英语阅读代词猜测
『壹』 英语阅读：学会推理，让你的阅读能力噌噌噌！
“I can’t stop shivering.” Lucy had to speak louder than normal so Gary could hear her over the wind’s caterwaul.“Move closer,” Gary said as he tugged gently at her light jacket. The material felt alarmingly flimsy in his hand. He wondered how much longer they’d have to wait until help would come.“
我止不住地颤抖。”露西提高嗓门说道，这样加镇含枣里才能在隆隆风声听清她。“靠近点”，加里一边说一边轻轻拉起她的薄外套。他觉得手中的布料薄如蝉御拆翼，就要粉碎。他不知道他们还要等多久，救援才来。
Although you may not realize it, you have made several inferences from the passage above without even trying very much.
尽管你没有意识到老空，你已经不知不觉地在对这篇文章进行推理。
For example, you probably concluded from the conversation that Lucy and Gary were cold, and that they may be in serious trouble. However, if you look back, you’ll see that there is not direct statement about temperature in the passage. You have determined the information from several clues.
举个例子，你可能可以从这段对话中看出露西和加里很冷，并陷入了麻烦。但是，如果你再往回看，你会发现文章中并没有对气温的直接描述。你从文中的线索推断出温度低。
What else can you infer from the passage?
你还能从文中推断出什么？
Are the two inside or outside? Do you think Lucy has prepared herself for this situation? What might her lack of preparedness say about her personality? What do you think of Gary’s personality?
这两个人是在室内还是户外？你认为露西对这个情况有所准备吗？她的粗心体现出她的什么性格？加里的性格又是什么样？
Most of the information you believe about Gary and Lucy has come from inference.
你所得到的关于加里和露西的信息大多来自你的推理。
What Is Inference?
什么是推理？
Inference is what we do when we draw conclusions based on observations and experience.
推理是你通过观察与经验做出的结论。
Any time you read, you make inferences about the characters, scenes, and actions. You can do this because you bring a pretty large vocabulary and some life experience with you as you read.
阅读时，你会对人物性格、场景及动作做出推理。你会这样做是因为你在阅读时动用了自身的庞大词汇量以及生活经验。
As you read the passage above, you made inferences about the following:
你在读上述文章时，你会对下面这些因素进行推理：
Pronoun antecedents: In the last sentence (He wondered . . .), you have most likely inferred that the pronoun “he” refers to Gary.
前指代词：*后一句中（他不知道……），你认为代词“他”指加里。
Meaning of words from context: Can you define the word caterwaul? You have most likely concluded that it means something similar to howl or scream. If you weren’t familiar with the word before reading the passage, you probably made a conclusion because you are familiar enough with the words that came before and after to determine the meaning of this new word. In other words, You determined this from the context of the sentence. You put the clues together to make an ecated guess about an unfamiliar word.
通过上下文猜词义：你知道“caterwaul”是什么意思吗？你可能能猜出它指“咆哮”、“尖叫”。如果你在看文章前不认识这个单词，你能做出这种判断很可能是因为你认识足够多的这个新词前后的词。换句话说，你通过上下文，把线索结合起来，对这个不熟悉的词做出了恰当的猜测。
Determine character traits through words, thoughts, and actions: How would you describe Gary’s personality, based on the few sentences above? Is he a cruel person or a kind person? Is he sensitive or uncaring? What clues have led you to your conclusions?
通过话语、想法、行动判断人物性格：根据上述短短几句话，你如何描述加里的人物性格？残酷还是和蔼？敏感细腻还是心不在焉？是什么线索让你做出结论？
Pick up on clues about setting and mood: Is Gary happy, sleepy, or worried in the passage? You probably think he’s worried, right? So try to identify the clues that left you with this impression.
寻找有关场景及心情的线索：文章中，加里是开心、疲倦还是焦虑？可能你认为他很焦虑，是吗？试着找找让你产生这种印象的线索。
Did you come up with these clues?
你是否找到了这些线索？
Lucy’s coat feels alarming flimsy.
露西的外套薄如蝉翼，就要粉碎。
He’s waiting for help to come.
他在等待救援。
Pick up on character flaws or weaknesses: What can a reader conclude from the fact that Lucy is wearing a light jacket that seems to be inadequate for the situation at hand? Not much, to be fair.
寻找性格弱点：通过露西身穿薄外套不能应付当前情况这一事实读者可以得出什么结论？实话说，结论并不多。
There is simply not enough information in this short passage to help the reader make a reasonable conclusion about Lucy’s personality. However, your brain is doing something interesting as you read. It stores clues.
这篇短文不能提供足够的信息让读者对露西的性格下结论，但是，你在阅读时，你的大脑也在做一些有趣的工作，它储存线索。
As you read long passages, you pick up on subtle hints and store them in your memory. You accumulate these clues and add them together to make further inferences as you read.
你阅读长篇大论时，你会得到细微的线索，你会把这些线索记住，在阅读过程中累计这些线索，做出推断。
Why Does Inference Matter?
为什么推理很重要?
Inference is an important ingredient for reading comprehension, but it is impossible to isolate inference as a factor alone. You can’t make inferences if you don’t possess other reading skills, like a strong vocabulary, an understanding of paragraph structure, and a knowledge of the parts of speech.All of your reading skills work in unison as you practice reading. And the more you read, the more you build your reading skills.
推理是阅读理解的一个重要因素，但却不能把推理单独归类为一种因素。如果你没有其他阅读技巧，你无法推理，这些技巧包含丰富的词汇量，对段落结构的理解，以及对词性的理解。你所有的阅读技巧在你训练阅读时都是一个整体，你读得越多，你掌握的阅读技巧也越多。
『贰』 中考英语动态:学会如何猜测词义 提升中考阅读水平(一)
摘要： 英语阅读中，我们常常会遇到一些不认识的短语或单词春灶竖，又或者认识的单词短语在文章中被赋予了新意义和解释。当这些单词短语并不阻碍理解文章的主要内容时，我们便可以忽略它；但如果这些词汇短语影响了对文章的理解
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中考英语交际运用 36个考试热点总结
英语阅读中，我们常常会遇到一些不认识的短语或单词，又或者认识的单词短语在文章中被赋予了新意义和解释。当这些单词短语并不阻碍理解文章的主要内容时，我们通常便可以忽略它，但如果这些词汇短语影响了对文章的理解，这就需要我们来根据上下文来猜测单词或短语在文中的意思了。这种情况下，掌握猜词的技巧则显得尤为重要。猜测词义可以辩备在一定程度上考查考生的逻辑推断能力，也是阅读能力的一个重要组成部分，频繁出现在各种考试中。在英语阅读中根据上下文猜测词义，有助于锻炼同学们分析问题、解决问题的能力，有助于扩大词汇量。
通常，猜测词义可采用以下几种方法：
一、定义猜词法
即根据定义猜测词义的方法。需要定义或解释的单词或短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中的关键词，作扒大者为了使读者正确理解它们，就得做出较浅显的解释或说明。
例一： Giraffe is an animal with a very long neck, four legs and orange skin with dark spots.
根据后面对 Giraffe 的解释，它的词义为“长颈鹿”。
例二： Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由定义可知 Anthropology 的词义为“研究人类的科学”即“人类学”。
例三： What is plagiarism? It is using others’ ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is from.
根据定义我们知道plagiarism的词义为“剽窃”。
二、定语从句
定语从句对先行词起限定、修饰或解释作用，因此我们可以利用定语从句来推测先行词的词义。
例一： Second generation Puerto Ricans who were born in New York but who have returned to the island, are called Nuvoricans.
Nuvoricans 的词义可以由Second generation Puerto Ricans后面的两个定语从句来得到， 即生在纽约，后又回到波多黎各的人。
例二： Psychophysiology is a science which deals with the relationship between mind and body.
根据定语从句我们可以看出Psychophysiology的意思为“身心联系的科学”，即“心理生理学”。
三、同位短语或同位语从句
同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也用破折号、分号、引号和括号连接。
例一： According to a report published on the British medical magazine, The Lancet, a study of ten German mobile phone users found that when they turned on their phones, their blood pressure goes up by 5 to 10 millimeters of mercury.
根据句法结构的知识，我们知道The Lancet是the British medical magazine的同位语，由此可知The Lancet是一个杂志的名称。
例二： Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
两个逗号中间的短语the study of the meaning of words是Semantics的同位语，意为“对词义进行研究的科学”， 即“语义学”。
四、对比结构
寻找文中相互对比、相互对照的线索来确定生词的含义。
在此类文章中，通常会出现一些表示意义转折、对比的词语：however, but, on the other hand, on the contrary, instead of, while, unlike, not, although, yet, despite, in spite of, in contrast, etc.
例一： A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.
根据句法结构可知the adept workers和 the unskilled ones.为对比关系，意义相反。由the unskilled ones可推出the adept workers为熟练工人。
例二： Someone liked milk, but others abhorred it.
通过but我们知道abhor是like的反义词，意为“厌恶”。
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《学会如何猜测词义 提升中考阅读水平(一)》由出国留学我精心为您学习英语准备.liuxue86.com『叁』 高考英语阅读理解的猜词题之短语类
学生做英语阅读时往往很怕遇到生词。但遇到生词又是很普遍的，第一是有些文章的主题就是介绍新事物，而这个新事物是学生未曾接触过的，自然感到陌生；第二是学生平时掌握的基本是熟词熟义，而有些文章涉及到了熟词生义；第三是学生在背高考范围内的3500词时掌握不够扎实。
生词如此普遍，高考英语也有对应的猜词题。那么，就要考虑如何通过各种技巧来攻克猜词题，甚至把这些猜词技巧推广到其它生词。
猜词题可以划分为两大类，实词和虚词。实词包含几个小类，分别是单词、短语、句子（短句为主）。虚词通常为代词。
本文主要介绍短语类。
如下：
What does the underlined phrase“tug at the heartstrings”in paragraph 2 mean ?
A. Encourage team work .
B. Appeal to feeling.
C. Promote good deeds.
D. Provide advice.
题干问的是第2段中tug at the heartstrings这个短语的含义。对应原文第2段
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schele, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up,“Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
由原文可知作者试图去劝说一位女性家长。“她可能仅需要一点劝说，所以我又试了一下，并tug at the hearstrings。”后文提到作者的话术是讲了其他家长的案例，这更多属于诉诸情感。因此选项B比较符合。
如果考生仍觉得不是很有把握，也可以考虑用反向推导。这段话是作者给一位家长讲其他家长的案例，并不涉及A选项的鼓励团队合作，也不涉及C选项的促进善行，也不涉及D选项的提供建议。
考生亦可以通过字面含义来推导。hearstrings字面义是心灵绳索。这也是偏向于感性，与B选项更为
如下：
What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning from
B. looking down on
C. working with
D. competing against
题干问的是第4段的taking on的含义。原文第4段如下：
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement. "Of course, only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China-some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galiano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hil.
原文提到中国女性对世界时尚潮流的影响力。原文出现了beating them hands down in design and sales说明是前者打败了后者，因此这是在描述时尚竞争，D选项competing against符合文意。
如下：
What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The tube.
B. The still.
C. The hole.
D. The cup.
题干问的是第2段的the water catcher的含义。原文第1、2段如下：
A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇ 5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container— perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s proctivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
原文讲的是一种自助式蒸馏器的制作，这种蒸馏器能够在干旱缺少地区集水。因此water catcher其实指的就是这种能“捕捉水”的集水器，即这个蒸馏器，因此B选项符合。
大家可以在留言区写下答案哦！
2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试3卷C篇第10题如下：
What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. A practical idea.
B. A vain hope.
C. A brilliant plan.
D. A selfish desire.
原文第3段如下：
There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.
『肆』 2020高考英语阅读理解猜题技巧
2020高考英语晌友阅读理解猜题技巧俗话说，得阅读者得高考!猜词题是阅读理解中相对简单的一种题型。根据多年的高考英语教学经验，我将猜词题的类型进行了具体的分类，下面是我特意为大家整理了关于2020高考英语阅读理解猜题技巧的相关材料，希望对您的工作和生活有帮助。
1.构词法;2.同义词;3.反义词;4.上下文;
5.释义法;6.因果题;7.代词题;8.常识题
下面我来举例说明。
1.构词法:前缀、后缀、复合、派生等
Car rentals are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to the road.
Q: The underlined word “inexpensive” means _______.
A.cheap B.happy C.good D.painful
解析:划线单词inexpensive是一个派生词，由否定前缀in和单词expensive(昂搜缺贵的)构成，意思是“不昂贵的”，故选A (便宜的)。
2.同义词(列举法)
Signal words:for example, for instance, such as, like，as---as, etc.
Collins decided that she must go, although the hazards of the trip were many, for example, the unbearable heat, the possibility of getting lost, the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes.
Q: The underlined word "hazard" means ___________________
A. pleasure B. problem C. danger D. attraction
解析:根据划线词hazard后面的举例，“无法忍受的炎热，可能迷路，野生动物和毒蛇的出现”世谨辩，这些都属于“危险的事情”(danger)，故选C。
3.反义词
转折词:though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等
Achild's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
Q: What does the underlined word "hassle" probably mean?
A. a party designed by specialists B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble D. a demand made by guests
解析:根据划线词hassle后的转折词instead(相反)，可以推断出hassle是与a basket of fun(一筐乐趣)意思相反。故选C (一种导致困难或麻烦的情形)。
4.上下文:利用上下文提供的情景和线索推测
Food Network procer Flay hopes the young cook will find a place on the network television. He says Lieberman’s charisma is key. “Food TV isn’t about food anymore,” says Flay. “It’s about your personality(个性)and finding a way to keep people’s eyeballs on your show.”
Q: What does the word “charisma” underlined in the text refer to?
A. A natural ability to attract others. B. A way to show one’s achievement.
C. Lieberman’s after-class interest. D. Lieberman’s fine cooking skill.
解析:charisma为非考纲词汇表上单词，其词义与下文的“It’s about your personality(个性)and finding a way to keep people’s eyeballs on your show.”有关。故选A(一种天然的吸引他人的能力)。
5.释义法:使用定语(从句)、表语、同位语、冒号、破折号、分号等解释说明
信息词: means, refers to, be called, be known as, can be defined as, in other words, that is, that is to say......
William Shakespeare said. "The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together."
Q: The underlined word "mingled" most probably means?
A.simple B.mixed C.sad D.happy
解析:根据后文的释义，good and ill together，可以推断划线词mingled的意思是“混合的”(minxed)，故选B。
6.因果题
When some kind of pain killer (止痛药) was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the proct look weak and ineffective(无效的).
Q: The underlined part "the colours turned the customers off" means that the colours_______
A.Attracted the customers strongly B.Had weak effects on the customers
C.Tricked the customers into shopping D.Caused the customers to lose interest
解析:根据because后的解释，“因为他们使产品看起来软弱和无效”，可以推断出结果“导致顾客失去兴趣”。故选D。
7.代词题
信息词:one，it，that，he，him或them等指代上文提到的人或事物。
Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal. “We have more important things to do,” he said.
Q: The underlined word“they”in the last paragraph refers to____.
A. criminals B. pigeons C. the stolen cars D. demands for money
解析:代词指代必须符合就近原则，指代最近的上文提到的人或事物。复数代词they指代复数名词。故选D
8.常识题
Ifeel that since you are my superior (上司), it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.
Q: The word "presumptuous" is closest in meaning to "____" .
A.full of respect B.rude and too confident
C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
解析:常识题。在Kim看来，因为对方是自己的上司，告诉上司去做什么，会显得不礼貌(rude)、自负(too confident)。故选B。
经过分类整理，猜词题的命题思路就变得非常清晰，了解了命题思路，做题时就有了方向。
当然，要想真正掌握这些策略，还需要大量的训练实践，不断地吸收消化，最后融会贯通。
我是苗爸，“职业化家庭英语启蒙训练”推广人。我会每天分享英语启蒙和高考英语相关的原创文章。
今天的分享到此结束。我们明天再见!
『伍』 英语阅读时如何推测生词词义
实践证明，根据自己的英语基础和兴趣爱好选择恰当的材料，进行大量的阅读是学好英语的有效途径。但是，阅读中不免会遇到生词或熟词生义，不可能也没有必要每个生词都去插词典，这就需要掌握猜测词义的方法和技巧了。这里总结了17种词义推测的方法或技巧，但愿能对你有所帮助。
1. 根据转折关系 ：表示转折关系的有though, but、however等。例如：
Any fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it. (广东卷)
由but可知genius是与fool(蠢才)相对的，由此推测其意为“有才能的人”、“天才”。
2. 根据对比关系 ：表示对比关系的有标志词有unlike、not、while、on the other hand, in spite of、in contrast等。例如：
If you agree, say “Yes”; if you dissent, say “No”.
根据前后的对比关系，不难猜出dissent是意思与agree相反，即：“不同意”。
3. 根据同类关系 ：比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语有similarly，like，just as，also等。例如：
Mr. Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
句中similarly表明loves to talk与生词loquacious之间是同类关系。由此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。
4. 根据因果关系 ：表示因果关系的有because, so that, so/such…that…等。例如：
The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.
由“无雨水”之因，可推知花会“枯萎、凋谢”之果。因此，wither意为“枯萎、凋谢”。
5. 根据同位关系 : 因为同位语是对前面的名词的进一步补充说明，提供更为详细的情况，所以根据同位语也可推测前面名词的意思。例如：
Yes, that is the Tai Mahal, one of the most famous buildings in the world. (全国卷)
由后面的同位语的解释我们清楚地知道Tai Mahal就是一著名的建筑物。
6. 根据并列关系 ：一般由and, or等表示并列关系。例如：
In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, battle site, theatre and other public halls.
因为mansion与“战场遗址”、“剧院”、“其它公众厅”并列，所以mansion也应该属于建筑物或场所。
7. 根据比喻关系 ：一般由as…as, like等表示。例如：
The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in the air as a rose leaf in water.
根据“就像水中的玫瑰叶”这样的比喻可知，buoyant是“飘浮的”之意。
8. 根据定义关系 ：定义句的谓语动词多为be, mean, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as等。
Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.
根据“是用来描述人类社会的科学研究的术语”的定义，可知sociology是“社会学”之意。
9. 根据所举实例 ：一般由for example, such as, like等来表示举例。例如：
Many United Nations employees are polyglot. Ms White, for example, speaks six languages.
由所举实例,不难推出polyglot的意思是“懂多种语言的”。
10. 根据同义关系 ：根据生词所处语境中的同义或近义词的.意思来推测它的意思。
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
由语境可知， detrimental与harmful同义，意为“不利的，有害的”。
11. 根据转换说法 ：插入语that is, that is to say, in other words以及namely, i.e., or等都可以用来对前面的内容进行解释，意为“也就是说、即”。
The cinema is only open to alts, i.e. people over 18.
根据people over 18可知，alt是“成年人”之意。
12. 根据标点符号 ：冒号、破折号、括号等都可表示对前文的解释或说明。例如：
New houses, large schools, modern factories, more horses and sheep — everywhere we saw signs of prosperity.
根据破折号前面的具体描述，可猜测prosperity 意为“繁荣”。
13. 根据定语从句 ：由生词后起修饰限制或起补充说明的定语从句推测其意思。例如：
Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.
由后面起补充作用的非限制性定语从句可推知生词florist是“花店主”之意。
14. 根据逻辑推理 ：根据生词前后的搭配关系和上下文的意思等来推测其意思。
Although the fisherman was wearing sou’wester, the storm was so heavy that he was wet through.
因生词sou’wester是wear的宾语，应当是一种“衣”或“帽”，又由although和后面一个分句，可以推知它是指“防雨的衣”。
15. 根据单词发音 ：有的英语词汇是通过音译进入汉语词汇中的，我们可以根据其读音来理解其意思。如：aspirin(阿斯匹林), nylon(尼龙), Olympic(奥林匹克), sofa(沙发), typhoon (台风)等。
16. 根据生活常识 ：有时根据生活经验和基本常识可以推测出生词的意思。
The snake slithered through the grass.
根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither的词义为“爬行”。
17. 根据构词方法 ：根据前缀、后缀、合成、转换等构词法来推测生词的意思。
After just a few days on the job, I began noticing that the other fellows were overcharging pas-sengers. (广东卷)
因同学们学过charge(收费、要价)，根据前缀over-的意思“过多、过分”，可推知overcharge是“索价太高”之意。
尽管我们介绍了这么多的生词猜测方法，但是，值得一提的是，我们阅读的目的在于理解文章的意思，从中享受快乐或者获取信息。那些并不影响对整篇文章的理解的生词，我们大可不必费太多的时间去猜测它们的意思，以免影响阅读的兴致。
『陆』 英语阅读中如何根据上下文猜测词义
猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。 任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。所谓上下文(context),正如英语辞典所解释的，其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时，我们可以从三个方面来考虑：1）根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。2）运用语法知识进行语法分析。3）依靠常识和经验做出判断。根据上下文猜测词义的方法有下列几种： (1)根据定义或解释猜测词义。例如下面的阅读材料： a bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. it gives us some interesting phrases(短语). one is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” it is the same as “to tell a secret”…. now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.” 短文后面有一个理解题目： john “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ________. a. makes everyone know a secret b. the woman bout a cat c. buys a cat in the bag d. sells the cat in the bag 在这篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释it is the same as “to tell a secret.根据这一解释，我们就可判断出正确答案应为a。 (2)根据情景和逻辑进行判断。例如：2004年北京市海淀区中考试题阅读材料a。其中第三段是这样的： as they go around town, the police help people. sometimes they find lost children. they take the children home. if the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. the police can always tell the people which way to go. they know all the streets and roads well. 文章后面有这样一道题： 53. in the text, “put an end to” means “___________”. a. stop b. cut c. kill d. fly 根据文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察的职责。根据这一推理，答案应该是a。 (3)根据并列、同位关系猜测词义。例如下面的阅读材料： there is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. it is on a large island in the pacific ocean. the island is north island in new zealand. 101. what does the word “steam” mean in chinese? a. 自来水b. 大气c. 冰川d. 蒸汽 从语法上看，steam和hot water是并列关系，我们就以断定这两种东西是相关的，是同一类第物质。在所给第四个选项中只有“蒸汽”有这种可能。 (4)根据背景和常识判断。请看2004年北京市海淀区中考试题的阅读材料c: watching some children trying to catch butterflies one august afternoon, i was reminded of an incident in my own childhood. when i was a boy of twelve in south carolina, something happened to me that made me never put any wild creature (living thing) in a cage(笼子). we lived on the edge of a forest, and every evening at sk the mockingbirds would come and rest in the trees and sing. there isn’t a musical instrument made by man that can proce a more beautiful sound than the song of the mockingbird. i decided that i would catch a young bird and keep it in a cage and in that way, i would have my own private musician. i finally succeeded in catching one and put it in a cage. at first, being scared, the bird fluttered(扑腾) about the cage, but finally it settled down in its new home. i felt very pleased with myself and looked forward to some beautiful singing from my little musician. on the second day of the bird’s captivity, my new pet’s mother flew to the cage with food in her mouth. the baby bird ate everything she brought to it. i was pleased to see this. certainly the mother knew better than i how to feed her baby. the following morning when i went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, i discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. i was terribly surprised! what had happened! i had taken extremely care of my little bird, or so i thought. arthur wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. “a mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). she thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.” never since then have i caught any living creature and put it in a cage. all living creatures have a right to live free. 60. an ornithologist is probably a person who ____________ . a. studies birds b. loves creatures c. majors in habits d. takes care of trees ornithologist这个词从来没有见到过，但是通过他的语言我们可以判断出这是一个对鸟很有研究的人。我很爱鸟，把鸟装在笼子里，并细心照料，而且鸟的母亲也飞过来喂这只鸟，但这只鸟却死了，我很不理解。到我家来的这个人给我详细解释了鸟死的原因，说明这个人非常懂鸟。据此，我们可以断定答案影视a。
『柒』 如何做好英语阅读理解词义猜测题
猜测词义题
在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。
常见的题干有：
1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？
2) The word... could best be replaced by.
3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).
4) According to the passage,... probably means.
5) The author uses the word... to mean.
猜测词义时，一般可利用以下四个方面的线索：
一是针对性的解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。
1.根据定义（definition）猜测词义
如果生词有一个句子（定语从句或是同位语<同位语前常有 that="" is="" to="" in="" other="" or="" i.g.="">或是同位语从句）或段落来定义,或使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例1.Do you know what a territory is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own.（2005年湖北卷）
[分析]由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：动物的地盘。
例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．（2005年浙江卷）
[分析]由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。
例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . （2004年福建卷）
According to the passage ,The Pines is a .
A．place in which you can see many mobile homes
B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
[分析]通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。
2.根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。
例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.（2004年辽宁卷）
[分析]根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指议题。
二是内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。
1.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean? （2002年NMET）
A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests
[分析]根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。
例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是健谈的。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。
例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .
（2005年上海卷）
The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to .
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
[分析]根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（既然你是我的上司），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：冒失的，放肆的意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。
例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.（2005年江西卷）
根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：修剪（树枝等）的意思。
3.根据说明、并列、同等同义近义、、反义等关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表面的关系猜测词义。
例9.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together. （2005年江苏卷）
The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .
A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
[分析]句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：混合的，交织的。
例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. （2004年湖北卷）
[分析]根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins是一家医疗中心。
例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.
[分析]根据与insult侮辱的同等关系猜测defame为诋毁 ，中伤或诽谤
例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.
[分析]运用与football的同义关系推断为足球。
例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.
[分析]运用与The house近义关系可以推断dwelling与住所有关
例14.Most women in China ---ecated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.
[分析]后面的urban and rural, the young and old之间都有反义关系，运用这个关系可以推断illiterated为未接受过教育的，即文盲
三是通过构词法
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-ecational or single-sex schools?
根据词根ecational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-ecational的意思是：男女同校教育的意思。（2005年江西卷）
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．（2005年广东卷）
后缀 -ise/ize意思是使成为；使化，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：未被商业化的。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.（2005年北京卷）
Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是设计精巧的意思。
例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-proced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists. （2004年浙江卷）
根据合成词中的mass （大量的）和proce （生产），我们可以推测 mass-proce的意思是：大批量生产；规模生产的意思。
4.猜测词性变换新词含义
例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. （2004年山东卷）
head本为名词，表头。由the bus和home的语境逻辑可以推断，该句head为动词，表方向，结合全句可译为开往、驶向。
例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. （2004全国卷Ⅱ）
cloud本为名词，表云。分析语境逻辑可知，忧虑会影响一个人的判断，因此该句clouded应译为使难以。
『捌』 如何提高英语考试阅读题的猜词技巧(3)
八、语境线索或上下文
即利用语境来推测生词含义的方法。这是我们用来推测词义的主要方法之一。
例一：The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society—a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.
“My grandmothers did not do anything, but keep house and serve everybody, they were programmed to do that,” said Emily Cornette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.
根据上下文我们可以很容易得出chapter的词义为这个组织the Red Hat Society的一个分支。
例二：As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency ( 一贯性 )is very important teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality ( 道德 ). Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept”. If they are not sincere and don’t practice what they preach ( teach ), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure ( 不稳定 )when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.
根据上下文我们可知precept的词义为“说教”。
例三：Here are some simple ways to beat the stress often caused by our inventions!
Don’t be available all the time. Turn off your mobile phone at certain times of the day. Don’t check your e-mail every day. Don’t reply to somebody as soon as they leave a text message just because you can. It may be fun at first, but it soon gets annoying.
根据语境我们知道available的词义为“可与之交谈的”或“有空的”。
例四：We found that bar at last. I didn’t have to ask again, for there it was in big letters over the window—Star Bar. There were some iron tables outside with plastic chairs around them. A few people sat listlessly around, looking at a portable television set that someone had brought out of the bar. They were all in thin summer dresses or short sleeved-shirts; even at that late hour it was stifling. Two thin dogs lay under one of the tables with their tongues out, and some of the women were fanning themselves unenthusiastically (无精打采的) with magazines.
根据语境我们猜出stifling的词义为“极热的”。
九、标点符号的暗示
例一：The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society—a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.
破折号后面的部分对the Red Hat Society作了解释，是“一个认为老年人应该有自己乐趣的团体”。
例二：The largest player—Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices—deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite.
第二个破折号后面的deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches应该指的是汽车的品牌或种类。
十、同义词的替代关系
例句：Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he didn’t want to jeopardize his future.
为避免重复使用endanger一词， 用同义词jeopardize来替代它, 我们推知jeopardize词义为“使陷入危险，危及，危害”。
十一、利用主系表结构来猜词
主系表结构的句子有两种功能：一是说明主语的形状和特征;二是主语和表语是同位关系。
例一：To malign is to slander an innocent person.
表语意为“诽谤无辜的人”， 那样主语就是“中伤，诽谤”的意思。
例二：Insomnia is the inability of falling asleep or sleeping restlessly.
表语意为“睡不着”，主语Insomnia无疑就是“失眠”了。
十二、生活常识
根据日常生活中的常识和相关的背景知识，大胆想象，合理发挥，推测出生词的含义。
例一：Warm-blooded desert animals, such as rats and mice, rest ring the day, often staying in cool underground burrows.
根据常识我们知道鼠类一般藏在洞里，因此生词burrows的意思为“地洞，洞穴”。
例二：The snake slithered through the grass.
根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推测出slithered的词义为“爬行”。
十三、构词法
英语词汇的构词法主要有三种：派生，合成，转化构词。
我们主要利用派生构词来推断生词的含义。
词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根的前面或后面加上词缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。一般来说，前缀改变词根的意思;后缀改变词性。
常见的前缀有：super- 超……
mini- 小型的……
re- 再，又……
post- 后
pre- 前
fore- 前
under- 下
后缀有：
-ment 名词的后缀
-less 不，无
-proof 防……的
例句：Remember that people on line may not be who they seem. Because you can’t see or even hear the person, it would be easy for someone to misrepresent himself/herself. Thus someone says “She is a 12-year-old girl ”could really be an old man.
根据语境和misrepresent的构词方式， 前缀mis-的意思是“误，错-的”，词根represent的意思是“表达，展示”之意, 合在一起我们知道misrepresent的词义为“误述，歪曲”。
十四、文中代词指代的推测
高考题年年考查对文中代词实际指代的对象。一般来说它实际指代的对象在含有代词的句子前半部分或前一句话。我们把它叫做“前指”。
例一：Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped at noon as the press rported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal.”We have more important things to do,” he said.
根据我们上面讲到的，they应该指上一句中的Demands for pigeon-delivered money。
例二：The book contained a large number of clues to help readers find the hare, but Williams put in a lot of “red herrings”, or false clues, to mislead them.
根据语境them.指代上文的readers。
虽然掌握一些猜词技巧能帮助我们猜测词义，但是我们不能只依靠这些。最重要的还是掌握全篇文。