高考英语阅读理解江苏

❶ 经历过江苏高考的英语学霸们，请告诉我：高考英语阅读理解如何拿满分

英语阅读题技巧，我个人的经验，三步：
1.迅速将整篇文章分解，理出文章结构；
2.迅速抓住文章叙述的主题；
3.迅速找出各部分的中心意思，并找出表达中心意思的句子。

做到这3步，基本上这篇文章不用逐字读完就可以答对接下来的题目。

先说一下，英语文章，尤其是用于考试的阅读文章，其结构都有非常明显的典型性，一般结构为主题段，论述段落，总结及结论段，乃至超长的江苏卷也不过是在这个大框架内。

以一篇文章5段为例：

一般第一段为主题段，也就是说，整篇文章要表达的主题一定会出现在这里，你要做的就是迅速把中心句找出来，一般来说，中心句会出现在倒数第2句或第1句，简单一点的文章会在第1句就出现，如果考题出得比较难，也可能需要自己总结，但就算需要自己总结中心句，也一定能在该段落中找出代表中心意思的词；

接下来第二、三、四段，各段将对第一段提出的主题意思进行论述或分步骤分析，也就是说，每个段落都会有进阶的主题，即个各分论点，所以你要做的同样是迅速把它们找出来，位置和方法相同；

最后一段为全文的总结，并会对结论进行进一步的分析，或做推测，或作评论，这也是一个出题点，你要做的就是抓住总结的主旨和对其进一步分析的结论。

当然并不会所有文章都是5段，例如有的主题段落会有2段甚至更多，论点段落可能只有2段或多达4段以上（但一般不超过3段），难一点的文章里每个分论点也可能不止一段，我这里只是以5段为例，解释的是文章的结构，或者说一般构成，通过这个规律可以迅速将文章进行分解，进而掌握各部分的要点。

下面分析一下出题要点，或者说出题规律（如果题不会出得很偏的话），以一篇阅读文5题为例，一般为1个主题、1个分论点、2个细节题、1个结论或对结论的分析、推测。

可见掌握文章主题、分论点及结论分析就可以答对3/5，这是不需要逐字逐句读完全文的，而2个细节题怎么办呢，就需要通过题目提供的信息迅速分析出其所在的分论点，然后回到该分论点段落找到与这题相符的句子，一般如果题出得简单的话会是原句照搬，难一点的话会换个表达方式，再难一点则会绕个圈设个陷阱，这就需要非常小心，一定要舍得多花2秒钟把这句话和前后两句反复阅读，挖出陷阱。这样的话5道题都可以迎刃而解了，这就叫针对性解题。

说一下我的阅读答题习惯吧，一般我第一时间会先看题，并且非常认真的理解每道题的意思，提取有用的信息，虽然一般并不容易只通过问题一下子就找出文章主题，但一定能找到跟主题有关的词和信息，并且至少知道文章是在讨论某个东西还是在叙述某件事，也就是说是议论文、说明文，还是叙述文，然后迅速按上面的三步走，这样带着问题扫读全文，连细节题也可以非常迅速的找出来，最后将问题一一对应，全部解决！

方法交给你了，接下来就是多多练习，只有多练才能练到炉火纯青的地步，最后做阅读题简直是轻松+愉快！

好了，说了这么多，希望对你有所帮助！

❷ 2012年高考英语江苏卷 - 阅读理解A

What Would You Want Most on a Desert Island?
待在荒岛上，你最想要什么？

This month’s survey shows people worldwide have a natural understanding of what they would need most if left alone on a desert island: another person. And one they know well. Respondents in all 16 countries surveyed said their spouse or partner would betheir first choice to have with them. Perhaps this makes sense: An MP3 playercant help you find drinking water, your dog cant help you start a fire and who knows if George Clooney or Penelope Cruz has taken courses in wilderness survival training? Let’s just hope the SOS sign you two build gets spotted sooner rather than later!
本月的调查显示，全世界的人们都天然理解，如果独自留在荒岛上，他们最需要的是什么：另一个人，而且是个熟人。接受调查的16个国家的调查对象均表示，他们的配偶或伴侣将会是他们最想要在身旁的第一选择。或许这有道理：一个MP3播放器无法帮你找到饮用水，你的狗没办法帮你点火，谁知道乔治·克鲁尼和佩内洛普·克鲁兹有没有接受过野外生存训练呢？我们只能希望你们两个做的SOS求救信号能够尽早被人见到。

"My husband, of course! George Clooney wouldn't think I'm as pretty as my husband does!"
“当然是我丈夫！乔治·克鲁尼不会像我丈夫那样认为我漂亮！”

Roseane, 42, Brazil（巴西）

“My MP3 player. I would not want my loved ones, including my pet, to be left alone like this."
“我的MP3播放器。我不想让我所爱的人，包括我的宠物，像这样被单独留下。”

Co-Co, 28, China（中国）

"My partner should be there to listen to me complain about the fact that we are left alone on an island—probably e to some error he made."
“我的伴侣应该在那里听我抱怨，我们被单独留在一个岛上——可能是因为他犯了一些错误。”

Julia, 25, Jordan （约旦）

Spouse/Partner
配偶/伴侣

82% of the South African women surveyed would most want their husband/partner with them, while just 45%of the Indian women surveyed agreed.
82%的南非女性调查对象最想要自己的丈夫/伴侣在自己身边，而印度女性只有45%。

Clooney/Cruz
27% of Russian men surveyedwould want a celebrity along. Only 2% of the Mexican men agreed. Less than 18% of women worldwide chose this option.
克鲁尼/克鲁兹
27%的俄罗斯男性调查对象表示他们想要一个名人陪伴自己，而墨西哥男性只有2%。全球选择这个选项的女性不到18%。

MP3 Player
MP3播放器

This was second choice overall, particularly among Malaysian men, with 32% saying they’d most want an MP3 player with their favorite songs. Just 5% of Australian and American men agreed.
这是总体上第二多人选的选项，尤其是马来西亚男性中有32%的人最想要充满自己喜欢音乐的MP3播放器，而澳大利亚和美国男性只有5%。

Dog
狗

In France, 28% of respondents older than 45 would most want to be left alone with their dog, while not a single Russian or Malaysian in that age group surveyed would most want Fido along.
在法国，大于45岁的调查对象中有28%希望自己和他们的狗留下，而俄罗斯或马来西亚同一年龄段中却没有人最想要狗的陪伴。

❸ 2014年高考英语江苏卷 - 阅读理解C

Most damagingly, anger weakens a person’s ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.
最具破坏性的是，愤怒削弱了一个人清晰思考和控制自己行为的能力。愤怒的人在评估引起他愤怒的人或情况的情感意义时会失去客观性。

Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces.In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated.We no longer regard els as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person’s awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another.
并非每个人都以同样的方式经历愤怒；激怒一个人的事可能会逗乐另一个人。基于生物和文化力量，愤怒的具体表达也因人而异。在当代文化中，愤怒的身体表达通常被认为对社会危害太大，无法容忍。我们不再将决斗视为一个人意识到另一个人的侮辱行为而产生的愤怒的适当表达。

Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren’t balanced and, as a result of this, we’re likely to react.And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.
愤怒可以在大脑中识别出来，那里的电活动会发生变化。在大多数情况下，脑电图(脑电图) 电活动测量显示左右前额叶的活动平衡(额叶前部) 区域。在行为上，这与一般的公平处置相对应(意向) 我们大多数人拥有大部分时间。但当我们愤怒时，左右前额叶的脑电图并不平衡，因此，我们可能会做出反应。我们对愤怒的行为反应不同于我们对其他情绪的反应，无论是积极的还是消极的。
愤怒可以在大脑中识别出来，那里的电活动会发生变化。在大多数情况下，脑电图对电活动的测量显示左右前额叶区域的活动平衡。从行为上来说，这与我们大多数人在大多数时候所拥有的一般中立意向相对应。但当我们愤怒时，左右前额叶的脑电图并不平衡，因此，我们可能会做出反应。我们对愤怒的行为反应不同于我们对其他情绪的反应，无论是积极的还是消极的。

Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious.But anger is an exception to this pattern.The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger.This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy towards the indivial who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.
大多数积极情绪都与趋向行为有关：我们更接近我们喜欢的人。相比之下，大多数负面情绪都与回避行为有关：我们远离我们不喜欢或让我们焦虑的人和事。但愤怒是这种模式的一个例外。我们越愤怒，就越有可能走向愤怒的目标。这与心理学家所说的冒犯性愤怒相对应：愤怒的人走近一些，以影响和控制引起他愤怒的人或情况。这种方法和对抗行为伴随着脑电图活动的左前额叶不对称。有趣的是，如果愤怒的人能够体验到对做出愤怒反应的人的同理心，这种不对称就会减轻。相反，在防御性愤怒中，脑电图的不对称性指向右侧，愤怒的人在愤怒激发的情况下感到无助。

❹ 2019江苏高考英语任务型阅读

江苏这种任务型阅读题型属于概括填空题，也就是对原文篇章结构信息概括，取空多为关键要考查的信息词，这种题型和四选一的完形填空还不一样，这个没有备选，而且是原文很多信息的paraphrase ，所以不一定是取空处一定 确切对应原文哪个信息。19年高考这篇任务文本设计的比较揉杂。因为原文叙述不好总结出栏目式且两栏三栏这样的层次分明的特征性的信息。

原文从标题开始引出作者想要表达的信息——the cost of thinking ，这个标题所要表达的就是，人类intelligence 进化所经历的痛苦和艰难历程。

第一段，提出问题。这个基本符合写作规律，整体也是表层概括。取空比较套路，且原文原词就可以提示填写，这样的概括填空的命题效度是很低的。此空原则上并非仅仅局限于characteristics ，而与之相关的其他词汇都可以，或者还有更好的表达法。我称它开放空。

接下来第二段，介绍第一个特征，且给出了细节描述，但是重点在于段末的转折句unfortunately ，that’s not the case 。语义否定了之前的描述——……brain power more must be better 。

接下来，第三段围绕大脑在人类进行各种活动中的能量耗费，此处把进化后的人类大脑和和类人猿的大脑能量消耗，以及把人类大脑所占身体总重的比例等进行对比，旨在突出大脑在进化过程当中的负重和承担的责任，呼应标题cost。此处取空energy，也是随处可见的同词复现。好的归纳总结和paraphrase 一定会有更好的地道的表达。接下来继续介绍了early large brains 所承担的cost，具体见原文叙述。

下面一段并列前面的characteristic 1提出characteristic 2——关于直立行走。一些具体细节信息的描述，等同于生物课上老师的讲义。所以读懂英语就可以了。或者能够完全翻译过来，这部分就不难理解。74空取空又是套路空，答案也是类似的词汇填写上都不能算错误。75空不看原文，也可以填写几个合适的词汇。76空比较特殊，它属于命题人主观定论一类的，也就是，我出题，就想让你填other，那你就填好了，否则，木有分数啊……。77空，很有争议的一个空，假如抛开原文，直立行走的进化过程是大脑随着身体能量和技能需求而在size上变小的一个过程，一个关键思维信息点是此处的大脑指的是它的“大小”变化，不是它的智力程度进化，文中信息也表明在漫长的直立行走进化过程中，因为人体骨骼等所能够承受的重量和功能等原因，在直立行走前所需承重相对较小，直立行走后最初人体需要承重更大的大脑重量和消耗更多大脑所需能量，慢慢的人类形态和生理发生演化，祖先的extra large skull 逐渐变小，注意，这里用词skull ，所以事实上，所要强调的是直立行走后人类大脑变得越来越小，这个词相关的表达应该都是对的，至于答案给的limit原理同上面的other。最后一段，原文作者给出了比较含蓄的conclusion ，同时呼应文章标题，侧重cost。直白来说brain is powerful ，physically weak。且这个过程是一个漫长而并不愉快（根据本文写作基调）的过程。

原本想写个针对此题的命题总结，省略了吧。其实本分析，精力允许，应该可以做出几倍于此的内容来。至于市面上很多的试题数据信息统计和归类，个人并不看好，数据和归类往往是科学的研究方法，一旦使用就是可靠依据，可是哪些会是原理上可靠的呢？还有就是此题型改改名字吧，不伦不类，云里雾里的名字。

❺ 江苏高考英语阅读理解的解题技巧

2017江苏高考英语阅读理解的解题技巧

江苏省高考英语试卷总分120分，阅读题(泛指完形、任务型等)占据60分，其中阅读理解占据一半。因此，提高阅读理解能力成了学生考得好成绩的关键。同时，其命题特征以及解题技巧也成为高中师生的重点研究对象之一。下面是我为大家带来的高考英语阅读理解的解题技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、解读课程标准，回顾五年高考

普通高中英语课程标准指出，基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力。本着着重培养高中生在人际交往中得体运用英语，提高学生用英语处理信息、分析、解决问题的能力及批判思维能力， 2011年到2015年江苏高考英语阅读理解选材呈现体裁多样，话题广泛，语言地道、内容新颖且贴近生活、时代感强的特点。

1. 从体裁、题材与题型方面解读

如下图，江苏近五年高考阅读理解还具以下特征：应用文、议论文、说明文居多，记叙文向夹叙夹议过渡并逐渐被取缔;常考题型有细节理解题;推理判断题;主旨/段落大意题;词义/句意猜测题。细节理解题及推断题比例较大;对文化背景知识的考查已成为阅读D篇的首选。

2. 从篇幅、字数及阅读速度方面解读

如下图，近五年阅读理解命题稳中求新。近三年阅读理解题目设计风格相似，设置题数均为A篇2题，B篇3题，C篇4题，D篇6题，而且D篇文章篇幅均比2011年、2012年长。此外，语篇字数逐步增加，阅读量渐大，近五年阅读速度达每分钟73词～79词，平均每篇文章要在6分钟～8分钟内完成。这就需要学生有较强的基本功，才能做到既有速度又有准度。由此可见，提高阅读理解时效性是取得高分的突破口。

二、把握特点，克服障碍，探究技巧

1. 准确定位，推敲细节

细节理解题需要学生对文章中的特定细节进行辨认和判断，多为直接性提问，难度相对较小，得分率较高，在近五年高考阅读理解题中所占比重较大，因此是学生夺取高分的基础。题干中常见考查信息有六点：时间、地点、人物、原因、事件和方式，简称为“5W1H”。5个W代表 when，where，who，what，why;1个H即how。常见提问方式有：According to the passage，5W or 1H(when， where， who， what， why， how)________?Which of the following is typical of…?What is unique of…?例如：What are you encouraged to do when travelling in New Zealand?(2015江苏高考57题)Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?(2014江苏高考63题)题干中常出现一些表示人名、地名的专有名词;表示年份、数字、百分数等数词;大写的名词等定位词。例如：Why is June 6，1990 a special day for Mommy?(2014江苏高考65题)What can we learn from the Florida study?(2015江苏高考62题)解题时，学生可采用读题干、选项→读文章→做题目的方式，通过题干定位词，找出原文中与正确选项匹配的同义表述，确定正确选项。

2. 忠实原文，理性推理

推理判断题常要求学生推断文章隐含意思、作者写作意图、观点态度、目标读者、文章出处等，其中推断文章隐含意思题较多。推断隐含意思的题干中常用到infer，imply，suggest，conclude，indicate，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等词。例如：By mentioning the Swiss study， the author intends to tell us that ________.(2015江苏高考58题)What can be inferred from Mommy's Anglo family life?(2014江苏高考68题)解题原则为立足原文推论，忌掺杂主观臆断。注意四个不选：对阅读材料简单重复而非推理的选项不选;文中没有谈及却又符合常识的选项不选;对文中提及的内容故意增减的选项不选。属于原文信息但并非题干要求内容的选项不选。对于其他考题，学生可根据文体特征，结合主旨推知文章出处、作者写作意图;结合内容判断作者观点;根据措辞口吻判断目标读者及作者态度(主观、客观、肯定、否定、中立)。

3. 理清篇章结构，归纳主旨/ 段落大意

理清文章结构，不仅有助于学生把握文章脉络结构，理解作者的观点在文中提出、展开的途径，还可帮助学生理解记忆文章的主要信息，学会有选择地阅读文章，从而提高阅读理解速度和准确度。文章的主旨大意常可以通过文章的常见写作方法体现出来。学生阅读文章时，可边分析写作方法，边寻找主题词或主题句，而后总结文章主旨。“三维设计高考总复习”把文章的写作方法分为以下几种：倒三角形写作法(▽)，即“总-分”结构。开门见山提出主题，用细节支撑和发展主题句;正三角形写作法(△) ，即“分-总”结构。先表述细节，再归纳要点、结论、建议等，以概括主题思想;圆形写作法(○)，常称为“总-分-总”结构。作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，对文首主题进一步引申;菱形写作法(?)开头先呈现一种社会现象或事例，然后引申出文章的中心或主题，而后对其作进一步的解释或发展。主题句常在文章中间出现;正方形写作法(□)的主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的'主题句。建议无论主旨大意题在什么位置出现，把主旨大意题放在最后做，因为对另外几题的解题过程会帮助学生加深对文章的理解。

4. 突破生僻词汇，剖析长句难句，猜测词义/句意

高考对词汇句意的考查并非简单考查学生的词汇量，而是要求学生根据上下文进行合理推测。可以常识采取以下方法：

(1)“跳过去”“猜出来”。文中出现的生僻词，不影响理解的，学生大胆选择“跳过去”;需要准确理解含义的，则借助情景和上下文“猜出来”。例如：Consider that most famous economic rule of all：There's no such thing as a free lunch. Even if someone offers to take you out to lunch for free，the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities. (2014江苏高考阅读B节选)分析：围绕“天下无免费的午餐”这一原则，文中举例说即使有人请你吃免费餐，你花时间吃免费餐也是有某些代价的。同时，结合全文核心词“机会成本”的含义推测，forgone opportunities指的是为某一机会而放弃的另一个机会。

(2)提取主干。阅读理解中出现的长句难句常带有较多修饰成分，即带有定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句等。理解长句难句的核心思想就是“提取主干”。抓住主干，理清成分有助于对句子的理解。例如：A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste， the concentration(含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in so-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.(2015江苏高考阅读B节选)分析：整句主干：“A Swiss study reported that…”(剩余部分为that引导宾语从句)宾语从句中主干：“the concentration of gold…occurring minerals.”“while the weight…to total waste”为宾语从句中的让步状语从句。其中“represented by precious metals”为定语修饰“the weight of electronic goods”“in comparison to total waste”为比较状语。

此外，做阅读理解题时，考生要牢记“顺序原则”。高考阅读理解题目通常是严格按照文章的先后顺序，如果考试时发现某道题在原文定位不准，可先定位下一道题的原文出处，再按照顺序原则倒推本题出处。

三、结束语

普通高中英语课程标准指出：文化意识是得体运用语言的保证。学生要完胜高考阅读理解，就需要在平时就注重对词汇和语法知识的积累并强化多元文化背景材料的阅读，多读国外著名人物演讲稿、科普读物、简装版英文小说、各种适合高三学生的英语阅读刊物，提高对中外文化异同的敏感性和鉴别力，确保解题游刃有余。

❻ 高考英语(江苏)阅读理解解题技巧

我高考阅读没错，总分正好100
我自己是先看题目的，注意除了true,false的其他不要专看选项
不理解属的先跳过
生词不要纠结，大胆跳！
但是长难句（多个从句，有倒装，强调等）一定要好好分析
平时练习可以试着做段落大意的概括
高三初期不忙可以每天2篇阅读和别的完型，任务型阅读，忙起来要保证三天五篇
每星期要抽出连续的时间限时做4篇阅读

还有别忘了基础，要扩大词汇量，不仅仅3500，常见的超纲词汇也要记住

其实也没有捷径的

❼ 2020年 高考英语 江苏卷 阅读理解精析

B

    Sometimes it's hard to let go 放手 . For many British people, that can apply to 应用于 institutions and objects that represent their country's past — age-old 古老的 castles,  splendid华丽的  homes ... and red phone boxes 红色电话亭 .

    Beaten first by the march of （the march of sth ...的稳步发展）  technology and lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (废品场) , the phone boxes representative of（be representative of sth/sb 典型的;有代表性的）  an age are now making something of a comeback 再度流行 . Adapted in imaginative ways, many have reappeared on city streets and village greens housing tiny cafes, cellphone repair shops, or even defibrillator machines (除颤器).

    The original iron boxes with the round roofs first appeared in 1926. They were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, the architect 建筑师  of the Battersea Power Station in London. After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.

    About that time, Tony Inglis' engineering and transport company got the job to remove phone boxes from the streets and sell them out （sell out 售空） . But Inglis ended up（end up doing sth 以...结束） buying hundreds of them himself, with the idea of repairing and selling them. He said that he had heard the calls 听到召唤  to preserve the boxes and had seen how some of them were listed as historic buildings 历史性建筑 .

    As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed（repurpose v. 为适应新用途对...稍加修改）  phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them . Today, they are once again 再一次 a familiar sight 熟悉的场景 , playing roles 扮演角色  that are often just as important for the community as their original purpose.

    In rural areas在农村地区, where ambulances救护车 can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on 承担 a lifesaving role. Local organizations can adopt 采用  them for 1 pound, and install安装  defibrillators to help in emergencies在紧急情况下 .

    Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities 看到了商机. LoveFone, a company that advocates提倡  repairing cellphones rather than 而不是 abandoning them, opened a mini- workshop 车间 in a London phone box in 2016.

    The tiny shops made economic sense 有经济意义 , according to 根据  Robert Kerr, a founder 创始人  of LoveFone. He said that one of the boxes generated around $13,500 in revenue收益 a month and cost only about $400 to rent.

    Inglis said phone boxes called to mind 使想起 an age when things were built to last. "I like what they are to people, and I enjoy bringing things back," he said. （enjoy doing sth ）

C

    For those who can stomach （v. 能吃，吃得下）  it, working out（work out 运动,锻炼）  before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing  and physical activity .

    Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health 整体健康状况 .

    To find out, British scientists concted a study 进行了一项研究. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men's fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue 脂肪组织.

    Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists' lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed  that, in theory理论上 , should allow his body to rely mainly on 主要依靠  fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts , the men skipped breakfast 不吃早餐 , meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食) . On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.

    Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men's blood and fat tissue.

    Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences 巨大的差异 . Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of 在...的开始  their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result 结果 , they burned more fat 燃烧更多的脂肪   ring walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand 在另一方面 , they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average 平均 , ring the workout after breakfast than after fasting.

    But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found.（强调句式） Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether 取决于是否  someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes proce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with 与...相联系  improved metabolic health 代谢健康 . These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.

    The implication应用 of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.

D

    I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village偏远乡村 . We did not speak the local language 说本地话 , did not know the customs, and more often than not 常常 , did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign 陌生的 .

    We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water自来水 or electricity . It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.

    Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer 踢足球. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goalkeeper 记分员 , Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way 平静地 , "In your home, do you have a moon too?" I was surprised.

    After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to 与... 非常相似  his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juan's world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan's world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous 令人惊讶的 . Anything was possible.

    In our society 在我们的社会, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan's village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.至少看上去是如此。

    Yet, as I thought about思考 Juan's question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out 不考虑 . I am, in part 某种程度上 , an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about了解 insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown . How much, though? How ignorant (无知的) are we? The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me 一直困扰着我.

    I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkeys, new spiders..., and on and on 不停地  they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: a new cave system discovered with dozens of 许多  nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did, I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but the life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started the third drawer for these big discoveries . It fills more slowly, but all the same 依旧 , it fills.

    In在做...的过程中  looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant, occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries . Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽) , and at the risk of the ridicule 嘲笑 of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.

    We are repeatedly willing to （be willing to do sth 愿意做某事） imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to （used to do sth 过去常做某事） think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物) and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up 出现, more often than not , we do not even know its name.

❽ 2009年高考英语江苏卷 - 阅读理解C

Transport Guide 交通指南

The Brisbane City Council（BCC）is responsible for bus and ferry services with in the city limits and suburbs．Most buses will either arrive at the city or an interchange where connecting buses can be caught．BCC buses operate from 5;30 am to 11:00 pm Monday to Thursday and 5:30 am t0 12:00 am on Fridays. On weekends and public holidays buses operate less frequently. Pre-paid bus tickets can be purchased from the QUT(Queensland University of Technology) bookshop，the campus newsagency, most other newsagencies and general stores, and any BCC Customer Service Centre. Short-term students at QUT cannot use their ID cards to gain a discount fare on BCC public transport. You will need to buy an alt ticket to travel. Bus fares are dependent on the number of zones you have to travel. There are several types of tickets:
布里斯班市议会（BCC）负责市区和郊区的公交和渡轮服务。大多数公交车将抵达城市或换乘公交车的交汇处。BCC公交车的运营时间为周一至周四上午5:30至晚上11:00，周五上午5:30至12:00。周末和公共假日公交车运营频率较低。可在昆士兰理工大学书店、校园通讯社、大多数其他通讯社和百货商店以及任何BCC客户服务中心购买预付车票。昆士兰理工大学的短期学生不能使用身份证在BCC公共交通上获得折扣。您需要购买成人车票。公交票价取决于你要出行的区域数量。票类型如下：

Single: one way ticket to reach your destination, including transfers within 2 hours．
单程：到达目的地的单程票，含2小时内换乘。

Daily：unlimited travel within the zones．
日票：区域内不限通行次数。

Off-peak' Daily：discounted unlimited travel between 9:00 am and 3:30 pm and after 7:00 pm
非高峰期日票：上午9:00至下午3:30，晚上7:00之后打折，不限通行次数

Monday to Friday，and all day on weekends and public holidays．
周一至周五，周末和节假日白天

Weekly: unlimited travel within the zones for one week from the date of issue．
周票：自购票之日起一周区域内不限制通行次数

Monthly: unlimited travel within the zones for one calendar month from the date of issue．
月票：自购票之日起一个自然月区域内不限制通行次数

Ten﹣trip Saver: 10 trips at any time within the zones on buses and ferries only．
10次票：区域内10次通行，不限时间，仅公交和轮渡

Transport routes, timetables and fare information are available from：
交通路线、时刻表和票价信息可从以下网站获得：

Public Transport Information Centre
公共交通信息中心

69 Ann Street （corner of George St）
Ann街69号（George 街拐角处）

Brisbane City
布里斯班

Phone l3 12 30（Transport Information Service）
电话 13 12 30（交通信息服务处）

❾ 2013年高考英语江苏卷 - 阅读理解D

Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel. And he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.
马克·吐温被称为美国小说的创始人，他推广了聪明文学以抨击种族歧视，理应受到额外褒奖。

I say clever because anti-slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War. H. B. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin is only the most famous example. These early stories dealt directly with slavery. With minor exceptions, Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely. He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.
之所以说是聪明是因为反奴隶制小说在内战前就已经是文学的重要组成部分了。H.B.斯托的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》就是其中最著名的例子。这些早期的小说直指奴隶制，但也有少数列外，马克·吐温将他对奴隶制和偏见的攻击植入故事里，而故事表面看起来则是是其他的事情。他通过小说吸引读者让他们参与这场讨论。

Again and again, in the postwar years, Twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race. Consider the most controversial, at least today, of Twain’s novels, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . Only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as Huckleberry Finn , Twain’s most widely read tale. Once upon a time, people hated the book because it struck the mass rude. Twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel “trash and suitable only for the slums”. More recently the book has been attacked because of the character Jim, the escaped slave, and many occurrences of the word nigger. (The term Nigger Jim, for which the novel is often severely criticized, never appears in it.)
战后，马克·吐温似乎不得不一次又一次地应对种族主义的挑战，至少现在马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》仍是最受争议的小说。马克·吐温被广泛阅读的的小说中只有几本书像《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》一样经常被下架。从前，人们讨厌这本书，因为人们认为它很粗鲁。马克·吐温写道，那些禁止这本书的人认为这部小说是"垃圾，只适合贫民窟"。最近这本书因为书中的人物，逃跑的黑奴吉姆以及频繁出现的“黑鬼”一词而备受抨击（备受抨击的的"黑鬼吉姆"这个词从未出现过）。

But the attacks were and are silly—and miss the point. The novel is strongly anti-slavery. Jim’s search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic. As J. Chadwick has pointed out, the character of Jim was a first in American fiction — a recognition that the slave had two personalities, “the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the indivial: Jim, the father and the man.”
但这样的攻击无论是过去还是现在都很愚蠢，没有抓住重点。这部小说强烈地反对奴隶制。吉姆从他被强行带走的蓄奴州开始搜寻家人的行为是一种英雄主义的行为。J. Chadwick指出，吉姆这个角色是美国小说中第一个承认奴隶有双重人格的，即"一个是生存于白人奴隶文化之中的声音，另一个是作为个体的声音，吉姆本人，是父亲，也是男人"。

There is much more. Twain’s mystery novel Pudd’nhead Wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day. Written at a time when the accepted wisdom held Negroes to be inferior to whites, especially in intelligence, Twain’s tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth. A slave gave birth to her master’s baby and, for fear that the child should be sold south, switched him for the master’s baby by his wife. The slave’s light-skinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the ecation of the slave-holding class. The master’s wife’s baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.
这样的例子还有很多。马克·吐温的悬疑小说《傻瓜威尔逊》对种族信仰，甚至是许多自由派的种族信仰发起了挑战。当时人们普遍认为黑人不如白人聪明，尤其是智力方面，马克·吐温的小说写了孩子出生时将两个孩子互换的故事。一个奴隶生下了她主人的孩子，生怕孩子被卖到南方去，于是就用自己的孩子换了他主人妻子的孩子。奴隶的浅肤色小孩生长在白人家庭，并在蓄奴阶级的态度和教育思想中长大，而主人妻子的小孩被送到黑人家庭，并在奴隶的态度和教育思想中长大。

The point was difficult to miss: nurture, not nature, was the key to social status.The features of the black man that provided the stuff of prejudice—manner of speech，for example—were，to Twain，indicative of nothing other than the conditioning that slavery forced on its victims.
有一点很明确：决定社会地位的关键是养育而不是本性。人们歧视的是黑人本身的一些特点，比如说话的方式。马克·吐温认为，这些特点正是奴隶制强加给奴隶的。

Twain’s racial was not perfect . One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth--mostly with white men performing in black-face---and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.
马克·吐温的种族论调并不完美。依然令人不安，例如，他在自传中用了很长的篇幅来讲述他在青年时期非常喜欢"黑鬼秀"，而那些表演大多是由白人扮成黑人，他母亲嘲笑表演者时他很开心。但我们没有理由认为马克·吐温把这个表演看成是现实的写照。他经常攻击奴隶制和种族歧视表明他拥有敏锐的意识。

Was Twain a racist? Asking the questioning the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln. If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.
马克·吐温是一个种族主义者吗？在21世纪，问这个问题就如同问林肯是不是一个种族主义者一样睿智。如果我们用当前经过深思熟虑的道德标准作为辨别的“智慧”来解读过去的文字和态度，那么我们只会发现错误。林肯认为黑人不如白人，只有战斗并且赢得战争，才能解放他们。马克·吐温生长在一个蓄奴州，当过兵，创作了吉姆这个形象，跟过去任何一个小说家相比，他也许更能提醒人们种族之间的不公并且唤醒他们的集体良知。

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他还值得这样一个额外赞美：一个使抨击种族主义的聪明文学变得流行的作家。 有点不同的是，马克吐温把攻击奴隶制和种族歧视的观点融入到他的作品中，尽管这些故事表面上全是关于别的。除了最后一部小说之外，他的其它小说全是以意大利为背景的。 吐温好像不得不面临来自种族的挑战 ,就拿他那至少从今天来看最具争议的《哈克贝利历险记》来说。 只有少数几本书能像《哈克贝利历险记》那样，被人们经常从书架上拿出来阅读。这是吐温最受欢迎的书。 因为它给他们的印象是粗野。
最近人们批评这本书，是因为里面有一个 名叫吉姆的逃亡奴隶，还因为“黑鬼”这个词语出现的次数太多。(正是由于“黑鬼吉姆”这个词语，这本书不断受到人们的严厉批评，但这个词语在小说中从来没有出现过) 但是不管是过去还是现在对它的批评都是愚蠢的，而且没有抓住要点。 尽管吉姆被驱逐出他的家庭，他仍然努力地在各个蓄奴州寻找他的家人。 J.Chadwick 指出，吉姆的形象在美国小说领域属于首创。这是对奴隶具有两种性格的肯定。“在白人奴隶文化里寻求生存的声音和个人主义的声音：吉姆，父亲和男人”
更有甚者，吐温的悬疑小说《傻瓜威尔逊》是对当时许多自由主义者的种族观点的一种挑战。在那个时代，人们认为，黑人比白人低等，尤其在智力上。吐温的故事部分讲述了两个自出生就被交换的婴儿的故事。 奴隶自己的浅肤色的孩子被当成白人对待，并且教育他，主张支持奴隶制。
社会地位是由后天的教育而不是天生的条件决定的，这一点再明确不过了。人们歧视的是奴隶本身的一些特点，比如说话的方式。吐温认为，这些特点正是奴隶制度强加给奴隶的结果。 吐温的种族论调并不完美。比如他的自传里边讲述他年轻时如何喜欢叫做“黑人表演”的长篇大论，这些黑人都是白人带着“黑人脸”表演的。他看到妈妈嘲笑他们，他很开心。 但是我们没有理由认为吐温觉得这种表演反映了现实。他对奴隶制和种族偏见的频频抨击说明他深切地意识到情况是恰恰相反的。 如果我们用现在的道德评价标准来阅读过去的文字和思想，我们只能发现谬误。
吐温在一个蓄奴州长大，曾当过兵，创作了吉姆这个形象，或许比过去任何一个小说家，更能够提醒人们种族间的不公并且唤醒他们的集体良知。

仅供参考