高考英语阅读理解题目设置
⑴ 高考英语阅读理解类型
高考英语阅读理解类型
阅读理解是高考英语试卷中卷面分值最高的,为了方便考生们更好地复习英语,我在这里整理了高考英语阅读理解类型及答题技巧,希望能对考生们有所帮助!
【英语阅读文体类型简析】
高考英语阅读常见的文体类型有:记叙文、议论文、说明文和应用文。
[1]、记叙文。
英语记叙文以描写叙述为主,主要描写人物、事件、地点、或过程。特点是,其主题往往潜伏在字里行间,没有直接地表白出来;文章主旨要透过体察所揭示的人物、事件来进行提炼。描写手法大多按时间跨度、空间顺序、上下顺序来展开。阅读记叙文体应采取略读和扫读的方法,快速抓住文中描写的主要内容,从整体上去把握文章的连贯性,进而大体上揣测出作者的写作意图及情感主线。高考阅读就记叙文设题大多以细节理解为主。
[2]、议论文。
英语议论文通常为三段式,即“论点、论据、结论”三部份组成。首先借助某一现象引出论点,然后通过一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证,最后得出结论。议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。因此,遇到议论文体时,应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨,弄清作者的观点。一般来说,作者的论点通常在文章首段被引出,接着是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证,最后为结论。还应注意的是:在对论点论证的过程中,每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。把握全文论点、弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次、找出中心论点的.位置是理解议论文的关键。
就议论文而言,其论证的常见结构方式有:
1,总分式 总---分;分----总;总----分---总;
2,并列式 几个论据之间属于平等关系;
3,递进式 几个论据之间属于递进关系;
4,对照式 把两种事物加以对比,以彰显其中一种。
[3]、说明文。
英语说明文的总体结构通常为三部份,说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结。常见的说明方法:
1,定义与诠释说明;
2,举例与引用说明;
3,分类与图表说明;
4,比较与比喻说明;
5,分析与综合说明;
就高考英语说明文的阅读而言,首先要抓住文章说明的要点,也就是要抓住被说明对象的实质性特征;弄清作者从哪个角度、哪个层面开始说明;并明白文章最后的说明结论。高考说明文阅读材料通常介绍最新科技、重大成就、生活时尚、流行现象等。了解说明文的写作手法、说明方法,理清短文结构及段落中心思想是答题关键。
[4]、应用文。
英语应用文属于实用型文体,如书信、通知、日记、广告等。应用文阅读要注意文中具体细节的把握与理解,弄清作者所传达的实际信息及表达的具体内容。阅读时采取速读与精读相结合的方法,力求快速精确地查出试题所设置的关键内容。
【英语阅读理解答题技巧】
高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有:词义猜测题、主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理题和推断题。题型不同,答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。
1、词义猜测技巧。
这种题型要求对文章中的划线生词进行词义猜测。这类题型不仅要求具备一定构词法,而且也要求对上下文具有比较全面的理解。做词意猜测时,应注意划线生词后面的定语从句、同位语从句。定语从句、同位语从句通常用来解释生词的词意。另外,还要应注意生词后的标点符号,如逗号、破折号、引号、括号都可用于提示词意。有时,词意隐藏在全文或某一段中,这就需要把握文段的意境来加以透知该词的含义。
To argue that zoos imprison animals is to misunderstand what zoos are about. Without zoos many of the creatures we love and admire would no longer exist. Every single day,over one hundred animal species vanish. Scientists predict that as early as 2050 one quarter of the Earth’s species will become extinct.
27.The underlined word “vanish” in Paragraph 2 most probably means _____.
A. remain B. disappear C. become rarer D. get killed
2、抓主旨大意的技巧。
一般来说,议论文的主旨大意要么在首段,要么在尾段。文章主旨位于首段时,其后的段落通常是演绎论证的过程;在段尾时,其前的段落通常是在摆事实、讲道理,最后归纳出全文主旨。说明文的主旨也通常位于首段;记叙文的主旨有的位于开首段(如新闻报道、时事经纬等文章的主旨均置于开场白的位置,达到开门见山、直奔主题的效果),但大多数记叙文的主旨隐藏在文章之中,需理清文章脉络,挖掘文章内涵,把握作者意图。
Zoos divide opinion:there are those who think it is cruel to keep animals locked up while others believe zoos are essential for the survival of endangered species.
29. According to the passage some people do not agree with zoos because they _____.
A. are too expensive to run B. put animals in danger
C. do not provide enough food D. keep animals locked up
3、推断题型答题技巧。
推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义,即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述,而寓意在文章的字里行间,要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析,推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否,很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。
To argue that zoos imprison animals is to misunderstand what zoos are about. Without zoos many of the creatures we love and admire would no longer exist. Every single day,over one hundred animal species vanish. Scientists predict that as early as 2050 one quarter of the Earth’s species will become extinct.
26. What’s the writer’s attitude towards zoos?
A. He shows no opinion either for or against them.
B. He thinks that they are unnecessary and cruel.
C. He believes they play an important environmental role.
D. He expresses a desire that more of them be built.
4、细节题型的答题技巧。
细节题型的解答通常是借助对文中的具体信息的查寻来解决。答题时要采取略读、扫读、析读和精读的办法从文中找出问题答案。细节题型多问及时间、地点、人物、数量和特征等。
Some animals are in danger because they are hunted. Alarmingly, the population of tigers has already fallen by ninety-five percent. Other species are in danger because of a lack of food. For example, there are fewer than 1300 giant pandas left in the wild.
28. According to the passage the world’s tiger population _____.
A. will rise by 5% next year B. is relatively stable
C/ is 95% smaller than in the past D. has fallen to 95%
;⑵ 浙江省高考英语的分值分布是怎样的
第一部分 听力(共两节,满分30分)
第一节 (共5小题,每小题1.5分,共7.5分)
第二节 (共15小题,每小题1.5分,共22.5分)
第二部分阅读理解(共两节,满分40分)
第一节 (共15小题,每小题2分,共30分)
第二节 (共5小题,每小题2分,共10分)
第三部分 英语知识运用(共两节,满分45分)
第一节 完形填空(共20小题,每小题1.5分,共30分)
第II卷
第三部分 英语知识运用(共两节,满分45分)
第二节 (共10小题,每小题1.5分,共15分)
第四部分 写作(共两节,满分35分)
第一节 短文改错(满分10分)
第二节 书面表达(满分25分)
(2)高考英语阅读理解题目设置扩展阅读
技巧
高考英语听力测试部分在整套试题中占有重要地位。它要求考生从头到尾按顺序往下听,在有限的时间内做出选择,没有“回头看”的余地。
阅读理解文章多是议论文和说明文,这两种文体的结构可归纳为:提出问题——论述问题——得出结论或者阐明观点。对于这类文章,抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。
推断题是考查学生透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理和判断必须以事实为依据,切莫主观臆断。
①那些文章中直接陈述的内容不能选,要选择根据文章推理出来的选项;
②推理不是凭空猜测,而是立足已知推断未知;作出正确答案时一定要在文中找到依据或理由。
⑶ 高考英语阅读理解题解题技巧详解
高考英语阅读理解题解题技巧详解
英语阅读理解题的难度在不断增大,考生们也大多知难而进。下面是我为大家带来的高考英语阅读理解题解题技巧,欢迎阅读。
一、四选一型阅读
高考阅读不同文体按照题型分类主要分为五大类:细节题、推理题、主旨大意题、词义句意猜测题、结构顺序题。
1、细节题解题技巧
细节题,顾名思义,就是指针对文章的某个细节而设置的试题。细节题的命题方法很多,如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个)放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项)或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时,一个常用的方法就是运用定位法,即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子,与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换)。
现在围绕上述的定位理论,引申出几个小的技巧:
(1) 关键信息定位法。这个主要是细节题,如涉及到数字(日期、时间、价格等),就可以在文章中快速圈出数字,再找出目标数字及相对应的细节作息,还有人物姓名、地点名词等等,其他的还包括一些提示情节发展,或条纲性关键字眼,如First, Next, Finally等等。
As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 2011,when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. (2011年高考英语北京A篇)
What happened to the author in 2011?
A. She flew an airplane
B. She entered a competition
C. She went on a hot air balloon ride
D. She moved into a retirement community
解析:此题属典型细节题,通过题干中的时间in 2011不难定位到文中粗体字部分,很容易可以锁定正解为C。
(2) 同义定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同义定位就是指问题所用的关键词和文中的不一致,但属于同义性质,同义转换其实是在关键间的基础上拐了个弯。
He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out, exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. (2010年高考英语北京B篇)
What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks?
A. Finding the news value of his stories.
B. Giving him financial support.
C. Helping him to find issues.
D. Improving his good ideas.
解析:此题属细节题,定位方式为同义定位法。题干中的talks和文章中conversations对应,而want most和longs for对应,这样不难得出答案为D。
小结:在阅读中,精准快速的定位加上正确的理解力才能保证做题的量与质。定位法是需要在做题的过程中有意识的培养的,做题的技巧也是可以总结的,关键是要自觉培养这种分析归纳和总结的意识以及能力。
2、推理题解题技巧
推断题定义:在理解原文字面意思的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示,做出一定的判断和推理,从而得到文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。
出现特征:在考题中经常出现的词有infer, imply, indicate, conclude, learn from, probably, most likely, prove /according to等。
She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. “We're moving house.'; “No space for her any more with the baby coming.” “We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.” People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house? (2010年高考英语北京A篇)
A. Shocked. B. Sympathetic. C. Annoyed. D. Upset.
解析:由题目得知:是考察作者的态度题。首先定位到文章作者的话语和行为,即
(1) No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway.
(2) We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.“
(3) People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
可知作者对它是正的情感,排除C,D.再由作者对它的不舍,答案选B
3、主旨大意题解题技巧
Topic/Title型-使用逆推法
(1) 要在阅读原文基础上,仔细考虑选项是否与文章主题有密切联系
(2) 再看选项对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何
(3) 要注意题目是否过大或者过小
(4) 要避免下列三种错误
概括不够(多表现为部分代整体,导致范围过小)
过度概括(多表现为扩大范围)
以事实、细节代替抽象概括的大意。
Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert (警报) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.
Text messages have been popular in recent years, particularly among young people. The wireless instry's trade association, CTIA, estimates(估计) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.
The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.
“The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and ring, disasters and other emergencies,” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said, following approval of the plan.
Participation in the alert system by carriers -telecommunications companies is voluntary, but it has received support from the wireless instry.
The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.
There would be three different types of messages, according to the rules.
The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve “approaching threats”, which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abction (绑架) emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts.
The service could be in place by 2010.( 2008年高考英语山东卷B篇)
66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students
B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Instry
C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters
D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon
解析:D。主旨大意题。第一段开门见山,提出将创建一个全国性的短信警报系统;最后一段重申主题,对这种新系统的未来进行展望。因此最准确的标题是D。A项错在protecting students;B项错在by wireless instry;C项错在National Disasters。
4、词义句意题解题技巧
要求考生通过阅读上下文,结合中学生应有的赏识来推测尚不熟悉的词或者词组的意思。出现特征:划线或者引号
解题方法之一:根据上下文,往往是本句中的同位关系进行猜测。
Weeks later, standing before this unfriendly mass, I was totally lost. Oh well, I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, “My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution.” The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?
62. The underlined word “burning” in Para. 3 probably means _______.(2012年北京,B篇,62,答案D)
A. annoyed B. ashamed C. ready D. eager
解析:从burning这个词来说,意为“发热的,强烈的,燃烧的`”,后面紧跟动词词组“find out”说明在寻找时刻的心情是很紧张和急迫的,最后是一个宾语从句,是我曾经做错过什么,那么这个题目显然就是选择和“渴望的,热切的”词义,显然为D选项。
5、结构顺序题解题技巧
常见提问方式:
How is the passage organized?
Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
The author develops the passage mainly by….
解题思路:
(1) 注意主题段。主题段通常在文章的开头,简要概括文章的中心思想,
(2) 找出或者总结每段的主题句。主题句可能在段落的开头,也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。如何确定主题句的方法见主旨题之main idea型。
(3) 最后根据每段主题确定段与段之间的结构关系,承上启下,使文章行文连贯,逻辑严密。为突出主题,作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章,通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。
The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet procts that we have stopped thinking about what diet procts are doing to us. We are paying for procts that harm us psychologically and physically(身体上).
Diet procts significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet procts allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤)instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.
On another level, diet procts have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results. Diet procts make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet procts lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(营养成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calories only because the diet instry has created chemicals to proce these wonder procts. Diet procts may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet procts are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet procts have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet procts, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them. (2008高考英语北京卷E篇)
75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
解析:文章第一段点明节食产品在误导人们;第二段说明节食产品对人们心理上的影响;第三段说明节食产品误导人们认为不费劲就可以减肥,即对人们身体上的危害;第四段说明节食产品的危害;第五段说明人们应该慎重对待节食产品,故从文章结构上看应该是B项正确。
二、七选五型阅读
考生需要在语篇信息存在缺失的情况下,准确理解整篇文章,特别是设题部位前后句的逻辑关系,通过上下文的线索进行判断,预测下文,然后做出正确判断。
命题分析:我们如果把整篇文章看成一个信息群,这个信息群实际上是由两大信息版块构成的:
已知信息:原文在五处空缺之外的没有被挖掉的信息
待选信息:七个待选选项中的信息
这两个信息板块间绝不是孤立的,而是有紧密的互动逻辑关系,连起来是一篇完整的文章。
考试题型对学生的考察能力来看无外乎两个方面:
(1) 把握整篇文章的布局和逻辑层次关系
(2) 把握微观信息间关联性(即空格前后句间关系)
解题方法:词汇同现、词汇复现、代词妙用、数字线索、逻辑线索。
Muzak
The next time you go into a bank, a store, or a supermarket, stop and listen. What do you hear? _____ (71) It's similar to the music you listen to, but it's not exactly the same. That's because this music was especially designed to relax you, or to give you extra energy. Sometimes you don't even realize the music is playing, but you react to the music anyway.
Quiet background music used to be called “elevator (电梯) music” because we often heard it in elevators. But lately we hear it in more and more places, and it has a new name “Muzak”. About one-third of the people in America listen to “Muzak” everyday. The music plays for 15 minutes at a time, with short pauses in between. It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning, and between three and four in the afternoon, when people are more tired.______ (72)
If you listen to Muzak carefully, you will probably recognize the names of many of the songs. Some musicians or songwriters don't want their songs to be used as Muzak, but others are happy when their songs are chosen. Why? _____ (73)
Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak does what it is designed to do. Tired office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muzak in the background. _____ (74)Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.
_____ (75)They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another, Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak!( 2010年高考英语北京卷)
A. Some people don't like Muzak.
B. The music gives them extra energy.
C. Music is playing in the background.
D. Factory workers proce 13 percent more.
E. Muzak tends to help people understand music better.
F. They ge t as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used.
G. Muzak is played in most of the big supermarkets in the world.
答案:CBFDA
代词妙用:代词指代前面提到的thing, 所以只要找到与代词含义一致的词就可搞定。
71空格后面出现“It's similar to the music you listen to,”那么我们只要分析出其中的“it”的具体指代即可,通过题目及略读下文,我们很容易知道该文介绍一种音乐,而且第一段故作悬念,一直未给出其名字,所以我们只要找到选项中包含音乐一词而没有点名缪扎克一词的即可,很容易锁定BC选项,因为B项意义与下文相去甚远,故舍B取C没商量。
75空格后出现“They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time.”,同理,我们就要确定“they”的具体指代,首先由于“say”的出现,我们锁定“they”为人的复数,所以轻松锁定ADF,所谓真金不怕火来炼,D显然逻辑不通,F由于其主语也为人,段落第一句永远不会出现意思不明的代词(we, you 除外,因为它们可以明确指代广义的人),故轻松排除F选出真金A。
72此题虽然不是明显的后文出现代词,但其前亦有代词出现,“It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning,”下文承接上文,肯定有联系,找出“it”的具体指代-the music, 轻松选出B项。(注:也可应用词汇复现法)
词汇复现法:情非得已时选择的一种方法,知道与前后文中有词汇重复的选项即可,有时也可指含义一致的词汇,如72
73前文中“but others are happy when their songs are chosen”有“their songs”, F项亦有相同词汇出现,放进去,意思通晓明白,搞定。
74后文中“Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.有”percent more“,D项亦有相同词汇出现,且意思连贯,选出即可。
72题中前句中出现”when people are more tired. “能够与”tired“相对应的四选项中只有”energy“,累了对应能量,亦可做出此题。
;⑷ 高考英语阅读答题技巧「四选一」
2017年高考英语阅读答题技巧「四选一」
高考英语阅读理解常见的题目形式是四选一,顾名思义,就是从四个备选答案中选出符合题目要求的答案。为了帮助大家备考,我整理了一些答题技巧,希望能帮到大家!
1、细节题解题技巧
细节题,顾名思义,就是指针对文章的某个细节而设置的试题。细节题的命题方法很多,如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个)放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项)或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时,一个常用的方法就是运用定位法,即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子,与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换)。
现在围绕上述的定位理论,引申出几个小的技巧:
(1) 关键信息定位法。这个主要是细节题,如涉及到数字(日期、时间、价格等),就可以在文章中快速圈出数字,再找出目标数字及相对应的细节作息,还有人物姓名、地点名词等等,其他的还包括一些提示情节发展,或条纲性关键字眼,如First, Next, Finally等等。
As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 2011,when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. (2011年高考英语北京A篇)
What happened to the author in 2011?
A. She flew an airplane
B. She entered a competition
C. She went on a hot air balloon ride
D. She moved into a retirement community
解析:此题属典型细节题,通过题干中的时间in 2011不难定位到文中粗体字部分,很容易可以锁定正解为C。
(2) 同义定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同义定位就是指问题所用的关键词和文中的不一致,但属于同义性质,同义转换其实是在关键间的基础上拐了个弯。
He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out, exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. (2010年高考英语北京B篇)
What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks?
A. Finding the news value of his stories.
B. Giving him financial support.
C. Helping him to find issues.
D. Improving his good ideas.
解析:此题属细节题,定位方式为同义定位法。题干中的talks和文章中conversations对应,而want most和longs for对应,这样不难得出答案为D。
小结:在阅读中,精准快速的定位加上正确的理解力才能保证做题的量与质。定位法是需要在做题的过程中有意识的培养的,做题的技巧也是可以总结的,关键是要自觉培养这种分析归纳和总结的意识以及能力。
2、推理题解题技巧
推断题定义:在理解原文字面意思的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示,做出一定的判断和推理,从而得到文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。
出现特征:在考题中经常出现的词有infer, imply, indicate, conclude, learn from, probably, most likely, prove /according to等。
She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. “We're moving house.'; “No space for her any more with the baby coming.” “We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.” People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house? (2010年高考英语北京A篇)
A. Shocked. B. Sympathetic. C. Annoyed. D. Upset.
解析:由题目得知:是考察作者的态度题。首先定位到文章作者的话语和行为,即
(1) No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway.
(2) We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.“
(3) People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
可知作者对它是正的情感,排除C,D.再由作者对它的不舍,答案选B
3、主旨大意题解题技巧
Topic/Title型-使用逆推法
(1) 要在阅读原文基础上,仔细考虑选项是否与文章主题有密切联系
(2) 再看选项对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何
(3) 要注意题目是否过大或者过小
(4) 要避免下列三种错误
概括不够(多表现为部分代整体,导致范围过小)
过度概括(多表现为扩大范围)
以事实、细节代替抽象概括的大意。
Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert (警报) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.
Text messages have been popular in recent years, particularly among young people. The wireless instry's trade association, CTIA, estimates(估计) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.
The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.
“The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and ring, disasters and other emergencies,” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said, following approval of the plan.
Participation in the alert system by carriers -telecommunications companies is voluntary, but it has received support from the wireless instry.
The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.
There would be three different types of messages, according to the rules.
The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve “approaching threats”, which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abction (绑架) emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts.
The service could be in place by 2010.( 2008年高考英语山东卷B篇)
66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students
B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Instry
C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters
D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon
解析:D。主旨大意题。第一段开门见山,提出将创建一个全国性的短信警报系统;最后一段重申主题,对这种新系统的未来进行展望。因此最准确的标题是D。A项错在protecting students;B项错在by wireless instry;C项错在National Disasters。
4、词义句意题解题技巧
要求考生通过阅读上下文,结合中学生应有的赏识来推测尚不熟悉的词或者词组的意思。出现特征:划线或者引号
解题方法之一:根据上下文,往往是本句中的同位关系进行猜测。
Weeks later, standing before this unfriendly mass, I was totally lost. Oh well, I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, “My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution.” The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?
62. The underlined word “burning” in Para. 3 probably means _______.(2012年北京,B篇,62,答案D)
A. annoyed B. ashamed C. ready D. eager
解析:从burning这个词来说,意为“发热的`,强烈的,燃烧的”,后面紧跟动词词组“find out”说明在寻找时刻的心情是很紧张和急迫的,最后是一个宾语从句,是我曾经做错过什么,那么这个题目显然就是选择和“渴望的,热切的”词义,显然为D选项。
5、结构顺序题解题技巧
常见提问方式:
How is the passage organized?
Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
The author develops the passage mainly by….
解题思路:
(1) 注意主题段。主题段通常在文章的开头,简要概括文章的中心思想,
(2) 找出或者总结每段的主题句。主题句可能在段落的开头,也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。如何确定主题句的方法见主旨题之main idea型。
(3) 最后根据每段主题确定段与段之间的结构关系,承上启下,使文章行文连贯,逻辑严密。为突出主题,作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章,通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。
The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet procts that we have stopped thinking about what diet procts are doing to us. We are paying for procts that harm us psychologically and physically(身体上).
Diet procts significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet procts allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤)instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.
On another level, diet procts have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results. Diet procts make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet procts lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(营养成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calories only because the diet instry has created chemicals to proce these wonder procts. Diet procts may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet procts are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet procts have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet procts, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them. (2008高考英语北京卷E篇)
75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
题目
解析:文章第一段点明节食产品在误导人们;第二段说明节食产品对人们心理上的影响;第三段说明节食产品误导人们认为不费劲就可以减肥,即对人们身体上的危害;第四段说明节食产品的危害;第五段说明人们应该慎重对待节食产品,故从文章结构上看应该是B项正确。
;⑸ 高考英语阅读理解题型及解题技巧有哪些
高考英语阅读理解题型有选择题和完形填空。解题技巧:解答这类阅读试题时,一个常用的方法就是运用定位法,即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子,与选项进行比较从而确定答案。
英语阅读的方法
做英语阅读的时候一定要读清题目。高考阅读时不要急于去选择,看清题目说的是什么,问的是什么。同时也要进行对照阅读,将题目的问题与文章相应的部分进行对照阅读,能够帮助我们快速的寻找出答案所在。
掌握阅读材料的主旨大意。中心思想,而且要求掌握文章中的详细事实与细节,对于具体事实情节的理解,而且要求对其抽象含义的理解,既要理解字面意思,又要理解其深层含义,包括作者的态度、观点、意图等。
理解文章中某句、某段的含义及全文的逻辑关系,又要求根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理。
⑹ 英语阅读理解的题型
英语阅读理解的题型
作为高考英语试卷中题量最大、分值最多、难度最高的题型,高考英语阅读理解题在整个高中英语中至关重要。下面我整理了高考英语阅读理解的常见题型以及解题方法,大家一起来看一下吧!
【高考英语阅读理解常见题型及解题方法】
一、主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料(或所读材料片断)中心思想的概括。做这类题时,考生应通读全文,把握文章大意或中心思想,同时注意文章的主题句,因为主题句表达中心思想,其他句子均围绕主题句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方,但位于段落中间(通常是第一段或最后一段的中间)也是完全可能的。主旨大意题的考查形式很多,如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。请看浙江卷中的一个段落:
In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.
◎What is the subject discussed in the text?
A. The writer’s unhappy school life
B. The writer’s eagerness to earn money
C. The writer’s experience as a full-time worker
D. The writer’s hard work in an apple plant
原文共有五个自然段,上面摘录的只是文章的第1个自然段,但是如果考生训练有素的话,只要读完这个段落就可猜出此题的答案了。因为文章第一句说In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget,接着作者用but引出一个新的情况(即主题句):none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. 再接下来又说:The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. 聪明的读者至此应该可以猜测到,下面的几个段落肯定是介绍这个apple plant 的work是如何的hard,它的pay是如何的poor,它的working conditions 是如何的terrible 等。比较四个选项,只有选项D所表述内容合乎上面的分析,故选D。
二、事实细节题
顾名思义,事实细节题即指针对文章的某个事实或细节而设置的试题。事实细节题的命题方法很多,如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个)放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项)或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时,一个常用的方法就是运用定位法,即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子,与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换或简单换算)。请看安徽卷中的一道事实细节题:
Tuition Fees(学费)
Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: [email protected]
Accommodation(住宿)
You can have a room in a 4-bedrcom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: [email protected]
◎You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.
A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000
根据Tuition fees一节的内容可知,一年的学费最低为5,000美元,再根据Accommodation(住宿)一节可知,除学费外,还有住宿费(每月100美元)和生活费(每月150美元),即一年大约共3,000美元,所以在WaiKato大学读书一年至少要花费5,000+3,000=8,000美元,故答案为B。
三、代词指代题
这类题要求考生根据一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义,它主要考查考生在一定语境中对上下文逻辑关系的正确理解。做这类题时,考生不仅要读懂相关句子的句意,理顺相关句子的逻辑关系,而且还要学会合理变通,尤其要学会变通理解其中的`同义表达。请看天津卷中的一个片断和一个道词义猜测题:
Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable(可以预见的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves(涉及) a “sudden insight” which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.
◎What does the underlined word “this” refer to?
A. Great contributions to the society.
B. Long-time study of the subject matter.
C. Various statements about problem solving.
D. Complete devotion to artistic creation.
此题答案选B。答案的直接依据是文章中的Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this 这两句话。从句意和句子结构上看,this在此指代的应是they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time,比较四个选项,只有B与之吻合,因为选项中的long-time与原文中的over fairly long periods of time属同义表达,选项中的study of the subject matter 与原文中的devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem属同义表达。
四、词义猜测题
即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义。它是高考英语阅读理解中的一个难点,同学们应引起充分重视。猜测生词词义的方法很多,常用的有同义解释法、因果推断法、前后对比法、基本构词法、语境理解法、举例说明法、常识背景法、类属分析法等。请看安徽卷中一道词义猜测题:
More American people take their troubles with them on holiday, according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said that the main reason for going away is to escape pressure(压力) from work, almost all said they worry more than they do at home. Only four in every 100 said that they are happy and free of care.
◎The underlined word “survey” in the first paragraph most probably means ______.
A. research B. review C. exhibition D. examination
此题答案选A。比较四个选项,同时结合常识,文中所提到的事实和数据应该是“调查和研究”得出的(其他几个选项可排除)。
五、推理判断题
即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上,作出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题,做这类题目时,同学们应严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气等,找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语,然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断,从而得出符合逻辑的结论。此时应特别注意:当问及作者的看法、意图与态度时,不要误认为是在问“你”(考生)的想法,而是作者本人在字里行间所表述的观点。请看全国卷中的一个段落:
Now the task I face in harvesting the fruit is twofold: First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head, and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw(缩回) my full fist without dropping the prize so dearly won. I found two full-blown white roses completely hidden as I picked tomatoes in June, but they were weak and the leaves already yellow for lack of light.
◎By saying “the prize so dearly won” in paragraph 5, the writer wants to ______.
A. show the difficulty in picking the tomatoes
B. show the hardship of growing the roses
C. express her liking for the roses
D. express her care for the tomatoes
本文大意讲的是作者在春天偶然栽种的一棵西红柿长成后非常大,影响到园中的玫瑰花,作者在享受西红柿美味的同时,又难以割舍珍贵的玫瑰花,面对两种选择,作者举棋不定。
此题要求考生推测作者说the prize so dearly won的意图,属推理判断题。此题答案选A,其推理依据主要有以下几点:一是作者在第1句用了 the task一词,将摘西红柿看成是一项“任务”;二是作者在三个地方用了have to,表示摘西红柿不容易;三是作者还用了stand on my head, reach down and under…等夸张性用词,充分说明了摘西红柿的难度。比较四个选项,显然只有选项A最佳。
;⑺ 高考英语阅读理解的命题规律及解题方法
高考英语阅读理解的命题规律及解题方法
高考英语的学习不仅需要知识的积累与运用,同时也需要掌握一定的技巧和方法,为了帮助准高三考生进行高考英语复习备考,我为大家整理了高考英语阅读理解的命题规律以及解题方法,一起来看一下吧!
【高考英语阅读理解的命题规律及解题方法】
一、命题规律
此题型以说明文居多,有少数的记叙文和议论文,短文词数300-350,正文词数210-270左右,选项词数60-80左右。短文结构长为:提出问题——解决问题。文中有五处空白,要求学生根据文章结构和内容给出的七个选项中选出五个能填入文章空白处的最佳选项。设空类型一般有标题句类、中心句类以及上下文衔接句类。总体来说,实体的难度比常规阅读理解试题有所降低,突出考查学生的逻辑思维能力。
二、答题思路及注意事项
1、观察文章中的设题及选项特点来确定不同的解题策略
在做阅读理解七选五前,先迅速浏览文中五个空的设置特点,如果设空处在主题或者标题的位置,答案一般会是那些短小精悍的短语或祈使句,此时学生需要根据整个段落的内容并结合选项来把握正确答案。如果设空处在段首,且十个完整的句子,一般来说是段落中心句,这就需要学生认真阅读后文内容,根据段落一致性原则,查找同义词或其他相关的词,推断出中心句。如果设空处是段落间的过渡句,这时要“瞻前顾后”找提示,即阅读上一段结尾部分(通常正确答案可与上一段结尾有效连接起来),并结合下一段内容,看所有答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。如果空设在段中,则要根据上下文的逻辑关系来观察选项,如果空设在短尾,那么空白处的前一句或前两句是重点,注意锁定关键词,这时选项应该是总结性语句,选项中常会出现therefore,as a result,thus,in short,in a word这样的词语。
2、辨别语境线索,根据题的设空特点来选择不同的解题方法
学生在做该题型时,可以边读边做题,重点阅读设空处前后的句子,圈定线索词,然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词,以确定答案。做题时可以采用带入排除法。如果遇到做不出或拿不准答案的题目,可以跳过空格,先做容易的题,直到读完整篇文章。至此,文章的要点和主旨,各个段落之间的逻辑关系就基本清楚了。这时,再将多余的选项放入空白处,看看是否与上下文构成语义和逻辑上的直接关系,是否符合语境,是否能承接前后的写作线索。不同的设空特点选择不同的解题办法,逐一选定,逐一排除。
3、初步确定答案后,放入文中进行复查
在初步选定答案后,学生应该通读全文,检查文中内容是否完整,语言是否连贯合理,各段落内容是否紧扣主题,语篇结构是否合乎逻辑,从而判断选择的答案是否正确。同时,学生应学会将相近的选项进行对比分析。由于个别干扰项对于某个正确选项的内容具有很强的干扰性,这就需要学生认真分析,仔细甄别,排除干扰,从而得出正确答案,答题时学生一定要清楚文章的主旨或写作意图,不要参杂个人观点,想当然的盲目选择。
三、解题技巧
1、词汇复现法
复现,是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段,即作者在上下文的不同位置会对同一个概念进行重复性的描述。复现关系,主要是同义词复现,近义词复现,反义词复现等。但是单纯地从复现上找答案也会影响准确性,因为不同的选项会多次出现同一词汇,所以学生需要注意和其他方法相结合。
2、词汇同现法
词汇同现是指属于同一词汇或者跟此词汇相关的同一领域的词汇在文中共同出现,达到语义衔接的目的。学生可以在选项中找到与此词汇最相近的词,从而达到快而准的.目的,图chooese和choice,think about与consider,concentrate on与put their heart into,cook与ingredient,express thoughts and ideas和communicate ideas等。一般来说,上下文词汇练习越接近,上下文的衔接关系越紧密。
3、代词或数次代入法
英语表达中代词出现的频率较高,代词的作用无非是指代表前面提及的名词或者形容词概念,如he/she,they,it,them,they等,巧妙利用这样的指代关系和单词的单复数差异就可以准确而迅速的解题。数次代入不是很多,但是有时候,作者在写文章时为了强调自己的观点,会列出一些数字,除了和其他数字进行对比和比较之外,学生可以用数据来说明一个观点。
4、逻辑关系法
由于英语的句子之间,段落之间经常会用一些关联词或者某些具有关联作用的副词来进行衔接或者过渡,使文章上下文逻辑更加清楚连贯,因此文章中表示逻辑关系的信号词在选择答案时非常关键的。在做题的时候,将不同的表示逻辑关系的词有效结合起来,如表示并列或者递进关系的词表示前后句子的名词或句意具有同指性,表示转折关系或让步关系的词往往表示句意对立或褒贬对立或肯定否定对立;表示例证关系的词则意味着在举例之前或之后有表述概念或某一观点没,在表例证的时候会出现for example,for instance,such as这样的词组。下面例举几种常用的关联词或词组:
(1)表示并列或递进关系的词:and,or,also,neither...,equally,in the same way,that is to say,as well as,besides,furthermore,moreover,in addition to,what‘s more等;
(2)表示因果关系的词:because,for,since,therefore,so,so...that...,consequently,accordingly,eto,thanks to,as a result,for this reason等;
(3)表示转折或让步关系的词:but,however,yet,on the contrary,by contray,by contrast,on the other hand,unfor-tunately,while,unlike,rather than,instead of,although,though,even if,nevertheless,despite,in spite of等;
(4)表示时间或者先后顺序的词:afterwards,at first,at last,finally,first,firstly,in the first place,second,secondly,to begin with等。
;⑻ 高中英语阅读理解题型
高中英语阅读理解题型
阅读理解是英语考试中的一个重点和难点。下面由我为大家带来了高中英语阅读理解题型解读和解题技巧,一起来看看吧!
【高中阅读理解题型解读】
(一)阅读是获得更综合、更复杂、更精确信息的必要手段,考生在做阅读理解时,不仅要看懂文章的字面意思,还需要针对不同题材和体裁的篇目运用不同的方法作出正确的选择。一般来说,词汇、阅读速度和理解能力是阅读理解中三个最重要且有相互联系的因素。
阅读的方法可以使用以下几种:
1.跳读:就是快速的一步阅读法。实际上是有选择阅读,找关键词。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、where之类的问题最为有效。
2.略读:指比跳读慢些的二步阅读法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速阅读,目的是了解大意,对文章有个总的概念。此种阅读方法能回答why、how之类的问题。
3.精读:即最细致、最慢的深层阅读方法,目的是求得对所读文章的全部意义的理解与掌握。
在使用阅读技巧时尽量做到以下几点:
1.带着问题阅读短文。
2.找出主题句、确定中心思想。
3.推断单词、句子和文章的含义。
4.尽快选择答案。
(二)不同体裁文章的特点及解题技巧
1.记叙文
记叙文又可分传记类和故事类。 传记类文章在阅读中时间是全文的关键,根据时间我们可以找到相关的事件,抓住文章的主要内容。故事类文章情节性较强,阅读时要注意故事中的时间、地点、人物和发生的事件,这些都是文章中的主要内容和信息,对于准确理解文章十分重要。
2.说明文
说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍,解释或阐述的文章。把握所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键。说明事物特征的方法很多,主要有定义法、解释法、比较法、比喻法、数字法、图表法、引用法和举例法等。
数字说明文
在阅读数字说明文时要特别注意文中数字的含义,从这些数字中可以找到文章的主要内容。
解释说明文
解释说明文着重说明事物的本质、特征和功用等。许多科普文章都属于这一类。在阅读这类文章时要学会解决what, how, why 等一类的问题。它们是文章的关键。如能带着这些问题阅读,将会更迅速抓住文章的主题。
比较说明文 比较说明文是通过对比方法说明问题。在阅读这类文章时要善于把握全篇陈述的基本倾向。作者在谈论一个有争议的问题时总要顾及到争议的各个方面。但是,在一般情况下,作者的陈述总要倾向于某一种观点。
3.应用文
应用文涉及的.范围比较广,包括广告、通知、书信等。应用文一般语言简洁,省略及不规范的句子较多。阅读时一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息,并运用这些信息去解决问题。因此对题干的理解尤为重要。
阅读理解的考题分为客观理解题(是指在短文中客观存在的事实,客观信息的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。即理解文中的具体事实或抽象概念)和主观理解题(这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案,须通过阅读文章对文章主旨和深层含义有更深理解,并据此进行判断和推理)。其中细节理解题和猜测词义题属于客观题;主旨大意题和推理判断题属于主观题。针对不同类型的题目,要在平时的练习过程中,结合具体的题目,给学生进行解题方法的指导和讲解。对于客观题,要提醒他们阅读时关注文章的细节,如时间,地点或一些具体数字,在选择答案时,务必从原文中找到确切的依据。 我们可将阅读理解归纳为以下四大题型,根据阅读理解题考查角度的不同,可采用不同的解题技巧来应付。
Ⅰ.事实细节题
属于细节类型的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节,题型可以多种多样。此类题型一般分两种。第一种是直接理解题,在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二种是词义转换题,正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的转换。做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节,所选答案一定要符合原文,切不可望文生义。这类题型的主要提问方式常为:
①Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?
②Which of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage?
③Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?
④All the following statements are NOT true excep. 细节题的破解一般采用寻读法,即先看试题,再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位,再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比,有根有据地排除干扰项,选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性,提高了做题的准确率,节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。英语中有许多功能词,如:表因果关系的because, since, as等;表转折关系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。
Ⅱ.猜测词义题
在高考阅读题中,考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个:一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导;二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍,从而出现理解偏差或理解困难,影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念,要学会“顺藤摸瓜”,通过构词,语法,定义,同位,对比,因果,常识,上下文等线索确定词义。
在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手:
1)根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义 在be,be called,call等判断词出现的判断句中,或定语从句及标点符号,可以根据已知部分,猜测生词的含义。例如:
The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通过理解定语从句的意思,能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。
2)根据对比关系猜测生词的词义 在but,however,yet,otherwise,though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中,其前后的词有明显对比关系,根据已知的内容,通过这种对比关系,就很容易猜出生词的词义了。例如: Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了,因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“肮脏的”。
3)通过因果关系猜测词义 because, since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词,so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词,so……that与such……that中的that是连接结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中,通过因果关系,依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。例如:She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根据because从句所讲的意思,我们就可推测trim就是“修剪”之意。
4)根据生活常识猜测词义
3 运用逻辑推理能力,自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分,可以正确猜出词义。例如:Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根据句子意思及生活经验,wither表示“枯萎”。
5)根据同等关系猜测词义 同等关系,指的是一个词,一组词或短语在句中作同一成分,而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是,这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如: At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。
6)根据列举的事例猜测词义 You can take any of the periodicals: "The World of English". "Foreign Language Teaching in Schools", or "English Learning". 从后面列举的例子中,可以猜出periodical是“期刊,杂志”的意思。
7)根据构词法知识猜测词义 根据学过的构词法知识,知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义,就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。
Ⅲ.推理判断题
做这类题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时,又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断,力求从作者的角度去考虑,不要固守自己的看法或观点。不要主观臆断,凭空想象,任意发挥,而走入误区。学生要学会运用主题句去推测、揣摩文字背后作者的意图,运用归纳、对比、演绎技能,运用背景知识去挖掘文章深层含义,从而正确理解作者的言外之意,同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调(如:否定、厌恶、反问、讽刺等)。
这类试题常以如下句式发问:
①What can you conclude/ imply from this passage?
②What’s the author’s attitude(态度)towards……?
③We can infer /learn from the passage that……
如: Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. The workers could do nothing but turn to a German engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, “Take off the part where the line is and change it for a new one. ”The machine, with a new line on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $ 30,000 for what he had done. The following were what he wrote on a bill, “The new part only costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with the machine is costs $ 29,999.”
Q: What can you conclude from this passage?
A. the engineer asked for too much money
B. the workers should pay the money
C. the knowledge is worth money
D. the new part could cost more
这篇短文是作者讲的一个故事,那么通过这个故事我们可以判断出什么呢?虽然作者没有言明,但是我们可以断定,发现问题的所在需要智慧和知识,知识是创造价值的源泉,因此此题的正确答案应为C. Ⅳ.主旨大意题 这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体,并真正理解主题和中心;要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题,难度较大,属于高层次题。
;⑼ 高考英语阅读理解解题技巧全攻略
【 #英语资源# 导语】为了让同学们被少扣分甚至不扣分, 考 网总结了高考英语阅读理解题型的超详细解题技巧和方法,高考来啦,快快收藏起来好好研究吧!
阅读理解
通过详细分析历年高考英语试卷,我们可将阅读理解归纳为以下几种题型:主旨大意题,细节理解题,推理判断题(含写作意图、目的等),词义猜测题。英语阅读理解题的技巧与策略是学生提高阅读理解多需要具备的。
一、 主旨大意题
这类题在设题时常会用到title, subject, main idea, topic, theme等词。
1.归纳标题题
特点:短小精悍,一般多为一个短语;涵盖性强,一般能覆盖全文意思;精确性强,表达范围要恰当,不能随意改变语意程度或色彩。常见命题形式有:
What’s the best title for the text?
The best title for this passage is ___.
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
2. 概括大意题
包括寻找段落大意(topic)和文章中心思想(main idea),常见命题形式有:
What is the general/main idea of the passage? Which of the following expresses the main idea? What is the subject discussed in the text?
BThe writer of the story wants to tell us that_____. The passage/ text is mainly about_____. What’s the article mainly about ?
解题技巧
阅读理解文章多是议论文和说明文 ,这两种文体的结构可归纳为:提出问题——论述问题——得出结论或者阐明观点。对于这类文章,抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点。主题句在文章中的位置主要有以下几种情况拦碧。
位于段首 :一般而言,以演绎法撰写的文章,主题句往往在文章的开头,即先点出主题,然后围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。判断第一句是否为主题句,可具体分析段落的首句与第凳早二,三句的关系;如果从第二句就开始对第一句进行说明,论述或描述,那第一句就是主题句。有些段落,在主题句后面有明显引出细节的信号词,如for example, an example of; first, second, next, last, finally; to begin with, also, besides; one, the other; some, others等。在阅读中应尽量利用上述信号词来确定主题句的位置。
位于段尾 :有些文章会在开头列举事实, 然后通过论证阐述作者简粗举的核心论点。因此,如果第一句话不是概括性的或综合性的话,快速读一读段落的最后一个句子,看看它是否具备主题句的特征。如果它具备主题句的特征,段落的主题思想就很容易确定了。一般说来,当一种观点不易向人解释清楚或不易被人接受时,主题句便会到段落的末尾才出现。学生可以充分利用引出结论的信号词。如so,therefore,thus,consequently;in conclusion,in short;in a word, to sum up等来确定主题句的位置在段尾。当无明显的此类信号时,学生可在段落的最后一句话前面添加一个引出结论的信号词,以确定其是否是主题句。
位于段中 :有时段落是先介绍背景和细节,接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例,然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现。归纳起来主要有两种情况:先提出问题,然后给予回答(主题句),最后给予解释;或者,先提出问题,然后点出主题思想(主题句),最后给予解释。
首尾呼应 :主题句在段落的开头和结尾两个位置上先后出现,形成前呼后应的格局。这两个主题句叙说的是同一个内容,但用词不尽相同,这样不但强调了主题思想,而且显得灵活多变。这两个句子并非简单重复,后一个主题句或对该主题作最后的评述,或对要点作一概括,或使之引申留给读者去思考。
无明确主题句:找关键词(出现频率较高), 归纳总结。
注意
新题型中有一个选项是干扰项,解答此类题时同学易犯以下三种错误:
(1)表述过于片面,只涵盖该段个别细节;
(2)表述太过于笼统,已经超出该段的内容;
(3)表述与段落内容无关,在段落中找不到相关依据
二、细节理解题
考查内容主要涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数字等议论文中例证细节和定义类细节。这类题目的共同特点是:答案一般都能在文章中找到。当然,答案并不一定是文章中的原句,考生需要根据文章提供的信息自己组织语句回答问题。
1.事实细节题→寻读法
分为直接理解题和间接理解题,前者常用who, what, which, when, where, why和how提问,或判断正误;后者需与原文信息转换,表达上与原文有差异。常见命题形式有:
What can we learn from the passage?
All the following are mentioned except
Which of the following is mentioned (not mentioned)?
Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about…?
2. 排列顺序题→首尾定位法 (找出第一个事件和最后一个事件,用排除法缩小范围)
常出现在记叙文和说明文中,一般按事件发生的顺序。常见命题形式有:
Which of the following is the correct order of…? Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph…?
3. 图文匹配题→按图索骥理清线索
设题形式:给出图表,根据图表提问问题。
4. 数字计算题→ (方法:审题→带着问题找细节→对比、分析、计算)
可直接找到相关细节,但需经过计算方可找到答案。
三、推理判断题
主要考查学生对文章中隐含或深层的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根据文章内容做出合乎逻辑的推断,包括考生对作者观点的理解,态度的判断,对修辞、语气、隐含意思等的理解。题干关键词:infer(推断),
indicate(象征,暗示), imply/suggest(暗示), conclude(作出结论), assume(假定,设想).
1.细节推理判断题
一般可根据短文提供的信息或借助生活常识进行推理判断,常见命题形式有:
It can be inferred/ concluded from the text that __________.
The author implies/ suggests that_____.
We may infer that _________.
Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?
2.预测推理判断题
根据语篇对文章接下来的内容或可能的结局进行猜测,常见命题形式有: What do you think will happen if/when…?
At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write_____
3.推测文章来源或读者对象
常见命题形式有:
The passage is probably take out of_____
The passage would most likely be found in_____
Where does this text probably come from?
4.写作意图、目的、态度推断题
作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里,只能通过细读文章,从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。
询问写作目的的题,选项里常出现的词 是:explain(解释), prove (证明), persuade(劝说), advise(劝告), comment(评论), praise(赞扬), criticize(批评), entertain(娱乐), demonstrate(举例说明), argue(辩论), tell(讲述), analyze(分析)等。
询问语气态度的题,选项里 常出现的词 是:neutral(中立的), sympathetic(同情的), satisfied(满意的), friendly(友好的), enthusiastic(热情的), subjective(主观的), objective(客观的), matter-of-fact(实事求是的), pessimistic(悲观的), optimistic(乐观的), critical(批评的), doubtful(怀疑的), hostile(敌对的), indifferent(冷淡的), disappointed(失望的)。
常见命题形式有:
The purpose of the text is_____
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? By mentioning…, the author aims to show that_____
What is the author’s attitude towards…?
What is the author’s opinion on…?
The author’s tone in this passage is _____.
解答技巧
推断题是考查学生透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理和判断必须以事实为依据,切莫主观臆断。
①那些文章中直接陈述的内容不能选,要选择根据文章推理出来的选项。
②推理不是凭空猜测,而是立足已知推断未知;作出正确答案时一定要在文中找到依据或理由。
③要忠实于原文,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法;不要脱离原文主观臆断。
四、词义猜测题
考点:
①猜测某个词、词组、句子的意义
②对文中的多义词或词组进行定义
③判断某个代词的指代的对象。常见命题形式有:
The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____.
The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to______.
The word “…”(Line 6. para.2)probably means ______.
The word “…”(Line 6. para.2)could best be replaced by which of the following?
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “…” ?
解答技巧
1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词
首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,therefore等等)表示前因后果。
例如:You shouldn't have blamed him for that,for it wasn't his fault. 通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。
2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词 ,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and *,即使我们不认识*这个词,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词,但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。
通过反义词猜词 ,一是看表转折关系的连词或副词,如but,while,however等;二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语,如:He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3.通过构词法猜词
根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词词义。如:She is unlikely to have stolen the money. ( “un”含否定意义,故为“不太可能”之意。)
4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如:But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time. Then there is a dry period,or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought,由此可见drought意思为"久旱","旱灾"。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折号等来表示。
5.通过句法功能来推测词义
例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。
6.通过描述猜词
描述即作者对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如:The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
7. 根据常识猜词
如:The door was so low that he hit his head on the lintel.(lintel “过梁”。)
Afraid of waking the baby up, she tiptoed out of the room.(tiptoed “踮着脚走,蹑手蹑脚”)
七选五
高考阅读理解信息匹配的7选5题型,主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。
从题型和内容我们可以看出 ,选项可分为:
a.主旨概括句(文章整体内容)
b.过渡性句子(文章结构)
c.注释性句子(上下文逻辑意义)三类。
其多余的两个干扰项也往往从这三方面进行设置,如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题,过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构,注释性句子与上文脱节等。
高考英语阅读七选五题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系,理解句子之间、段落之间的关系,对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握,并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。可以说,此题型是对语言能力和阅读理解能力的综合测试。
一、解题思路
1、理清句际间的关系
文章的内容是根据各层各段的大意有机地组合而成,各个层次,各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致,但它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的,各句之间都有一定的语脉,从逻辑意义上来看,语段的句际关系可分为平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。
构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。
因此,理解阅读材料时一定要把握语脉,理清句际间的关系,进而理解语段或全文的内容。
2、找出句子之间的连接性的词语
文章的语句间的组合,除了从语句间的意义关系分析外,还可借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握,因为连接性词语能表明这个语段句与句之间、层与层之间的基本关系有:
承接关系(如 so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等)
平列关系(如first, second, third…; firstly, secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude 等)。如文中的选项 71,由 Second、Third 得知应选表示平列关系的句子 G.项。
转折关系(如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever,whatever on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise 等)。比如选项 75,与前句构成了转折关系,故应选 D 项答案。
层递关系(如 also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither,not…but…, not only…but also 等)。如 72 选项,与前句组合为层递关系,故应选包含 also 的 E.项句子。
解释关系,如 73 选项应选 F.选项,与 74 选项平等的,是一组祈示句,而非陈述句,故应选 A.项而非 B项。
二、解题步骤
1、通读全文
在 阅读过程中,要注意文章的开始与结束段落,尤其是文章的首段及末段末句,因为“开门见山”与“结尾总结”的写作方式为常见的写作方式,首段的末句一般是是 全文的主题所在,说明本文将探讨哪些内容,并简要指出文章的写作思路,有时甚至会以提纲的形式进行呈现。首段的末句对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义, 如果它是文章的主题句,就可以使读者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开,并对文章的写作主题有了整体的了解。如果末句不是主题句,则需要继续寻找。这时,可以考 虑文章的写作方式是否为“结尾总结”式,如两者均可排除,则需在文章中其他段落寻找主题句,但要注意,首段与末段的提示作用。
2、详读段落
在短时间内,找出每段写作内容的关键词。明确各段的主题句或主旨大意。
文章正文部分通常分为若干小段落。各段落会根据整体文章写作主题展开,对文章主体进行的不同方面的描述。找出各个小段落中的关键词,明确其描述内容,为整体试题的解决做好铺垫。阅读各个空的前后句,标记关键词
在阅读文章的开始部分、明确文章的基本话题以后,要阅读五个空各自的前后句,并将前后句中的解题线索,即关键词标记下来。关键词包括句中的核心名词或名词词组(如带有形容词的名词词组)、专有名词、时间数字、代词、连词等。
重点阅读各个问题附近的句子,圈定线索词,然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词,以确定答案。做题时可以采用代入排除法。如果一题做不出或拿不准,可先放过,继续往下读,先做容易的能做出的题,直到读完整篇文章。至此,文章的要点和主旨、各个段落之间的逻辑关系应基本清楚了。
3、定位选项
明确各备选选项的含义,抓住其关键词语,根据文章整体结构与具体内容,将选项填入文中,填写时尤为注意各选项中出现的句子衔接手段及句中的衔接标志词。
在定位选项时,要特别注意空格上下段的写作内容,以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的结构和意义。将所选项放入空白处,看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关系,是否符合该处语境。能否承接前后的写作线索。使文章无论内容还是衔接上都能做到通顺。
一篇文章作为一个整体,是有其写作的线索与思路的,在选项定位中,要尤其注意文章的写作线索,文章的写作思路的连贯使文章的每个段落、每个句子甚至每个短语均融为一体。如果带入选项后,发现文章写作线索中断或是前后矛盾,应更换其它选项。
4、通读复检
将所选答案代入文中,再次通读全文,重点考查逻辑关系和关联结构。
在 完成选项定位后,应通读全文,检查文章内容是否完整,语义是否连贯合理、各段落内容是否紧扣主题,语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑,写作思路 是否清晰明了,格式以及用语是否恰当贴切,从而判断选择的答案是否正确。同时,我们还应注意对相近选项的对比分析,个别干扰项由于与某个正确选项的内容相 近具有很强的干扰性,这时就需要我们认真分析,仔细甄别,排除干扰,从而得出正确选项。
5、确定排除
研究多余选项,确定排除理由,最终确定答案。
尽管答案都已经确定,但是为了避免失误,对多余的选项进行进一步的研究,确定它们和文章的主题和前后句意没有关联性之后,才是最终的结果。