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英语阅读猜词题因果关系

发布时间: 2023-09-04 18:29:38

⑴ 高考英语阅读理解题型及解题技巧

高考英语阅读理解题型及解题技巧如下:
1、题型分类:主旨大意题,答题技巧:阅读理解文章多是议论文和说明文,这两种文体的结构可归纳为:提出问题——论述问题——得出结论或者阐明观点。对于这类文章,抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。
2、细节理解题,答题技巧:可直接找到相关细节,但需经过计算方可找到答案。
3、推理判断题,答题技巧:推断题是考查大家透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理和判断必须以事实为依据,切莫主观臆断。
4、词义猜测题,答题技巧:通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词。专业老师在线权威答疑 zy.offercoming.com

⑵ 英语阅读中的猜词技巧

英语阅读中的猜词技巧

在英语阅读中,我们自然会遇到许多生词。下面是我分享的英语阅读中的猜词技巧,欢迎大家阅读!

一、针对性解释

针对性解释是作者为了更好地表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜词义比较容易。

1.根据定义猜测词义

如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例如:

Anthropology is the scientific study of man.

由定义可知,anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。

In slang the term “jam” constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.

同样,从上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。

定义句的谓语动词多为:be,mean,deal with,be considered,to be,refer to,be called,be known as,define,represent,signify,constitute等。

2.根据复述猜测词义

虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的`信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以是适当词、短语或是从句。

同位语,例如:

Semantics,the study of the meaning of words,is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.

此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系,因此我们不难猜出semantics指“语义学”。

在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。

二、内在逻辑关系

根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。

1.根据对比关系猜测词义

在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。例如:

Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know.His brother,in contrast,is quite humble and modest.

该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的,相对比的)提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的,傲慢的”。

2.根据比较关系猜测词义

同对比关系相反,比较关系表示意义上的相似关系,例如:

Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.

该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系,以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。

表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly,like,just as,also等。

3.根据因果关系猜测词义

在句子或段落中,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。例如:

Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.

根据原因状语从句的内容,我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。

There were so many demonstrort in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.

此句为结果状语从句,根据从句的描述“许多者”,我们便可推知elbow的词义为“挤、挤过”。

三、外部相关因素

外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如:

Husband :It’s really cold out tonight.

Wife:Sure it is.My hands are practically numb.How about lighting the furnace?

根据生活经验,天气寒冷时,手肯定是“冻僵的,冻得麻木的”。

The snake slithered through the grass.

根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识,我们可以推断出slither词义为“爬行”。

综上所述,利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技巧。在实践中,我们可以灵活运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧,排除生词的障碍,顺利理解文章想内容,提高阅读速度和阅读的准确性。

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大学英语六级阅读中常见四大逻辑关系

大学英语六级阅读中常见四大逻辑关系

下面是英语六级阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系,把握了它们就等于掌握了英语六级阅读解题技巧的一个重要部分,赶紧来学习学习吧!

一、因果关系

因:

because、because of、for、as、since、in that、on account of、with

果:

so、so that、therefore、thereby、as a result、hence、thus、consequently、accordingly

因果关系除了传统意义上的.显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。

隐性因果:

1.导致(因-果)

cause、reason、lead to、give rise to、result in、render、make、let、ask、push、stimulate、fuel、proce

如:The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.

在这段话中,有lead to表示了导致的意思,即结果,而so that更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。

2.由…而来(果-因)

result from、derive from、originate from、initiate from、stem from、be attributable to

如:“The extreme serioue of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected,as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the proce.”

在这段话中,根据result from可以推断出有因果关系,那如果是解释句子题时,选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。

3.反映,体现(果-因)

reflect、present、demonstrate、suggest、imply

4.考虑到

given、considering、in view of、thanks to、according to

He succeeded thanks to(in view of) his effort.

5.依赖于

rely on、depend on、resort to

He resorted to books when he had problems.

6.条件关系

when、once、as soon as、As long as

As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.

G 分词短语,不定式做状语:Failing in the final exam, she cried.

二、对比转折关系

1.对比

while、whereas、on the other hand

在解释句子题、插入句子题中,一旦出现对比关系,学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While、whereas 前后连接的是平行结构,on the other hand前必定有on one hand,可以用来把握句间关系。

2.转折:but、although、nevertheless、however

转折是英语四级阅读的一个经典考点之一,掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。

三、比较关系

1.同级比较: the same to

2. 比较级:more than、-er than

3.变化:change、alter、vary、modify、revise、increase、decrease、enhance、diminish、develop、progress、advance、improve、retreat、degenerate、continue、remain

4.差异:different、distinguish、separate、same、similar、comparable、compare to

5.超越:surpass、exceed、excel、over

6.最高级,本身有最高级含义:maximum、minimum、peak、outstanding

7. 本身程度比较深:amazing、surprising、astonishing、prohibitively

8.否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him.

从这句话中可以看出,否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。

四、否定关系

显性否定:no、not、never、nor、none neither

隐形否定:fail to、refuse、remove、mi、reject、aence of、lack of

否定前缀:a-、ab-、dis-、il-、im-、in-、non-、un-否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点,把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词,依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。

双重否定:not fail to、not illegal、not uncommon、not unavailable双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式,由于在平时中文对话中用的很少,随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。

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⑷ 如何做好英语阅读理解词义猜测题

猜测词义题
在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典,查找词义。这样做不但费时费力,而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上,阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境(各种已知信息)推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查,因此,掌握一定的猜词技巧,对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。
常见的题干有:
1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?
2) The word... could best be replaced by.
3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).
4) According to the passage,... probably means.
5) The author uses the word... to mean.
猜测词义时,一般可利用以下四个方面的线索:
一是针对性的解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体,所使用的语言通俗易懂,利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。
1.根据定义(definition)猜测词义
如果生词有一个句子(定语从句或是同位语<同位语前常有 that="" is="" to="" in="" other="" or="" i.g.="">或是同位语从句)或段落来定义,或使用破折号,冒号,分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义,那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例1.Do you know what a territory is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims(声称)as its own.(2005年湖北卷)
[分析]由定义可推知,这里territory指的是:动物的地盘。
例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.(2005年浙江卷)
[分析]由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域:一种濒临灭绝野猫。
例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . (2004年福建卷)
According to the passage ,The Pines is a .
A.place in which you can see many mobile homes
B.mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C.town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D.restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
[分析]通过whose引导的定语从句,我们可以推测到:The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字,由此不难推出理解题的答案为:D。
2.根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。
例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.(2004年辽宁卷)
[分析]根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子,我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指议题。
二是内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。
1.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有:unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构:while 引导的并列句。同对比关系相反,比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有:similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean? (2002年NMET)
A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests
[分析]根据对比关系,这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义,很容易判断理解题的答案为C。
例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系,其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是健谈的。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中,若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。
例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .
(2005年上海卷)
The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to .
A.full of respect B.too confident and rude C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
[分析]根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容(既然你是我的上司),我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是:冒失的,放肆的意思,后半句的意思是:我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为:B。
例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.(2005年江西卷)
根据原因状语从句的内容,我们可以判断Pruning的意思是:修剪(树枝等)的意思。
3.根据说明、并列、同等同义近义、、反义等关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中,我们可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境所表面的关系猜测词义。
例9.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(纱线),good and ill together. (2005年江苏卷)
The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .
A.simple B.mixed C.sad D.happy
[分析]句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义,据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是:混合的,交织的。
例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. (2004年湖北卷)
[分析]根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系,我们很容易推断出:Johns Hopkins是一家医疗中心。
例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.
[分析]根据与insult侮辱的同等关系猜测defame为诋毁 ,中伤或诽谤
例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.
[分析]运用与football的同义关系推断为足球。
例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.
[分析]运用与The house近义关系可以推断dwelling与住所有关
例14.Most women in China ---ecated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.
[分析]后面的urban and rural, the young and old之间都有反义关系,运用这个关系可以推断illiterated为未接受过教育的,即文盲
三是通过构词法
在猜测词义过程中,我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识,从生词本身猜测词义。
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-ecational or single-sex schools?
根据词根ecational (教育的),结合前缀co-(共同,一起),我们便可以猜出co-ecational的意思是:男女同校教育的意思。(2005年江西卷)
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point.(2005年广东卷)
后缀 -ise/ize意思是使成为;使化,结合词根commercial(商业的),不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是:未被商业化的。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward(别扭的)hand positions.(2005年北京卷)
Well-designed 或许是个生词,但我们分析该词的结构后,就能推测出其含义。它由well (好,优秀)和design (设计)两部分组成,合在一起便是设计精巧的意思。
例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-proced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists. (2004年浙江卷)
根据合成词中的mass (大量的)和proce (生产),我们可以推测 mass-proce的意思是:大批量生产;规模生产的意思。
4.猜测词性变换新词含义
例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. (2004年山东卷)
head本为名词,表头。由the bus和home的语境逻辑可以推断,该句head为动词,表方向,结合全句可译为开往、驶向。
例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. (2004全国卷Ⅱ)
cloud本为名词,表云。分析语境逻辑可知,忧虑会影响一个人的判断,因此该句clouded应译为使难以。

⑸ 【考试必备】高中英语阅读理解解题技巧超强分析!

【 #英语资源# 导语】高中英语在高考总成绩中占据150分的分值,很多高中同学都误认为只要基础知识掌握牢固就万事OK了,其实,高中英语的解题更需要一定的技巧,掌握高效的解题技巧能够事半功倍,轻松应对高考英语难题。 为大家整理了高考英语阅读理解部分的答题技巧解析,希望能帮助到大家学习。




通过详细分析历年高考英语试卷,我们可将阅读理解分为以下几种题型:主旨大意题,细节理解题,推理判断题(含写作意图、目的等),词义猜测题。英语阅读理解题的技巧与策略是学生提高阅读理解多需要具备的。


一、 主旨大意题


这类题在设题时常会用到title, subject, main idea, topic, theme等词。


1.归纳标题题


特点:短小精悍,一般多为一个短语;涵盖性强,一般能覆盖全文意思;精确性强,表达范围要恰当,不能随意改变语意程度或色彩。常见命题形式有:


What’s the best title for the text?


The best title for this passage is ___.


Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?


2. 概括大意题


包括寻找段落大意(topic)和文章中心思想(main idea),常见命题形式有:


What is the general/main idea of the passage? Which of the following expresses the main idea? What is the subject discussed in the text?


BThe writer of the story wants to tell us that_____. The passage/ text is mainly about_____. What’s the article mainly about ?


解题技巧


阅读理解文章多是议论文和说明文 ,这两种文体的结构可归纳为:绝仿悄提出问题——论述问题——得出结论或者阐明观点。对于这类文章,抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点。主题句在文章中的位置主要有以下几种情况。


位于段首 :一般而言,以演绎法撰写的文章,主题句往往在文章的开头,即先点出主题,然后围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。判断第一句是否为主题句,可具体分析段落的首并渣句与第二,三句的关系;如果从第二句就开始大信对第一句进行说明,论述或描述,那第一句就是主题句。有些段落,在主题句后面有明显引出细节的信号词,如for example, an example of; first, second, next, last, finally; to begin with, also, besides; one, the other; some, others等。在阅读中应尽量利用上述信号词来确定主题句的位置。


位于段尾 :有些文章会在开头列举事实, 然后通过论证阐述作者的核心论点。因此,如果第一句话不是概括性的或综合性的话,快速读一读段落的最后一个句子,看看它是否具备主题句的特征。如果它具备主题句的特征,段落的主题思想就很容易确定了。一般说来,当一种观点不易向人解释清楚或不易被人接受时,主题句便会到段落的末尾才出现。学生可以充分利用引出结论的信号词。如so,therefore,thus,consequently;in conclusion,in short;in a word, to sum up等来确定主题句的位置在段尾。当无明显的此类信号时,学生可在段落的最后一句话前面添加一个引出结论的信号词,以确定其是否是主题句。


位于段中 :有时段落是先介绍背景和细节,接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例,然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现。归纳起来主要有两种情况:先提出问题,然后给予回答(主题句),最后给予解释;或者,先提出问题,然后点出主题思想(主题句),最后给予解释。


首尾呼应 :主题句在段落的开头和结尾两个位置上先后出现,形成前呼后应的格局。这两个主题句叙说的是同一个内容,但用词不尽相同,这样不但强调了主题思想,而且显得灵活多变。这两个句子并非简单重复,后一个主题句或对该主题作最后的评述,或对要点作一概括,或使之引申留给读者去思考。


无明确主题句 :找关键词(出现频率较高), 归纳总结。


注意


新题型中有一个选项是干扰项,解答此类题时同学易犯以下三种错误:


(1)表述过于片面,只涵盖该段个别细节;


(2)表述太过于笼统,已经超出该段的内容;


(3)表述与段落内容无关,在段落中找不到相关依据


二、细节理解题


考查内容主要涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数字等议论文中例证细节和定义类细节。这类题目的共同特点是:答案一般都能在文章中找到。当然,答案并不一定是文章中的原句,考生需要根据文章提供的信息自己组织语句回答问题。


1.事实细节题→寻读法


分为直接理解题和间接理解题,前者常用who, what, which, when, where, why和how提问,或判断正误;后者需与原文信息转换,表达上与原文有差异。常见命题形式有:


What can we learn from the passage?


All the following are mentioned except


Which of the following is mentioned (not mentioned)?


Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about…?


2. 排列顺序题→首尾定位法(找出第一个事件和最后一个事件,用排除法缩小范围)


常出现在记叙文和说明文中,一般按事件发生的顺序。常见命题形式有:


Which of the following is the correct order of…? Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph…?


3. 图文匹配题→按图索骥理清线索


设题形式:给出图表,根据图表提问问题。


4. 数字计算题→(方法:审题→带着问题找细节→对比、分析、计算)


可直接找到相关细节,但需经过计算方可找到答案。


三、推理判断题


主要考查学生对文章中隐含或深层的含意的理解能力。 它要求考生根据文章内容做出合乎逻辑的推断,包括考生对作者观点的理解,态度的判断,对修辞、语气、隐含意思等的理解。题干关键词:infer(推断),indicate(象征,暗示), imply/suggest(暗示), conclude(作出结论), assume(假定,设想).


1.细节推理判断题


一般可根据短文提供的信息或借助生活常识进行推理判断,常见命题形式有:


It can be inferred/ concluded from the text that __________.


The author implies/ suggests that_____.


We may infer that _________.


Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?


2.预测推理判断题


根据语篇对文章接下来的内容或可能的结局进行猜测,常见命题形式有: What do you think will happen if/when…?


At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write_____


3.推测文章来源或读者对象


常见命题形式有:


The passage is probably take out of_____


The passage would most likely be found in_____


Where does this text probably come from?


4.写作意图、目的、态度推断题


作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里,只能通过细读文章,从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。


询问写作目的的题,选项里常出现的词是: explain(解释), prove (证明), persuade(劝说), advise(劝告), comment(评论), praise(赞扬), criticize(批评), entertain(娱乐), demonstrate(举例说明), argue(辩论), tell(讲述), analyze(分析)等。


询问语气态度的题,选项里常出现的词是: neutral(中立的), sympathetic(同情的), satisfied(满意的), friendly(友好的), enthusiastic(热情的), subjective(主观的), objective(客观的), matter-of-fact(实事求是的), pessimistic(悲观的), optimistic(乐观的), critical(批评的), doubtful(怀疑的), hostile(敌对的), indifferent(冷淡的), disappointed(失望的)。


常见命题形式有:


The purpose of the text is_____


What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? By mentioning…, the author aims to show that_____


What is the author’s attitude towards…?


What is the author’s opinion on…?


The author’s tone in this passage is _____.


解答技巧


推断题是考查学生透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理和判断必须以事实为依据,切莫主观臆断。


①那些文章中直接陈述的内容不能选,要选择根据文章推理出来的选项。


②推理不是凭空猜测,而是立足已知推断未知;作出正确答案时一定要在文中找到依据或理由。


③要忠实于原文,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法;不要脱离原文主观臆断。


四、词义猜测题


考点:


①猜测某个词、词组、句子的意义


②对文中的多义词或词组进行定义


③判断某个代词的指代的对象。常见命题形式有:


The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____.


The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to______.


The word “…”(Line 6. para.2)probably means ______.


The word “…”(Line 6. para.2)could best be replaced by which of the following?


Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “…” ?


解答技巧


1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词


首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,therefore等等)表示前因后果。


例如:You shouldn't have blamed him for that,for it wasn't his fault. 通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。


2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词


通过同义词猜词 ,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and *,即使我们不认识*这个词,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词,但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。


通过反义词猜词 ,一是看表转折关系的连词或副词,如but,while,however等;二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语,如:He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。


3.通过构词法猜词


根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词词义。如:She is unlikely to have stolen the money. ( “un”含否定意义,故为“不太可能”之意。)


4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义


例如:But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time. Then there is a dry period,or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought,由此可见drought意思为"久旱","旱灾"。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折号等来表示。


5.通过句法功能来推测词义


例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。


6.通过描述猜词


描述即作者对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如:The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。


7. 根据常识猜词


如:The door was so low that he hit his head on the lintel.(lintel “过梁”。)


Afraid of waking the baby up, she tiptoed out of the room.(tiptoed “踮着脚走,蹑手蹑脚”)

初中英语阅读理解题型

初中英语阅读理解题型

英语阅读理解题是中考英语常见的题型之一,且占比分较大,让学生熟悉常见的题型,掌握正确的答题技巧及解题步骤,可收到"事半功倍"的效果。下面就由我来跟大家介绍一下初中英语阅读理解常见题型及答题技巧吧!

【初中英语阅读理解题型及解题技巧】

(一)主旨题

主旨题主要考查学生对短文中心思想或作者意图的掌握。做此类题时,应通读全文,理解文章大意,充分理解主题句的意义。短文往往围绕主题句展开,主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。

(二)细节题

细节题是用来进一步表达主题,体现中心思想的,往往针对短文某个细节来设题。做此类题时,应快速捕捉信息,可能是一些事例、数字等,阅读时要有针对性。

(三)推断题

推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论,主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。这类推断通常包括:数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。做此类题时,应根据短文中的相关语句,对与事实有关的细节加以分析,找出线索,悟出字里行间的意思,反复比较,从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。

(四)猜测词义题

猜测词义题主要考查学生根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义能力。一般情况下,推断词义的题目中所出现的单词,大多数是学生未曾见过的生词,学生需要在该词出现的上下文中去寻找线索。通过阅读上下文,断定该词的真正含义,然后将这个释义代入文中,检查是否贴切,仔细比较直到得出该词的确切的含义。

(五)正误判断题

正误判断题主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。一般是根据文章的事实或细节,给出一个句子,判断其正误。这类题比较直接,难度相对较小。做此类题时,应先看题,后带着“问题”快速阅读短文,寻找所需要的信息。 初中英语阅读理解题已成为评估学生英语水平的重要测试题型,在中考英语试卷中所占比重较大。阅读理解题主要是考查学生综合运用所学语言知识的能力,包括细节理解能力、词义判断能力、归纳概括能力及逻辑推理能力等。大致来说,阅读理解题主要针对如下方面:

(1) 个别词语或句子;(2)某一细节或情节;(3)主题;(4)背景知识;(5)结论或结局;(6) 内涵隐意或寓意等。下面本人就根据阅读理解题的题型特点,来谈一些答题技巧。

一、直接理解题

这种题目比较简单,只要通读全文,了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节就可以解答出来,有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。此类题目的出题形式很多,例如:

(1)Which of the following statements is true / false?

(2)Which of the following is(not)mentioned?

(3)How many / How much / Where / How / What„„?

(4)What does the writer think about?

(5)Which is the right order of the events given in thepassage?

要快速辨认和记忆事实或细节,就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法。查阅是读者在对材料有所了解的情况下进行的,它的特点是带着问题去寻找答案,往往与略读综合使用,具体方法与步骤如下:

(1)略读材料,了解原文大意,掌握其中心意思或主旨。

(2)按文章的体裁、作者写作的组织模式及有关信息词,如for example,first,second„„预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实。

(3)将自己的精力放在寻找所需要的细节上,快速通篇阅读,眼睛自左至右、自下而上呈Z形扫视,待找到含有相关细节的句子时,就要放慢速度,仔细核对,比较内容,直至找到答案。

二、语义理解题

在阅读中,我们经常会遇到一些生词,需要根据上下文猜测它们的意思。此类问题考查学生紧扣原文,根据上下文语境判断单词、词语或短句意义的能力。常见的题型有:直接对生词进行解释;对多义词或短语在文章具体语言环境中的意义作出准确判断;对英语中的一些格言或谚语进行解释;对文中一些代词的指代对象作出界定等。这种题型常见的设题方式如下:

(1)The underlined word(phrase)in the passage means______.

(2)The word“it/them”in the first paragraph refers to______.

(3)The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means____.

(4)What does the underlined word“„”refer to______.

(5)By „ the writer means______.

在做此类题时,考生应紧扣原文,根据上下文语境进行判断,切不要望文生义或断章取义,也不能只选择自己熟悉的意思。猜测词义的常见方法有:

1)根据构词法猜测词义;

(2)根据上下文猜测词义;

(3)根据定义或解释猜测词义;

(4)根据同义词、反义词以及对比关系猜测词义;

(5)根据生活常识猜测词义。

三、逻辑推理题

推理判断试题属于深层阅读理解题。它要求考生尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实,在通篇理解文章的基础上,严格按照作者提供的信息推断出作者的言外之意。这种题型常见的设题方式有:

(1)From the text,it can be inferred that______.

(2)The passage suggests that______.

(3)Which of the following best describes______.

(4)The writer’s attitude towards„is______.

(5)From the text,we learn that______.

这种题目有一定难度,解答时必须根据上下文及相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后,才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等文外之意加以推理。解此类题目可从以下几方面入手:

(1)根据常识判断。即解题时,除弄清文意外,还需借助生活常识、风土人情、传说掌故、名人轶事等进行判断。

(2)根据知识判断。即解题时,运用一些一般性知识,如天文、地理、文学、艺术、科技等自然科学和社会科学知识。

(3)根据计算判断。即解题时,运用一些数学知识进行和差、面积、体积、速度等方面的运算。

(4)根据情节判断。即解题时,从情节所提供的基本事实出发,寻找一定规律,如时间关系、条件关系、因果关系、比较关系、转折关系等作为推理根据。这种题目最容易出现,考生要从时间、地点、事件的情节安排与发展中,深入探讨其逻辑关系及隐喻、引申等因素。

四、归纳总结题

这种题型要求学生在理解全文的基础上,对文章进行归纳、概括或评价。解这种题目时,不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义,如涉及文章的标题(title)、主题(main idea)、结论(conclusion)、结局(end)等有关问题,都需要在细读全文的基础上,结合所学语言知识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断,从而获取文章中的内在信息。常见的设题方式有:

(1)The general idea of the passage is about______.

2)The main idea of the article is______.

(3)The main purpose of this selection is______.

4)The passage suggests that______.

5)Which of the following best states the theme of thepassage?

具体解题时,应注意一些技巧:

(1)首先看短文的开头和结尾,确定短文题材,预测其内容。每段的第一句话往往会提供重要信息,可以帮助我们搜索各段落乃至整篇文章的大意。

(2)速读全文,整体理解短文大意,抓住关键词语,弄清文章的主旨。

(3)根据已知短文内容,着手解题。可先将文后的选择题看一下,然后带着问题再去阅读。这样做,一方面有助于对文章进一步理解,另一方面可以有针对性地从文章中寻找答案。

(4)迅速复读全文,检查自己的理解是否正确,所选答案是否前后矛盾。通过全面考虑,最后确定答案。

一.教学大纲对阅读理解的要求

(一)初中英语教学大纲对学生阅读上的基本要求:

1.能阅读难度相当于课文的材料,理解其大意。

2.能独立阅读所学语言知识范围内的材料,生词率不超过3%。

3.阅读速度要求每分钟50-70词。

(二)中考阅读理解的考点

1.文章的话题—略读文章,领会文章大意的题。

2.文章的中心题—归纳,概括的能力。

3.文章的细节—扫读或细读文章,以获得某些特地信息或准确的寻找所需细节的能力。

4.文章的寓意,结论-领会作者的言外之意或推断出文章的结论。

5.生词词意,猜词—对生词词意的判断能力。

(三)中考阅读理解考察的文体

1.记叙文—抓住人物,地点,时间,情节发展线索。

2.说明文—要以事物为中心进行思考。抓住事物的特征,用途,相互关系等。

(四)解题思路与技巧

1.快速浏览全文,掌握大意。

2.仔细审题,分析比较选项 。

3.带着问题复读,捕捉关键信息,解答问题。

4.再读全文,核对答案。

二.阅读理解题型及解题技巧

从近几年的中考阅读理解情况看,短文体裁多样,题材各异,文章涉及科学知识、社会文化、政治历史、人文环境和日常生活等方面,

充分体现其时代性、实用性。短文难度逐年加大。常见题型有主旨题、细节题、推断题、猜测词义题和正误判断题。

做阅读理解练习应先看问题,弄清考点。在阅读短文之前,快速浏览问题,以便在阅读短文时做到心中有数,快速、准确地捕捉所要信息。先易后难。做题时不必拘泥于书中所呈现的语篇顺序,应遵循先易后难的原则。如可先做细节题再做推断题,因为细节题大多能直接从文中找到答案,而推断题则需对短文进行深层理解,再作判断。

(一)主旨题

主旨题主要考查学生对短文中心思想或作者意图的掌握。做此类题时,应通读全文,理解文章大意,充分理解主题句的意义。短文往往围绕主题句展开,主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。

(二)细节题

细节题是用来进一步表达主题,体现中心思想的,往往针对短文某个细节来设题。做此类题时,应快速捕捉信息,可能是一些事例、数字等,阅读时要有针对性。

(三)推断题

推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论,主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。这类推断通常包括:数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。做此类题时,应根据短文中的.相关语句,对与事实有关的细节加以分析,找出线索,悟出字里行间的意思,反复比较,从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。

(四)猜测词义题

猜测词义题主要考查学生根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义能力。一般情况下,推断词义的题目中所出现的单词,大多数是学生未曾见过的生词,学生需要在该词出现的上下文中去寻找线索。通过阅读上下文,断定该词的真正含义,然后将这个释义代入文中,检查是否贴切,仔细比较直到得出该词的确切的含义。

1.通过因果关系猜词

通过因果关系猜词,首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如:

You shouldn't have blamed him for that,for it wasn't his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。

2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词

通过同义词猜词,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and gay,即使我们不认识gay这个词,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词,但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。通过反义词猜词,一是看表转折关系的连词或副词,如but,while,however等;二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语,如:He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。

3.通过构词法猜词

在阅读文章时,我们总会遇上一些新词汇,有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意,而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用,此时,如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识,这些问题便不难解决了。

4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义

例如:But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time. Then there is a dry period,or drought.

从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought,由此可见drought意思为"久旱","旱灾"。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折号等来表示。

5.通过句法功能来推测词义

例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。

6.通过描述猜词

描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如:The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。

(五)正误判断题

正误判断题主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。一般是根据文章的事实或细节,给出一个句子,判断其正误。这类题比较直接,难度相对较小。做此类题时,应先看题,后带着“问题”快速阅读短文,寻找所需要的信息。

;

⑺ 高考英语阅读理解:高考英语阅读理解九大猜词技巧

《高考英语阅读理解九大猜词技巧》由liuxue86.com我整理。本内容整理时间为05月12日,如有任何问题请联系我们。

1.利用定义或解察指庆释(definition or explanation)
Signal words: means, refers to, be called, be known as ,can be defined as, in other words,that is , that is to say, 定语从句…..etc.

举例:
Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽), or young leaves of trees.(B)
The word “pruning” means______
A. Regular cutting(修剪) of the plants
B. Frequent watering
C. Regular use of chemicals
D. Growing the plants high in the mountain

2.利用普通常识和经验(common sense or experience)
举例败握:
1. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.
“ocelot” means _________________(an endangered wild cat)
2.The period of adolescence, the period between childhood and althood ,may be long or short.
“adolescence” means___________(The period between childhood and althood)

3.利用同义/同位语(similarity/appositive)
Signal words:for example ,for instance,such as ,like,as---as,etc.
举例:
The largest player – Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices, such as deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite of the tourists. (C)
The words “deluxe sedans,” “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refer to ____.
A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers

4.利用举例(from examples)
Signal words: as, like, the same as,unlike, but,however, on the contrary, while,instead…逗搏ect.
举例:
1. The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted(飘) with the wind like feathers.
2. Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends.

5.利用比较或对比(comparison or contrast)
(1)Overwork may cause diseases.
over(过分的、过量的)+work=overwork“工作过度”。
(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
dis “不” + satisfied“满意的=dissatisfied “不满意的”。

6.利用构词法(Word formation):前缀、后缀、复合、派生等
举例:
1. Is he intelligent or stupid?
2. Most women in Ghana--- the ecated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old--- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved.(C)
The underlined word “illiterate” in the passage means ____.
A. Repeated B. reiterated. C unecated D. sick

7.利用同义词或反义词(Synonym or Antonym)
举例:
Signal words:because,since ,so, such…that,so…that, ect
I feel that since you are my superior(上司), it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”(B)
The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “____” .
A.full of respect B. rude and too confident
C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet

8.利用原因与结果关系猜词(from Cause and Result)
The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.(A)
A. work B. study C. name D. interest

9.利用上下文的语境(context or related information)

更多练习:

1. A good teacher works in quite a different way. His audience take an active part in his play: they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they don’t understand something, they say so.

The word “audience” in the paragraph means ____.
A. students
B. people who watch a play
C. people who act on the stage
D. people who listen to something
答案:A
解题关键:常识 teacher-----students

2. When some kind of pain killer(止痛药) was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the proct look weak and ineffective(无效的).
The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours_______
Attracted the customers strongly
Had weak effects on the customers
Tricked the customers into shopping
Caused the customers to lose interest
答案:D
解题关键:因果关系 because

3. Collins decided that she must go, although the hazards of the trip were many, for example, the unbearable heat , the possibility of getting lost , the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes .
“hazard” means ___________________
A. pleasure, B. problem, C. danger, D. attraction
答案:C
解题关键:举例for example

4. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society
The underlined phrase “the most vocal” means______
A. Those who try their best to win
B. Those who value competition most highly
C.Those who are against competition most strongly
D. Those who rely on others most for success
答案:C
解题关键:上下文语境 context or related information

5.Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them-a form of favoritism will replace equality.
The word “favoritism" is used to describe the phenomenon that ________.
A. bright children also need certificates to get satisfying jobs
B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobs
C. poor children with certificates are favored in job markets
D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success
答案:B
解题关键:破折号(定义或同位语)

6. Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. That is to say, if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back.
“Object permanence” means that when out of sight, an object ______
A. Still exists B. keeps its shape
C. Still stays solid D. is beyond reach
答案:A
解题关键:
1.定义:definition that is to say也就是说
2.构词法:permanent—permanence

7. A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
What does the underlined word "hassle“ probably mean?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests
答案:C
解题关键:比较comparison(instead—相反,反而)

8. William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(纱线),good and ill together.”
The underlined word “mingled” most probably means? ? .
A.simple????B.mixed????C.sad???D.happy
答案:B
解题关键:definition or explanation 定义或解释猜测词义

9. The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a god came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him, licking his outstretched hand. “Good boy,” Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you are --- trying to lick me to death.”
Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” ?
A Messy and untidy.
B. Rich and expensive.
C. Comfortable and calming
D. Unusual and foreign.
答案:D
解题关键:对比contrast,normal—but---unusual

10. Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. When resting in the shade, they are also watching the sky to see what is flying by, and even in the heat of the day they will suddenly start up and run a mile across the plains to find out what is going on. If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves.
By describing lions as “opportunists”, the author means to say that lions ____.
A. are cruel animals
B. are clever animals
C. Like to take advantage of(利用) other animals
D. Like to take every chance to eat
答案:C
解题关键:构词法及下文解释opportunity---ist

《高考英语阅读理解九大猜词技巧》由liuxue86.com我整理
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