总结了世界饥荒的主要原因。运 用图表，文章的结构和思路就一目了然了。 Reasons for world hunger In EU: 1) Food is bought from farmers and thrown away. 2) Farmers are paid not to grow crops. In India: Most land is owned by rich land owners. In less developed countries: Farmers are forced to plant cash crops. In western countries: Grain is fed to beef cattle. 四、 逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。 在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解主要包括归纳概括题（中心思想，加标题等）和推理判断题，是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文；要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想象，随意揣测；它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才 有前提和基础。推理题在提问中常用的词有： infer, imply, suggest, indicate等。例如高考题： Annealing Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping (浸) it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other material, such as glass. 1. Why do people put hot metal in water? A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. D. To make it brittle. 2. In annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on __. A. the quantity of water used B. the temperature of the metal C. the softness of the metal D. the timing of the operation 3. As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle? A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly. B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly. C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly. D. It can be cooled and then heated quickly. 1、答案为A，此题属推断归纳题。文中第二句说如果把金属加热，然后迅速放到水里冷却，也就会变得非常硬，但也变得脆。hard 是工艺的主观目的。brittle是伴随的客观结果，故选A而不选D。B 项明显错误；C项是手段不是目的，因此，都可排除。 2、答案为D,此题属概括归纳题。timing 是时间的选择。本答案的依据是5和6两句，"The metal is heated,…length of time.","The longer…the softer it becomes."cool 的时间是可以控制的，时间越长越 soft,即硬度就越低。由此我们可得出结论：在退火过程 中，金属的硬度是受到冷却的时间长短影响的。 3、答案为C此题属推理判断题。文中提到"metal"。最后一句说退 火工艺同样可用于象玻璃一类的其他材料。文中我们已知"annealing"就是先"heat"后"cool slowly"。由此推断C是正确的。 五、 猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。 猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同 位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。 a. 定义法 如：Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即"退火"。 It will be very hard but also very brittle------that is , it will break easily.从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是"脆"的意思。 The herdsman , who looks after sheep,earns about 650yuan a year.定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为"牧人"。 b 同位法 如:They traveled a long way , at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即"城堡"。 We are on the night shift----from midnight to 8 a.m.---this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是"夜班"的意思。 c. 对比法 如:She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but 一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天"第一节上了一半才来"，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向"准时"的结论。 d. 构词法（前缀、后缀、复合、派生等） Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? possibility 是 possible 的同根名词， 据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是"可能性"。 e. 因果法 如:The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken。Sometimes the weakness was permanent。So the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果"永远不能再运动"中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为"永远的，永久的"。 六、 养成习惯，潜移默化结硕果。 1、养成默读习惯，使注意力集中的文字符号上，纠正唇读，心读，喉读等做法，以免分散精力，影响阅读速度。 2、克服指读、回视、重读等不良习惯，因为这样容易使理解只停留在某个词或句子上，使获得的信息支离破碎。要善于抓住句子中的核心词，从一个句子快速地扫视到另一个句子，进行连贯性理解。 如:"Would you like to do some shopping together with me? If you are free, please ring me back to tell me about it."这个句子，只要扫视划线的核心词，其语义就基本上清楚了。 英语阅读能力的培养是一个渐进的复杂过程，要养成每天阅读英语的习惯，循序渐进，持之以恒，精泛结合，广泛猎奇。在潜移默化 中你会感觉到你的阅读能力又有了长足的提高。
参考资料： http://jspd.ew.com.cn/Article_Show.asp?Pay=yes&ArticleID=33110
❹ 词义猜测八法
词义猜测八法
猜测生词词义是高考英语阅读理解中的一个重要帆搭物考点，要想做好阅读理解猜测词义题，就必须要掌握一些猜词方法，具备一定的猜词能力。下面以2005年高考试题为例枝销，介绍几种行之有效的猜测生词词义的方法。
一、 同义解释法
同义解释形式多样，有的利用or, that is (to say), in other words, namely等进行解释，有的利用破折号，同位语（从句），定语从句或同义词、近义词等进行解释。例如：
1. （湖北，A篇）A territory is an area that an animal, usually the male, claims as its own.
由定义可知territory的意思是“领域”、 “领土”。
2. （江苏，E篇）The web of our life is of a min-gled yarn (纱线), good and ill together.
根据其后的同位语good and ill together可判断，mingled的意思是mixed。
3. （北京，C篇）This results in unusual and self- destructive behavior called zoochosis.
既然不正常的、自我毁灭的行为叫做zoochosis，那么可推断zoochosis的意思为：“行为古怪”。
二、前后对比法
有时作者对文章中的生词给出了一定的对比背景，以反义或对照方式出现态液。例如：
1. （广东，C篇）Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.
下文的sending off应与picking up意思相反，所以picking up应为collecting（聚积）。
2. （重庆，D篇）It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-the-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience.
根据But 后的内容可知，out-of-the-way与isola-tion意义相近，所以其义为faraway 或isolated。
3. （北京，D篇）However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except we take special pains to think about this subject.
由上文的they are actually not so obvious as they seem 及文中的except可知，take special pains应与该句意思相反，据此可推断它与try very hard意义相近。
三、 举例说明法
根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳，即使不能完全猜测生词的词义，也能猜出大致意义。例如：
1. （湖南，A篇）More American people take their troubles with them on holiday, according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said....
根据下文举出的数字可知，survey是research（调查）之意。
2. （广东，B篇）Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be care-fully cultivated.
下文从三个方面论述了如何培养领导才能，所以cultivate的意思应与develop相似。
四、 上下文暗示法
根据上下文与生词密切相关的句子，对生词进行合情合理同时合乎上下文语境的推测。例如：
1. （湖南，B篇）“We’ve collected foreign coins for years—since our families went on holiday to Tenerife.” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pe－setas in”. Lauren continues: “I find a coin in the road, go to get it and get run over...”
根据上下文可知pesetas是一种硬币。
2. （上海，D篇）Devoted birdwatchers are fast be-ing joined by a new breed of follower whose interest is satiated by watching a few finches（雀科鸣鸟） on a Sunday walk or putting up a bird-box in the back garden.
根据whose interest is satiated by watching...in the back garden.可知, satiated应该是“使……满足(satisfied)”之意。
3. （天津，B篇）Lack of parent willpower may contribute more to juvenile obesity than under-exercis-ing or overeating.
Research suggests that having overweight parents is a big influence upon a child’s weight...
由下文可知这一句的意思是“缺乏父母的意志力可能比缺乏锻炼或过量饮食更容易导致儿童时期的超重。”所以juvenile obesity意思是childhood overweight。
五、 因果推断法
有时对生词的词义需要结合上下文的因果关系进行推断，既可根据原因推测结果，也可根据结果推测原因。例如：
1. （江西，D篇）The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high.
由so that后的句意,可推断prune意为“剪枝、修剪”。
2. （上海，B篇）“But,” said Kim, “I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.”
因为对方是上级，所以如果告诉对方做什么，自己会认为是冒犯了对方，是自以为是，所以presump-tuous与too confident and rude意义相近。
六、 经验常识法
有的生词的猜测要求利用自身的生活经验及科学常识进行分析推断。例如：
1. （福建，C篇）Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.
结合下文helping to slow global warming与科学常识，不难知道mop up意为“吸收(take in)”。
2. （江苏，C篇）Towards the evening, there comes the grand finale of the opening day, an extremely ex-citing horserace.
根据生活常识及上文Towards the evening可知the horserace是这一天的最后一项活动，所以finale应为“last part”。
七、 基本构词法
根据基本的构词法知识（前缀、后缀、复合等）来推测生词的词义。例如：
（上海，B篇）But what I expect is for you to think independently and introce new ideas. I need more input from you—more feedback on how things are going.
初看起来，independently，input和feedback非常生疏，但利用构词法知识不难猜测它们的词义。in-dependently是depend加后缀-ent，加前缀in-，再加后缀-ly而成的，那就是“独立地”。input=in（进入）+put（放）, 故input的意思为“输入”。feedback=feed（输入）+back（回）, 由此可知feedback意为“反馈，反应”。
八、 音译法
对文章中的人名、地名、动物名、建筑物名以及山脉、河流、岛屿、海洋等专用名词及汉语中的外来词等，常可通过音译来解决。当然有的词甚至不需要音译，明白是人名、地名，并能理清之间的关系即可。
❺ 英语阅读时如何推测生词词义
实践证明，根据自己的英语基础和兴趣爱好选择恰当的材料，进行大量的阅读是学好英语的有效途径。但是，阅读中不免会遇到生词或熟词生义，不可能也没有必要每个生词都去插词典，这就需要掌握猜测词义的方法和技巧了。这里总结了17种词义推测的方法或技巧，但愿能对你有所帮助。
1. 根据转折关系 ：表示转折关系的有though, but、however等。例如：
Any fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it. (广东卷)
由but可知genius是与fool(蠢才)相对的，由此推测其意为“有才能的人”、“天才”。
2. 根据对比关系 ：表示对比关系的有标志词有unlike、not、while、on the other hand, in spite of、in contrast等。例如：
If you agree, say “Yes”; if you dissent, say “No”.
根据前后的对比关系，不难猜出dissent是意思与agree相反，即：“不同意”。
3. 根据同类关系 ：比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语有similarly，like，just as，also等。例如：
Mr. Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
句中similarly表明loves to talk与生词loquacious之间是同类关系。由此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。
4. 根据因果关系 ：表示因果关系的有because, so that, so/such…that…等。例如：
The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.
由“无雨水”之因，可推知花会“枯萎、凋谢”之果。因此，wither意为“枯萎、凋谢”。
5. 根据同位关系 : 因为同位语是对前面的名词的进一步补充说明，提供更为详细的情况，所以根据同位语也可推测前面名词的意思。例如：
Yes, that is the Tai Mahal, one of the most famous buildings in the world. (全国卷)
由后面的同位语的解释我们清楚地知道Tai Mahal就是一著名的建筑物。
6. 根据并列关系 ：一般由and, or等表示并列关系。例如：
In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, battle site, theatre and other public halls.
因为mansion与“战场遗址”、“剧院”、“其它公众厅”并列，所以mansion也应该属于建筑物或场所。
7. 根据比喻关系 ：一般由as…as, like等表示。例如：
The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in the air as a rose leaf in water.
根据“就像水中的玫瑰叶”这样的比喻可知，buoyant是“飘浮的”之意。
8. 根据定义关系 ：定义句的谓语动词多为be, mean, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as等。
Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.
根据“是用来描述人类社会的科学研究的术语”的定义，可知sociology是“社会学”之意。
9. 根据所举实例 ：一般由for example, such as, like等来表示举例。例如：
Many United Nations employees are polyglot. Ms White, for example, speaks six languages.
由所举实例,不难推出polyglot的意思是“懂多种语言的”。
10. 根据同义关系 ：根据生词所处语境中的同义或近义词的.意思来推测它的意思。
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
由语境可知， detrimental与harmful同义，意为“不利的，有害的”。
11. 根据转换说法 ：插入语that is, that is to say, in other words以及namely, i.e., or等都可以用来对前面的内容进行解释，意为“也就是说、即”。
The cinema is only open to alts, i.e. people over 18.
根据people over 18可知，alt是“成年人”之意。
12. 根据标点符号 ：冒号、破折号、括号等都可表示对前文的解释或说明。例如：
New houses, large schools, modern factories, more horses and sheep — everywhere we saw signs of prosperity.
根据破折号前面的具体描述，可猜测prosperity 意为“繁荣”。
13. 根据定语从句 ：由生词后起修饰限制或起补充说明的定语从句推测其意思。例如：
Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.
由后面起补充作用的非限制性定语从句可推知生词florist是“花店主”之意。
14. 根据逻辑推理 ：根据生词前后的搭配关系和上下文的意思等来推测其意思。
Although the fisherman was wearing sou’wester, the storm was so heavy that he was wet through.
因生词sou’wester是wear的宾语，应当是一种“衣”或“帽”，又由although和后面一个分句，可以推知它是指“防雨的衣”。
15. 根据单词发音 ：有的英语词汇是通过音译进入汉语词汇中的，我们可以根据其读音来理解其意思。如：aspirin(阿斯匹林), nylon(尼龙), Olympic(奥林匹克), sofa(沙发), typhoon (台风)等。
16. 根据生活常识 ：有时根据生活经验和基本常识可以推测出生词的意思。
The snake slithered through the grass.
根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither的词义为“爬行”。
17. 根据构词方法 ：根据前缀、后缀、合成、转换等构词法来推测生词的意思。
After just a few days on the job, I began noticing that the other fellows were overcharging pas-sengers. (广东卷)
因同学们学过charge(收费、要价)，根据前缀over-的意思“过多、过分”，可推知overcharge是“索价太高”之意。
尽管我们介绍了这么多的生词猜测方法，但是，值得一提的是，我们阅读的目的在于理解文章的意思，从中享受快乐或者获取信息。那些并不影响对整篇文章的理解的生词，我们大可不必费太多的时间去猜测它们的意思，以免影响阅读的兴致。
❻ 英语阅读中如何根据上下文猜测词义
猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。 任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。所谓上下文(context),正如英语辞典所解释的，其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时，我们可以从三个方面来考虑：1）根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。2）运用语法知识进行语法分析。3）依靠常识和经验做出判断。根据上下文猜测词义的方法有下列几种： (1)根据定义或解释猜测词义。例如下面的阅读材料： a bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. it gives us some interesting phrases(短语). one is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” it is the same as “to tell a secret”…. now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.” 短文后面有一个理解题目： john “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ________. a. makes everyone know a secret b. the woman bout a cat c. buys a cat in the bag d. sells the cat in the bag 在这篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释it is the same as “to tell a secret.根据这一解释，我们就可判断出正确答案应为a。 (2)根据情景和逻辑进行判断。例如：2004年北京市海淀区中考试题阅读材料a。其中第三段是这样的： as they go around town, the police help people. sometimes they find lost children. they take the children home. if the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. the police can always tell the people which way to go. they know all the streets and roads well. 文章后面有这样一道题： 53. in the text, “put an end to” means “___________”. a. stop b. cut c. kill d. fly 根据文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察的职责。根据这一推理，答案应该是a。 (3)根据并列、同位关系猜测词义。例如下面的阅读材料： there is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. it is on a large island in the pacific ocean. the island is north island in new zealand. 101. what does the word “steam” mean in chinese? a. 自来水b. 大气c. 冰川d. 蒸汽 从语法上看，steam和hot water是并列关系，我们就以断定这两种东西是相关的，是同一类第物质。在所给第四个选项中只有“蒸汽”有这种可能。 (4)根据背景和常识判断。请看2004年北京市海淀区中考试题的阅读材料c: watching some children trying to catch butterflies one august afternoon, i was reminded of an incident in my own childhood. when i was a boy of twelve in south carolina, something happened to me that made me never put any wild creature (living thing) in a cage(笼子). we lived on the edge of a forest, and every evening at sk the mockingbirds would come and rest in the trees and sing. there isn’t a musical instrument made by man that can proce a more beautiful sound than the song of the mockingbird. i decided that i would catch a young bird and keep it in a cage and in that way, i would have my own private musician. i finally succeeded in catching one and put it in a cage. at first, being scared, the bird fluttered(扑腾) about the cage, but finally it settled down in its new home. i felt very pleased with myself and looked forward to some beautiful singing from my little musician. on the second day of the bird’s captivity, my new pet’s mother flew to the cage with food in her mouth. the baby bird ate everything she brought to it. i was pleased to see this. certainly the mother knew better than i how to feed her baby. the following morning when i went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, i discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. i was terribly surprised! what had happened! i had taken extremely care of my little bird, or so i thought. arthur wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. “a mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). she thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.” never since then have i caught any living creature and put it in a cage. all living creatures have a right to live free. 60. an ornithologist is probably a person who ____________ . a. studies birds b. loves creatures c. majors in habits d. takes care of trees ornithologist这个词从来没有见到过，但是通过他的语言我们可以判断出这是一个对鸟很有研究的人。我很爱鸟，把鸟装在笼子里，并细心照料，而且鸟的母亲也飞过来喂这只鸟，但这只鸟却死了，我很不理解。到我家来的这个人给我详细解释了鸟死的原因，说明这个人非常懂鸟。据此，我们可以断定答案影视a。
❼ 英语阅读猜测词义解题技巧
在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导;二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。
在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手：
1)根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义，在be,be called,call等判断词出现的判断句中，或定语从句及标点符号，可以根据已知部分，猜测生词的含义。例如：
The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通过理解定语从句的意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。
2)根据对比关系猜测生词的词义 在but,however,yet,otherwise,though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显对比关系，根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。例如：Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.和clean意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了，因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“肮脏的”。
3)通过因果关系猜测词义 because, since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词，so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词，so……that与such……that中的that是连接结果状语从句的.。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。例如：She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.根据because从句所讲的意思，我们就可推测trim就是“修剪”之意。
4)根据生活常识猜测词义
运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。例如：Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold.根据句子意思及生活经验，wither表示“枯萎”。
5)根据同等关系猜测词义 同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是，这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如：At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy.从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。
6)根据列举的事例猜测词义You can take any of the periodicals: "The World of English". "Foreign Language Teaching in Schools", or "English Learning".从后面列举的例子中，可以猜出periodical是“期刊，杂志”的意思。
7)根据构词法知识猜测词义 根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。例如在2006年福建的高考题文章中有这样一句：
The schools are reluctant to take off — even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off. A.kind B.unwilling C. free D.careless.