关于长寿的英语阅读
适合三年级小学生阅读的英语故事篇一
Actaeonwhen she was tired with hunting artemis used to take abath in a little mountain spring.one hotsummer afternoon she was playing in the cool，quiet water with hermaidens when she heard arustle behind the bushes .she feltquite angry to find that a young hunter was peepingadmiringlyat her naked body .her maidens gave a sharp cry and crowded around thegoddess.but young actaeon had seen the huntress.
actaeon loved the hunting.he had been searching the woods every day.on this particularafternoon he felt so tired with running about that he，by accident，came over to the springinsearch of water.he was thus surprised to find artemisba thing.the angry goddess was not tobe calmed.she splashed water in the hunter''s face.as soon as the water drops fell onactaeon，he was changed into a stag .just at that moment he heard the barking of his team offifty hunting dogs.they were coming up to him.he was suddenly seized with fear ，andpresently ran away.the dogs，all driven mad by the goddess，ran after him closely.running asfast as his legs could carry him，actaeon was soon out of breath .feeling certain that he 1wasto die，he dropped to the ground and made no further attempt to get up.the dogs camenearer to their former masterand tore him to pleces.
阿卡同
当厌倦狩猎时，阿尔特弥晌塌斯常常在小山泉中淋浴。一个盛夏的下午，她和仙女们正在凉爽平静的山泉中宴岁圆戏水时，突然听到灌木丛中沙沙作响。她非常恼怒地发现一个青年猎人用爱慕的眼光偷看自己的*。仙女们发出刺耳的尖叫，簇拥在她身旁。但猎手阿卡同还是看见了女猎手阿尔特弥斯。
阿卡同酷爱打猎。他每日都穿越森林，搜寻猎物。而就在这个下午，他四处奔波颇感疲劳，因寻找水而偶然来到这片泉水旁。这样，他就惊奇地发现水中沐浴的阿尔特弥斯。恼火的女神无法息怒。她将泉水溅到猎手的脸上。水落在他身上后，阿卡同转眼就变成了一只牡鹿。恰在这时，阿卡同听到了猎狗的嚎叫，猎狗们向他扑来，他突然惊慌失措雀团，拔腿逃跑。而那群被女神逼疯了的猎狗们则在后面穷追不舍。阿卡同拼命狂奔，很快就上气不接下气。感觉自己肯定会死去，他就一下躺在地上，不想再起来了。猎狗赶上了从前的主人，将他撕成了碎块。
适合三年级小学生阅读的英语故事篇二
the Golden Touchmidas，son of the GREat goddess of ida，by a hero whosename is not remembered ，was apleasureloving king of macedonian bromium，where he ruled over the brigians and planted hisfamous rose gardens.
one day，the old hero silenus，dionysus'' former teacher，happened to straggle from the mainbody of the dionysian army as it marched out of thrace into boeotia，and was found sleepingand drunken in the rose gardens.the gardeners tied him and ledhim before midas，to whom hetold wonderful tales of a big continent lying beyond the ocean''s stream ——altogetherseparatefrom the united mass of europe，asia，or africa——where gigantic，happy，andlonglived people lived in splendid cities，enjoying a wonderful law system.midas，delighted withsilenus'' fictions，entertained him for five days and nights，and then ordered a guide to leadhim to dionysus'' headquarters.
dionysus，who had been worrying about silenus，sent toask how midas wished to berewarded.he replied without hesitation：‘please turn all i touch into gold.'' however，notonlystones，flowers，and the furnishings of his house turned to gold but，when he sat downto table，so did the food he ate and the water he drank .midas soon begged to be freed fromhis wish，because he was fast dying of hunger and thirst.highlyamused ，dionysus told him tovisit the source of the river pactolus and there wash himself.he obeyed，and was at oncefreedfrom the golden touch，but the sands of the river pactolusare bright with gold to this day.
点金术
弥达斯是伊达山大女神和一位姓名不详的英雄的儿子。他是马其顿勃洛弥恩的好寻欢作乐的国王。他统治勃里癸亚人民，种植闻名遐迩的玫瑰花。
一天，狄俄尼索斯酒神和追随者从色雷斯出发去维奥蒂亚。狄俄尼索斯以前的老师森林之神老西勒诺斯不巧跟队伍走散了。他喝得醉醺醺的，躺在弥达斯的花园里酣然大睡。园丁发现了他，把他捆起来领去见弥达斯。他给弥达斯讲述有关大洋河彼岸的、与连成一片的欧罗巴、亚细亚或阿非利加完全脱离的一个大洲的奇妙的故事。大洲上座落着神奇的城市，居住着身材高大、幸福而长寿的人民，拥有值得赞颂的法律制度。西勒诺斯的故事使弥达斯听得欣喜若狂。他盛情款待老山神五天五夜，然后派向导护送他回到狄俄尼索斯的大本营。
狄俄尼索斯一直在为西勒诺斯担心。现在，他派人问弥达斯有什么要求，他应该怎样报答他。弥达斯毫不迟疑地回答说，“请恩准使我摸到的一切都变成金子。”然而，变成金子的不仅仅是石块、花朵和屋内的陈设。他坐下吃饭时，他吃的食物和喝的水也都变成金子。过了不久，弥达斯恳求狄俄尼索斯使他从他那愿望中解脱开来，因为他饥渴交加，快死了。狄俄尼索斯逗弄弥达斯，开心得很。他叫弥达斯前往帕克托罗斯河的源头，在河里洗个澡。弥达斯依法行事，立即解除了点金术，但帕克托罗斯河的沙子至今因含金而闪闪发光。
适合三年级小学生阅读的英语故事篇三
Atlas And Perseusafter the killing of mesa，perseus，carrying her head with him，flew far and wide，over landand sea.as night came on，he reached the western limit of the earth ，where the sun goesdown.here he would gladly have rested till morning.it was the kingdom of king atlas，who wasbigger than all other men.he was rich in flocks and herds and had no neighbor or rival toinvade his country.but his chiefpride was in his gardens，whose fruit was of gold，hangingfromg olden branches，half hid with golden leaves.perseus said tohim，“i come as a guest.iclaim zeus for my father and i killedmesa.i seek rest and food.”but atlas remembered thatanancient prophecy had warned him that a son of zeus should one day rob him of his goldenapples .so he answered，“go away!or neither your false claims of glory or parentage shallprotect you” ;and he attempted to drive him out.perseus，finding thegiant too strong forhim，said，“since you value my friendship solittle，please accept a gift”;and turning his faceaway，he help mesa''s head.atlas was changed into stone.his beard and hair becameforests，his arms and shoulders cliffs，his head asummit，and his bones rocks.each partincreased till he becamea mountain，and(such was the pleasure of the gods)heaven with allits stars rests upon his shoulders.
阿特拉斯和珀尔修斯
珀尔修斯杀死墨杜萨之后，提着她的脑袋翻山越海四处飞行。夜晚降临时，他来到日落之处，地球的最西端。他很想在这里休息过夜。这是阿特拉斯国王的王国。阿特拉斯长得五大三粗，天下无双。他拥有成群的牛羊，没有来自邻帮或敌人的侵犯。不过，他最引以自豪的是他的果园。那儿在金叶的虚掩下，金树枝上挂满了金苹果。珀尔修斯对阿特拉斯说，“我是来作客的。我的父亲是宙斯，我杀死了墨杜萨。我来是想找个休息的地方和充饥的食物”。然而，阿特拉斯想起古时候的预言说过，有一天，宙斯的一个儿子将夺走他的金苹果。于是，他回答道：“走开!你自吹自擂的光荣业绩和高贵血统一类谎话都救不了你的命”。说着，阿特拉斯便动手想把珀尔修斯赶出去。珀尔修斯发现巨人力大无比，他对付不了，便说：“既然你看不起我对你的友谊，那就请你勉为其难，接受我的礼物吧”。他转过脸去，高举起墨杜萨的脑袋。阿特拉斯顷刻间化成了石头。他的胡须和头发变成树林;双臂和肩膀变成了峭壁;头成了山顶;骨头成了岩石。他身体的每个部分都不断膨胀，终于成了一座大山。根据神祗的心愿，天体及其群星落在他肩头，由他来背负。
㈡ 英语阅读理解并翻译
答案B A D
每个人都有生抄日。这些孩子生活在世界的不同角落。他们以不同方式庆祝生日。对于他们所有人来说来说，生日很有趣！
Mark：Mark生活在美国。他跟他的朋友和家人庆祝他的9岁生日.他们给他唱生日歌当他吹灭九个在他的生日蛋糕的蜡烛
Chen住在香港。每年，在chen的生日晚饭，他的母亲做一碗长面条。每个人希望他长寿，就像面条一样。
Carmen生活在墨西哥。她和她的朋友们用一个皮纳塔庆生。他们努力地去打开皮纳塔，为了他们的糖果和礼物调出来。这种庆生让所有人感到开心。
Luis生活在阿根廷。他今天9岁。在他的生活派对上，她的哥哥将会轻轻地揪他的耳朵9次。孩子们每年多被揪一次。
英语四级阅读理解匹配题技巧介绍
转折对比处
转折句或转折关系常常是文章内容的强调之处，是作者表达观点或陈述事物的关键地方。一般而言，转折后的内容是语义的重点，它往往是作者的真实意图所在，所以命题者常对转折处的内容进行提问。考生应特别注意此处内容。转折一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词或短语来引出。
强对比也是作者用来强调论证自己观点的一种方法，常由unlike, until, not so much…as等词或短语引出。命题者常就被对比者的属性设题。
例(四级真题)
…likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesn’t smoke. There’s a flip side, however, as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouse’s death, and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems.
Q: It can be inferred from the context that the “flip side” refers to ______.
A) the consequence of a broken marriage
B) the emotional problems arising from marriage
C) the responsibility of taking care of one’s family
D) the disadvantages of being married
文章第二段首先介绍了婚姻的好处，可以帮助弥补身体不健康所产生的不利影响。第四句中使用了表示转折意义的连词however，因此推断下文将会谈论婚姻产生的不利影响。所以此处的flip side是指“婚姻导致的弊端”，故答案为D)。
举例处
作者在文章中经常引用具体的例子来使文章更有说服力，而这些例子很可能会成为考点，需加以注意。文章中常用as, such as, for example, for instance, take…as an example等引出的短语或句子作为例证。
例 (四级真题)
But privacy does matter—at least sometimes. It’s like health; when you have it, you don’t notice it. Only when it’s gone do you wish you’d done more to protect it.
Q: According to the passage, privacy is like health in that ______.
A) people will make every effort to keep it
B) its importance is rarely understood
C) it is something that can easily be lost
D) people don’t cherish it until they lose it
作者把隐私同健康进行比较，当人们拥有健康时，不曾注意到它，一旦失去才知其珍贵。D)中的cherish it与原文中的wish you’d done more to protect it意思一致。
数字年代处
数字年代在文章中常常会传达重要的信息，因此也经常成为考查的重点，需要说明的是四级考试与其他考试不同，一般很少就数字本身的运算、辨认或推理设题，而往往就数字引出的信息命题。因此，考生在看到数字时还要注意其前后所印证或引出的具体信息。
例(四级真题)
We need economic growth unless we condemn the world’s poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else’s living standards. With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.
Q: Greenhouse emissions will more than double by 2050 because of ______.
A) economic growth
B) wasteful use of energy
C) the widening gap between the rich and poor
D) the rapid advances of science and technology
文中提到截至2050年，随着经济增长，能源利用及温室气体排放会加倍增长，A)中的“经济增长”与原文中的modest growth所指一致，符合题意。
因果关系处
两个事件内在的因果关系常常成为出题人的命题点，一般来讲，这种选择题有两种形式,给出原因推断结果，或给出结果推断原因。
例(四级真题)
In the past few years, prominent schools around the world have joined the trend. In 2003, when Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard, another former Yale provost, as its vice-chancellor, the university publicly stressed that in her previous job she had overseen “a major strengthening of Yale’s financial position.”
Q: Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard as its vice-chancellor chiefly because ______.
A) she was known to be good at raising money
B) she could help strengthen its ties with Yale
C) she knew how to attract students overseas
D) she had boosted Yale’s academic status
剑桥大学公开强调Alison Richard在以前的工作中负责监督财务，“是耶鲁大学财政状况提升的主要力量”，基于这个才能，剑桥大学聘请她担任常务副校长一职。A)she was known to be good at raising money表达的与此句相同，故为答案。
主题句处
文章第一段的段首、段尾或最后一段的段尾处往往是整篇文章的主题所在;每一段的段首或段尾句通常是该段的主题句，因此命题者常常围绕此处出题。
在四级考试中，文章或段落的主旨常以主题句的形式出现。主题句的特点是：语义完整、形式简洁、观点明确。在演绎类的文章中，语篇主题句一般位于篇章的开头部分;在归纳类文章中，主题句多出现在段末或篇末;不过主题句有时也出现在文章中间部分。找到了主题句，就等于找到了此类题的答案。
例 (四级真题)
“The biggest problem is that couples assume each other knows what’s going on with their finances, but they don’t. There seems to be more of a taboo (禁忌) about talking about money than talking about death. But you both need to know what you’re doing, who’s paying what into the joint account and how much you keep separately. In a healthy relationship, you don’t have to agree about money, but you have to talk about it.”
Q: The author suggests at the end of the passage that couples should ______.
A) discuss money matters to maintain a healthy relationship
B) put their money together instead of keeping it separately
C) make efforts to reach agreement on their family budgets
D) avoid arguing about money matters to remain romantic
文章最后一句提到，要想维持一段健康的婚姻关系，双方的金钱观不一定要一致，但一定要彼此沟通。A) “夫妻双方应该讨论钱的问题以维持健康的婚姻关系”是对原文的同义转述，故为答案。
定义结论处
很多文章中会出现考生不熟悉的概念，作者往往会对这些概念给出相应的.定义，这些定义很容易成为考查的内容。很多文章都涉及一些调查或实验，而这些调查、实验的结果、结论又常常成为考点，因此考生一定要注意find, show, reveal, conclude等动词引出的宾语从句以及thus等表示结论的词语。
例(四级真题)
Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable, but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes. The heaviest rain falls first. As a result, storms that form over the Pacific deliver heavier water to California than to Utah.
Q: What is said about the rainfall in America’s West?
A) There is much more rainfall in California than in Utah.
B) The water it delivers becomes lighter when it moves inland.
C) Its chemical composition is less stable than in other areas.
D) It gathers more light isotopes as it moves eastward.
在太平洋上形成的风暴给加利福尼亚州带来的雨水要比带给犹他州的更多。 B) The water it delivers becomes lighter when it moves inland (雨水由沿海进入内陆地区时会变小)，加州属沿海地区，犹他是内陆地区，因此，该选项是对原文的概括，故为答案。
列举并列处
列举并列处是指用First(ly)… Second(ly)… Third(ly)… Finally…; Not only…but also…; In addition; Furthermore; Moreover; Above all; On the one hand…, on the other hand…等表示顺承关系或递进关系的词语列举出的事实。列举并列处是设置事实细节题的主要出处，若为正面出题，则与原文内容相同的选项为正确答案;若题干为反面设题，则与原文意思相反的选项为此题的正确答案。
例(四级真题)
Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life. Relationships with family, friends, neighbours, even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (长寿) boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship. The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers (鳏夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man’s life and two to a woman’s. The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness, accident or self-harm.
Q: William Farr’s study and other studies show that ______.
A) social life provides an effective cure for illness
B) marriage contributes a great deal to longevity
C) women benefit more than men from marriage
D) being sociable helps improve one’s quality of life
本文论述社交生活对人寿命的影响，开头列举了可能导致长寿的因素：善于与他人交际以及与家人、朋友、邻居甚至宠物保持良好关系。但马上转折后提到能够导致长寿的最主要的因素似乎在于婚姻或者是类似的关系。然后，提到这一结果最早由威廉·法尔于1858年记录。B) 中的contributes…to是对第二句中的boost的同义转述，故为答案。
比较级/最高级处
在文章中经常会对不同的对象进行某方面的比较，而这些比较经常成为考查的目标，尤其是在文章中的最高级出现之处。
例(四级真题)
“Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly,” said Professor Stephen Hoch. “Maybe something as simple as a greet at the store entrance would help.”
Q: What contributes most to smoothing over issues with customers?
A) Manners of the salespeople.
B) Hiring of efficient employees.
C) Huge supply of goods for sale.
D) Design of the store layout.
对顾客态度友善、反应迅速的商家更容易解决好问题，从这里可以看出态度友善和反应迅速都属于销售人员的举止问题。A) “销售人员的举止”最符合题意，故为答案。
指代处
写作、讲话时为了简洁、明晰地表达事物及其逻辑关系，常用各种代词通过指代进行信息传递，当同时出现好几个事物时，这种指代关系往往不容易区分，故常成为命题点。
例(四级真题)
At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing. “One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly,” said Undergraate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. “This is the definition of integration.”
Q: What does Alec Webley consider to be the “definition of integration”?
A) Students of different races are required to share a room.
B) Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.
C) Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.
D) The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.
原文倒数第四段最后一句提到，“This is the definition of integration.”而This指代的具体内容出现在前一句中，即with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly(除特殊情况外，宿舍的安排一般是随机的)。因此，所谓“融合的定义”实际上是指“随机安排学生住宿”，故答案为D)。
特殊标点处
特殊标点符号处，尤其是段首的特殊符号所引出的内容往往表达了作者的观点，阐述了全文的主题，因此也成为主旨大意题的高发命题点。
此处所说的特殊标点符号包括：
(1) 破折号(表解释);
(2) 括号 (表解释);
(3) 冒号 (表解释);
(4) 引号 (表引用或有其他特殊含义);
(5) 分号 (表进一步的解释说明) 等。
在主题段落或主题句中，特殊标点符号所引出的内容往往是出题点，因此在解答这类题时，一定要特别注意对特殊标点所引出内容的把握。
例(四级真题)
Many African-American blogs have written about what they’d like to see Michelle bring to the White House—mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family.
Q: What do many African-Americans write about in their blogs?
A) Whether Michelle can live up to the high expectations of her fans.
B) How Michelle should behave as a public figure.
C) How proud they are to have a black woman in the White House.
D) What Michelle should do as wife and mother in the White House.
第五段第二句使用了破折号，表达了美国黑人希望看到米歇尔可以向这个世界展示一个黑人妇女既可以支持她的丈夫，也可以支撑起一个强大的家庭的形象。D) “作为妻子和母亲，米歇尔在白宫应该做什么”与原文意思相符，故D) 正确。
;㈣ 新概念英语第三册精选必背文章
《新概念英语》是我国引进稿盯外国教材比较成功的一种,尤其第三册(技能的培养)部分,句型集中,词汇丰富,用法或伍新颖。下面是我带来的新概念英语第三册精选必背 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
新概念英语第三册精选键团和必背文章1
The process of ageing衰老过程
At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigour and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us. This decline in vigour with the passing of time is called ageing. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and diseases we shall eventually ‘die of old age’, and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favour of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer----on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.
Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. They have also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things ‘wear out’. Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do, if given the chance to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present). But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. But a watch could never repair itself----it does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction. We could, at one time, repair ourselves----well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses and accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we graally lose this power; an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty can knock us out, and into our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we are at twelve, it would take about 700 years for half of us to die, and another 700 for the survivors to be reced by half again.
人体在12岁时是生命力最旺盛的时期。虽然在这个时期人的身材、体力和智力还有待发展和完善，但在这个年龄死亡的可能性最小。再早一些，我们是幼儿和小孩子，身体较脆弱;再迟一些，我们就要经历生命力和抵抗力逐步衰退的过程。虽然这个过程起初难以觉察，但最终会急转直下，不管我们怎样精心照料我们自己，不管社会和医生怎样对我们进行精心照顾，我们也无法再活下去了。生命力随时间的流失而衰退叫做衰老。人类发现的最不愉快的一个事实是：人必然会衰老。既使我们能避开战争、意外的事故和各种疾病，我们最终也会“老死”;衰老的速度在人与人之间相差甚微，我们最可能死亡的年龄在65至80岁之间，有些人会死得早一些，少数人寿命会长一些——活到八十几岁或九十几岁，但这种可能性很小。不管我们多么幸运，多么健壮，我们所希望的长寿实际上是有限度的。
衰老的过程，不经提起，正常人容易忘记;一经提醒，才会记起。我们对人总是要衰老的现象并不陌生，多年来就已认识到。生命力随着时间流失而丧失活力，人随着年龄的增长而接近死亡，这是不言而喻的，就像一壶热水迟早会凉下来，一双鞋渐渐会磨破一样。人们不但认识到所有的动物，大概也认识到所有的有机物，如树木，甚至宇宙本身，从事物的本质上来说都会“磨损掉”。我们通常看到的大多数动物，即使能让它们活得足够长久的话，也会像我们一样衰老的。像上紧发条的手表那样的机械装置，或太阳，也都会消耗完其能量(整个宇宙是否如此，目前尚有争论)。不过，这些衰老的情况同人并不相似。手表停了依然是只手表，还可以重上好发条。然而一只老掉牙的手表，磨损太厉害，老得一点儿也不准了，最终会不值得 修理 了。但是，手表决不会自行修理，它不是由有生命的部件组成，而是由金属组成，而金属可以随着磨擦而磨损殆尽。而我们人，在一定时间内是可以自行修复的，除了暴病而死或意外事故外，至少足以克服一切一般疾病和事故。在12岁至80岁之间，我们逐渐丧失这种能力。能使我们在12岁时病倒的疾病，到了80岁可能会使我们一蹶不振而进入坟墓。假如我们能保持12岁时的旺盛生命力，那么我们当中的一半人过700年才死去，剩下的一半人再过700年，才会又减少一半。
新概念英语第三册精选必背文章2
What every writer want作家之所需
I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom I respect, confess at once that they have little idea where they are going when they first set pen to paper. They have a character, perhaps two; they are in that condition of eager discomfort which passes for inspiration; all admit radical changes of destination once the journey has begun; one, to my certain knowledge, spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing in the Scottish Highlands. I never heard of anyone making a ‘skeleton’, as we were taught at school. In the breaking and remaking, in the timing, interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he began. This organic process, often leading to moments of extraordinary self-discovery, is of an indescribable fascination. A blurred image appears; he adds a brushstroke and another, and it is gone; but something was there, and he will not rest till he has captured it. Sometimes the yeast within a writer outlives a book he has written. I have heard of writers who read nothing but their own books; like adolescents they stand before the mirror, and still cannot fathom the exact outline of the vision before them. For the same reason, writers talk interminably about their own books, winkling out hidden meanings, super-imposing new ones, begging response from those around them. Of course a writer doing this is misunderstood: he might as well try to explain a crime or a love affair. He is also, incidentally, an unforgivable bore.
This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader, to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him, can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.
A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or two back that the talent goes into the first draft, and the art into the drafts that follow. For this reason also the writer, like any other artist, has no resting place, no crowd or movement in which he may take comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace the judgment from within. A writer makes order out of the anarchy of his heart; he submits himself to a more ruthless discipline than any critic dreamed of, and when he flirts with fame, he is taking time off from living with himself, from the search for what his world contains at its inmost point.
我所认识的作家寥寥无几，然而凡是我所认识和尊敬的作家，都立即承认在他们动笔时，不清楚要写什么，怎么写。他们心中有一个或两个角色。他们处于急切不安的状态，而这被当作是灵感。他们无不承认，一旦“旅程”开始，“目的地”常有急剧的变化。据我所知，有位作家花了9个月的时间写了一部有关克什米尔的小说，后来却把整个 故事 背景换成了苏格兰高地。我从未听说过任何一位作家像我们在学校学的那样，动笔前先列什么提纲。作家在剪裁修改、构思时间、穿插情节、以至从头重写的过程中，会领悟到素材中有很多东西是他刚动笔时所未意识到的。这种有机的加工过程往往达到不寻常自我发现的境界，具有难以言表的构思魅力。一个朦胧的形象出现在作家的脑海里，他左添一笔，右添一笔，形象反而消逝了;可是，好像还有什么东西存在着，不把它捕捉到，作家是不会罢休的。有时，一个作家一本书写完了，但兴奋仍不消散。我听说一些作家，除了自己的书外，别的书一概不读，犹如希腊神话中那位漂亮少年，站在镜前，不能辨认出自身的真面目。由于这个原因，作家喋喋不休地谈论自己的书，挖掘其隐晦的含义，增添新的含义，询问周围人的反应。作家如此行事当然会被人误解。他还不如给人讲一个犯罪案件或一个恋爱故事。顺便说一句，他也是个不可饶恕的令人厌烦的人。
这种企图消除自己和读者之间距离的作法，企图用不了解自己的人的观点来研究自己塑造的形象的作法，会导致作家的毁灭，因为他已经开始为取悦他人而写作了。
一两年前，一位年轻的英国作家发表了中肯的看法。他说，初稿是才华，以后各稿是艺术。也是由于这个原因，作家同任何艺术家一样，找不到可休息的场所，找不到伙伴和活动使自己得到安逸。任何局外人的判断也比不上他自己内心的正确判断。一旦作家从内心的紊乱中理出头绪，就应按任何评论家想像不到的无情规范约束自己去写作;当他沽名钓誉时，他就脱离了自我生活，脱离了对自己灵魂最深处世界的探索。
新概念英语第三册精选必背文章3
Patterns of culture 文化 的模式
Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in indivial actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the indivial, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the indivial is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.
The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. In all the less controversial fields, like the study of cacti or termites or the nature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.
Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbor’s superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.
风俗一般未被认为是什么重要的课题。我们觉得，只有我们大脑内部的活动情况才值得研究，至于风俗呢，只是些司空见惯的行为而已。事实上，情况正好相反。从世界范围来看，传统风俗是由许多细节性的习惯行为组成，它比任何个人养成的行为都更加引人注目，不管个人行为多么异常。这只是问题的一个次要的侧面。最重要的是，风俗在实践中和信仰上所起的举足轻重的作用，以及它所表现出来的极其丰富多采的形式。
没有一个人是用纯洁而无偏见的眼光看待世界。人们所看到的是一个受特定的风俗习惯、制度和思想方式剪辑过的世界。甚至在哲学领域的探索中，人们也无法超越这些定型的框框。人们关于真与伪的概念依然和特定的传统风俗有关。约翰•杜威曾经非常严肃地指出：风俗在形成个人行为方面所起的作用和一个人对风俗的任何影响相比，就好像他本国语言的总词汇量和自己咿呀学语时他家庭所接纳的他的词汇量之比。当一个人认真地研究自发形成的社会秩序时，杜威的比喻就是他实事求是观察得来的形象化的说法。个人的生活史首先就是适应他的社团世代相传形成的生活方式和准则。从他呱呱坠地的时刻起，他所生于其中的风俗就开始塑造他的经历和行为规范。到他会说话时，他就是 传统文化 塑造的一个小孩子了;等他长大了，能做各种事了，他的社团的习惯就是他的习惯，他的社团的信仰就是他的信仰，他的社团不能做的事就是他不能做的事。每一个和他诞生在同一个社团中的孩子和他一样具有相同的风俗;而在地球的另一边，诞生在另一个社团的孩子与他就很少有相同的风俗。没有任何一个社会问题比得上风俗的作用问题更要求我们对它理解。直到我们理解了风俗的规律性和多样性，我们才能明白人类生活中主要的复杂现象。
只有在某些基本的主张被接受下来、同时有些主张被激烈反对时，对风俗的研究才是全面的，才会有收获。首先，任何科学研究都要求人们对可供考虑的诸多因素不能厚此薄彼，偏向某一方面。在一切争议较小的领域里，如对仙人掌、白蚁或星云性质的研究，应采取的研究 方法 是，把有关各方面的材料汇集起来，同时注意任何可能出现的异常情况和条件。例如，用这种方法，我们完全掌握了天文学的规律和昆虫群居的习性。只是在对人类自身的研究中，各主要的社会学科才用对一个局部地区各种情况的研究(如对西方文明的研究)来代替对全人类的研究。只要我们同原始人，我们同野蛮人，我们同异教徒之间存在的区别在人的思想中占主导地位，那么人类学按其定义来说就无法存在。我们首先需要达到这样一种成熟的程度：不用自己的信仰去反对我们邻居的迷信。必须认识到，这些建立在相同前提基础上的风俗，暂且可以说是超自然的东西，必须放在一起加以考虑，我们自己的风俗和其他民族的风俗都在其中。
㈤ 请各位高手帮我翻译一下以下4短英语阅读,马上要教假期作业了，急呀~谢谢(*^__^*)
A
不久之前，在英格兰南部的一个小村庄里一个叫Johnson的老头子一个人住着，他很有钱，但是他相当古怪.他通过和对外贸易赚了很多钱。当他75岁的时候，他向村里小学捐了12000块钱来为小朋友们的操场买地皮和器材。由于他的慷慨，很多人都会来看望他，其中有一个报纸记者。在谈话中，Johnson说他已经75岁了，他希望他可以活到100岁。记者问他如何健康在75岁高龄时仍保持健康。Johnson很幽默，说他喜欢威士忌，每天都要喝上一点。他告诉记者：“我每天晚上都要在脖子上打一针。”其实他每天晚上都喝一杯威士忌。（这里一个V-ing表伴随，意思可能不太对）
记者不太明白Johnson的意思。在他的文章中，他报道了Johnson已经75岁了，每天晚上都会在脖子上打一针。接下来的一个星期里，Johnson收到了成千上万封从英格兰各地寄来的信，信中人们都询问他每天注射的注射器中到底放了什么东西。
B
对于生理学，我们知道些什么呢？
划船：优秀的划船男选手要身材高大，很健康但身体脂肪含量要很少，要有宽厚的肩膀和很长，并充满力量的四肢。他的心脏能够在一分钟内输送四十升的血液。
射击：优秀的设计运动员心率很慢。在开枪的几秒内，他们的每分钟的心跳能够下降20下。他们能够准确地在两次心跳之间开枪。手枪射击运动员还需要强壮地上半身肌肉。
游泳：优秀的游泳运动员要身材高达，四肢修长，特别手臂要很长。最顶尖的游泳运动员有很大的脚。他们的大手起到桨的作用，细窄的臀部减少阻力，宽厚的肩膀给手臂提供充足的力量。
短跑：优秀的100m短跑运动员身材高挑，有流线型的身材。最顶尖的短跑运动员有纤细的腿和相对细窄的臀部。（slim lower是什么意思？难道是又细又短么？）
体操：优秀的体操女运动员身材娇小且很苗条，她们身体中肌肉比例很高，所以她们有很强的力量（这里with a high strength to weight ratio and even muscles不太肯定）。她们身体很窄，有助于保持平衡和保持一个高能量高力度的系统。
举重：优秀的举重运动员有身体强壮，身材呈流线型，肌肉发达。好的举重运动员个子并不高，四肢相对较短。他们的心血管可以承受突然增加的血压。
马拉松：优秀的马拉松运动员体态轻盈，腿部苗条，个子中等或偏小。他们身体对氧气的吸收速度很快。
终于好了 让大家久等了
㈥ 中石油职称英语阅读讲解：To Be Content with One's
这是一篇关于中国人的“乐天知命”的观念的文章，后面附有翻译和练习题，欢迎大家阅读。
To Be Content with One's Lot
乐天知命(be content with 以…为满足;lot n. 命运)
1. Peter Hessler described two lifestyles and asked his Chinese students to choose the one they preferred, either a very long yet ultimately average and uneventful life, or a very exciting, fan-filled life that only lasted 24 years. Almost all of his 20 something year old students chose the first option. This surprised Peter because, from his experience with American youths, he was sure the Americans wouldn't have chosen a long, uneventful life.
1、彼得•赫斯勒(简称PH)请他的中国学生在以下两种生活方式(two lifestyles)中选择其一(they preferred定语从句，修饰the one;prefer vi. 喜欢;ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事)：一种是平庸却长寿(uneventful adj. 平凡的)，另一种是只能活24年(that only lasted 24 years)却享乐无比。那些20岁左右(something adj. 大约，没想到还有这个意思，所以要特别注意)的学生们几乎都选择了第一种生活。彼得十分惊讶，在他看来美国青年并不会如此一致地选择平庸但长寿的生活(可译为：这令彼得十分惊讶，因为以他对美国青年的经验，他认定他们不会选择平庸但长寿的生活)。
2. The Chinese traditionally think (that) an uneventful, but long life is better than a short life fall of fan and adventure. There's even an idiom for the traditional Chinese attitude, "A good death is worse than a lazy life." This saying reveals a deeply ingrained sense of optimism and acceptance of fate. It's nothing at all like the Western idea of heroes made through tragedy.
2、无聊无趣(平凡的)但天长地久地活下去，好过(is better than)冒生命之险求得享乐的短命，这似乎是中国传统的价值观(直译为：具有传统观念的中国人认为：平凡但长寿要好过沉浸于快乐与冒险的短寿)。有习语(idiom)为证(attitude n. 态度)：“好死不如赖活着。”它透露出根深蒂固的乐观与宿命(acceptance of fate; acceptance n. 接受; fate n. 命运)(saying n. 谚语;reveal vt. 透露;ingrained adj. 根深蒂固;optimism n. 乐观;)。与英雄产生于悲剧(tragedy n.)的西方价值观完全不同(It's nothing at all;at all 根本;完全，用于否定句中)。
3. 30 years ago, at the beginning of China's reform, a group of intellectuals believed the acceptance of one's lot would hurt the growth of the People's Republic. The way they saw it, the Westerners' "seafaring culture" had allowed them to expand and advance while China's "agrarian culture" had shut the country off from the world and kept it focusing on itself.
3、30年前改革开放之初(at the beginning of China's reform)，一批知识分子(intellectuals)认为乐天知命、安于本分的传统观念(the acceptance of one's lot; lot n. 命运，没想到还有这个意思，所以要特别注意)有害于中华民族的发展。在他们看来(The way they saw it)，西方的“蓝色文明(seafaring culture航海文化)”使其开放、进步(allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人作某事);而(while)中国的“黄土文化(agrarian culture耕地文化)”使之封闭、守旧(shut off 切断;keep doing sth. 一直做某事;focus on 集中于)。(这翻译翻的，短的翻长了，长的翻短了，要好好体会)
4. Researching the unique traits of a nationality can reveal a number of interesting features. David N. Keightly is a professor of history at the University of California Berkeley and he made a study of the unique attitudes of the Chinese people. He believed their acceptance of fate originates from a geographical standpoint. The birthplace of the Chinese civilization is the Central Plains where the climate has less variation than the Mediterranean or the Near East. China's two main rivers, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, both run from West to East, and don't change much in latitude. This means the cultivation both upstream and downstream are very similar. This uniformity of the agrarian culture reced the incentive for mutual trade and the need for people to travel very far. Hence, the exchange of thoughts, ideas and technology became restricted and the ancient Chinese culture tended to isolate itself within their regions of influence.
4、研究一个民族的某种特性是件有趣的事情(Researching the unique traits of a nationality现在分词短语做主语;unique adj. 独特的;独一无二的;trait n. 特性;品质;feature n. 特色，特征，特点;直译为：研究一个民族的特质可以揭示许多有趣的事情)。美国加州大学伯克利分校的历史学教授大卫•凯特利(简称DNK)研究分析了(made a study of)中国人乐天知命的独一无二的人生观(the unique attitudes)。他认为这种特性(宿命，即接受或满足于命运的安排)源于中国特有的地理环境(originate from 起源于; geographical adj. 地理的; standpoint n.立场;观点)。与地中海和近东地区相比，中国文明的发祥地中原地区的气候类型更加有规律可寻(where引导的定语从句修饰the Central Plains; birthplace n. 出生地;variation n. 变化;直译为：中国文明的发源地是在中原地区，这里的气候与地中海和近东地区相比，更加缺少变化)。中国的两大主要河流——黄河和长江——都是自西向东流，而且它们的纬度(latitude)变化也不大，这意味着河流上游和下游(both upstream and downstream)所种植的农作物类型差别不大(cultivation n. 耕种;培养;similar adj. 相似的)。因此就缺乏了相互贸易的动力(the incentive for mutual trade)，中国的古代文明自然就成为农耕文明(uniformity n. 均匀性;一致;incentive n. 动机;刺激;mutual adj. 共同的;相互的;the need for…的必要;直译为：上下游“耕地文明”的一致性减少了相互贸易的动力及人们向更远处旅行的必要)。而那些很少旅行的人们就没有可能去交流思想和技术，封闭由此产生(restricted adj. 受限制的;isolate vt. 使隔离;使孤立;直译为：因此交流思想和技术受到限制，中国古文化趋于在自身势力范围内自我封闭)。
5. According to Professor Keightly's theory, the climate of ancient China was very good. This would create a sense of optimism in the Chinese culture. In comparison, the people of the Mediterranean and the Near East had to face more natural disasters and were less optimistic. Besides the geographical factor which influences the development of cultures, Keightley believes the Chinese practice of ancestor worship has significantly influenced the makeup of the Chinese people. Keightley says, "I believe, the cultures that engage in ancestor worship are going to be conservative cultures. They're not going to find new things attractive because, that will be a challenge to the ancestors. There's no room in this culture for a skeptic."
5、凯特利教授相信中国古代的气候良好(according to 根据;直译为：根据凯特利教授的理论，中国古代的气候良好)，因此生成了中国文化中的那种乐观主义(a sense of optimism)。相比较之下(in comparison)，无论是地中海还是近东，都面临着更多的自然灾害(more natural disasters; disaster n.灾难;不幸; have to do sth. 不得不做某事)，因而少了些乐观。除了地理环境对文化发展的影响(直译为：除了影响文化发展的地理因素外)，凯特利教授认为中国人对祖先的崇拜(the Chinese practice of ancestor worship;practice of ….有…的习惯;practice n. 惯例，没想到还有这个意思，所以要特别注意;ancestor worship 祖先崇拜)也极深地(significantly)影响了中国人的特性(makeup n. 天性)。凯特利教授相信：“这种祖先崇拜(that engage in ancestor worship定语从句修饰the cultures;engage in 从事于;参加;忙于)的文化，是一种保守的(conservative adj.)文化(be going to do sth.)。你不会去发现新的有吸引力的东西(new things attractive)，因为那是对祖先的挑战(challenge)。中国文化中没有怀疑的余地(skeptic n. 怀疑者)。”
6. Chinese people tend to want to return to the past, while Westerners are always looking towards the future. By comparing their lives to the past, it creates an unlimited feeling of satisfaction. With no other desires, people in ancient times had the opportunity to coexist harmoniously with nature. They worked towards an existence where their social development was in sync with the natural world. This sort of self-satisfaction and oneness with nature helped Chinese people develop a more optimistic attitude towards life.
6、中国人趋向于回顾过去(tend to do sht.倾向于做某事; want to do sth. 想要做某事)，而西方人更多的是展望未来(look towards 期待)。与过去相比较(compare to… 与…比较)，就会对当下的生活生出无限的满足感(an unlimited feeling of satisfaction; unlimited adj. 无限制的)。无欲无求(desire n. 欲望;要求)，在古代，人们就能够定下心来与自然和谐相处(to coexist harmoniously with nature 不定式做定语，修饰the opportunity; opportunity n. 机会;机遇;coexist vi. 共存;和平共处;harmoniously adv. 和谐地)，努力达到天人合一的境界(where 引导的定语从句修饰an existence; work towards 争取;努力达到;existence生存方式;存在;sync n. 同步)。这种自我满足以及与自然和谐共存，使中国人产生出乐观的生活态度。
7. The Westerners have the opposite approach because they fear the uncertainty of the future. This leads them to work hard in changing their current situation in the hope of making tomorrow better than today. During this process, it's almost impossible to abide by the rules of the natural world or human nature. The idea of being content with one's lot is hard-pressed to take hold in this sort of environment.
7、西方人的观点与此相反(the opposite approach 相反的看法)，源于对未来的不确定感(fear vt. 害怕;为…担心;uncertainty n. 不确定性)，这促使他们努力改变现状(lead sb. to do sth. 引导某人做某事;current situation 现状)，以期明天比今天更好(in the hope of希望)。在努力的过程中难免会违反自然规律和扭曲人性(不定式短语是真正的主语，由于主语较长，在英语中习惯将其置后，而用it是形式主语，同时表语提前;abide by 遵守;直译为：在努力的过程中，遵守自然规律和人性几乎是不可能的)。乐天知命、安于本分的价值观在这样的文化氛围中(in this sort of environment)是难以形成的(to take hold 不定式作结果状语;hard-pressed adj. 处于困境的;take hold 生根;直译为：满足于自身命运的价值观在这样的文化氛围中是难于生根的)。
8. Over these past few decades, the ideas of the West and the East have practically been reversed. The Chinese people have little choice but to drop the traditional idea of being content with one's lot if they want to improve their economic standing. They now emulate the West in opening up and becoming more enterprising. Unfortunately, this process of chasing materialistic dreams results in the destruction of nature. People have had to deal with increasing pressure and the income gap between rich and poor has become larger and larger. People are beginning to realize that the traditional idea we inherited from our ancestors, of being content with what one's lot, makes a lot of sense. As the West has forged ahead over the centuries, on the basis of its enterprising attitude, corruption and malpractice has kept pace. Today, the West is turning towards the East to find a way out.
8、有趣的是，近几十年来(over these past few decades)，至少在表面上，东西方似乎呈现出一种互换的态势(have practically been reversed; reverse vt. 颠倒)。中国人因为经济的落后，不得不抛弃(drop)传统的乐天知命观，学习西方的`进取和开拓(emulate vt. 模仿;尽力赶上;open up 开创;enterprising adj. 有事业心的有进取心的;直译为：如果中国人想要改善他们的经济状况，不放弃传统的乐天知命观，他们可选择的道路不多，现在他们开始效仿西方人的开创和进取精神)。不幸的是(Unfortunately)，在尽全力追逐物质主义的过程中，环境遭到破坏(chase vt. 追逐;materialistic adj. 唯物的;result in 结果是;destruction n. 破坏;摧毁)。社会财富分配不均衡(income gap 收入差距)，人们不得不承受巨大的心理压力(两个现在完成时态的并列句;people 做主语时，其谓语动词(包括助动词)要使用复数形式)。这令人意识到老袓宗“乐天知命”的价值观念自有其道理(we inherited from our ancestors 是定语从句，修饰the traditional idea;inherit from 从…继承…;make a lot of sense 很有道理;老师说过，逗号之间的句子多数用于补充说明，有时可以跳过，方便分析句子的成分，而不会影响整个句子的意思)。西方人在数百年的无休止进取后，弊端丛生(forge ahead 取得进展;锐意进取;on the basis of 根据;基于…; corruption n. 贪污，腐败;malpractice adj. 玩忽职守;keep pace 并驾齐驱)，如今也纷纷转向东方的价值观寻找出路(to find a way out 不定式做目的状语;turn towards 转向;find a way out找到出路)。
9. Maybe there's something in the text-message that's doing the rounds on the Internet, when it says, "Once you're 50, pretty and ugly look the same. Once you're 60, high-rank and low-rank look the same. Once you’ re 70, lots of money and little money look the same. Once you're 80, men and women look the same. Once you're 90, living and dying look the same."
9、最近有一则网上流行的短信(that’s doing the round on the Internet做定语修饰the text-message)：“到了五十，好看难看一个样;到了六十，官大官小一个样;到了七十，钱多钱少一个样;到了八十，男的女的一个样;到了九十，活的死的一个样。”(look the same 看起来一样)
10. In a way, the message, pretty much, suggests that, even though China exported computers to America and Chinese people have traded in their bikes for BMWs, the past thirty years of reform hasn't changed our traditions and, the idea of being content with one's lot has never left our bones.
10、在某种程度上，这条短信似乎(pretty much 几乎)暗示(suggest vt.)：改革开放30年，尽管(even though)中国生产的电脑已经卖到了美国(export to 向…出口;输出到)，并且中国人已经丢掉自行车，开起了宝马(trade in…for… 以旧换新)，但仍没有改变他们的传统，乐天知命的价值观(the idea of being content with one's lot)仍在骨子里，不曾磨灭。(本段翻译做了小改动)
1. … or a very exciting, fan-filled life that only_______24 years.
A. lastedB. laterC. lateD. last
2. This _______ reveals a deeply ingrained sense of optimism and acceptance of fate.
A. saysB. saidC. sayingD. say
3. The Westerners' "seafaring culture" had allowed them_______while China's "agrarian culture" had shut the country off from the world and kept it _______ itself.
A. expanding and advancing; focusing on
B. to expand and advance; focus on
C. to expand and advance; focusing on
4. He believed their acceptance of fate originates _______ a geographical standpoint.
A. toB. fromC. intoD. of
5. This would create a sense of _______in the Chinese culture.
A. optimisticB. optimismC. pessimismD. pessimistic
6. They worked _______ an existence _______ their social development was in sync with the natural world.
A. towards; whereB. backwards; whichC. towards; while
7. Over these past few decades, the ideas of the West and the East _______ .
A. have practically reversed
B. have practically been reversed
C. be practically reversed
8. _______, this process of chasing materialistic dreams results _______the destruction of nature.
A. unfortunate; inB. fortunately; in
C. unfortunately; from D. unfortunately; in
9. People _______ had to deal with increasing pressure and the income gap between rich and poor _______ become larger and larger.
A. has; hasB. has; haveC. have; haveD. have; has
有关翻译要求和原则的说明——
由严复老师提出的翻译要求和原则，常在文言翻译中被人提起，具体是文言文翻译要做到“信、达、雅”三个字。翻译原则，不仅仅用于文言，外语翻译也一样的。
“信”是指译文要准确无误，就是要使译文忠于原文，如实地、恰当地用另一种语言把原文翻译出来。
“达”是指译文要通顺畅达，就是要使译文符合翻译后的语言的语法及用语习惯，字通句顺，没有语病。
“雅”就是指译文要优美自然，就是要使译文生动、形象，完美地表达原文的写作风格。
“信、达、雅”是翻译的三种不同境界。我们不是翻译家，因此在翻译时我们要基本做到“信”，力争做到“达”，就足够了。
有关常见词汇的偏意——
记得在某个英语培训中，老师特别提到考试中会对常见词汇的“偏意”进行考核，因此我们在学习中也要加强学习和记忆。如，
capital n. 首都;偏意：n. 资金
suggest vt. 建议;偏意：vt. 暗示
……
本文中出现的常见词汇“偏意”有：
lot 许多;大量;偏意：n. 命运;一块地
practice n. 实践;练习;偏意：n. 惯例
something pron. 某事;偏意：adj. 大约