新进阶大学英语长篇阅读
全新版大学进阶英语综合教程2课文原文及翻译：
Howard Gardner, a professor of ecation at Harvard University, reflects on a visit toChina and gives his thoughts on different approaches to learning in China and theWest.
哈佛大学教育学教授霍华德·加德纳回忆其中国之行,阐述他对中西方不同的学习方式的看法。
Learning, Chinese-Style
Howard Gardnereastern Chinese city of Nanjing with our 18-month-old son Benjamin while studyin1 For a month in the spring of 1987, my wife Ellen and I lived in the bustlingarts ecation in Chinese kindergartens and elementary schools.
But one of the mostelling lessons Ellen and I got in the difference between Chinese and American ideas of ecation came not in the classroom but in the lobby of the Jinling Hotel where we stayed in Nanjing.
中国式的学习风格
霍华德·加德纳，1987年春,我和妻子埃伦带着我们18个月的儿子本杰明在繁忙的中国东部城市南京住了一个月,同时考察中国幼儿园和小学的艺术教育情况然而,我和埃伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂,而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。
The key to our room was attached to a large plastic block with the room number on it. When leaving the hotel, a guest was encouraged to turn in the key, either by handing it to an attendant or by dropping it through a slot into a box. Because the key slot was narrow, the key had to be positioned carefully to fit into it.
我们的房门钥匙系在一块标有房间号的大塑料板上酒店鼓励客人外出时留下钥匙,可以交给服务员,也可以从一个槽口塞入钥匙箱。由于口子狭小,你得留神将钥匙放准位置才塞得进去。
Benjamin loved to carry the key around, shaking it vigorously. He also liked to try to place it into the slot. Because of his tender age and incomplete understanding of the need to position the key just so, he would usually fail.
Benjamin was not bothered in the least. He probably got as much pleasure out of the sounds the key made as he did those few times when the key actually found its way into the slot.
本杰明爱拿着钥匙走来走去,边走边用力摇晃着。他还喜欢试着把钥匙往槽口里塞。由于他还年幼,不太明白得把钥匙放准位置才成,因此总塞不进去。
本杰明一点也不在意。他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。
(1)新进阶大学英语长篇阅读扩展阅读：
英语翻译技巧：
1、词义的选择和引伸技巧
英 汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不 同的词义。
在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手。
2、词类转译技巧
在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能逐词对译，只能将词类进行转译之后，方可使译文显得通顺、自然；对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。
B. 大学长篇英语阅读理解
大学长篇英语阅读理解
以下是我提供给大家的.大学六级的长篇英语阅读理解练习题以及参考答案，有兴趣的朋友可以看看哦!
【长篇英语阅读理解】
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Finding the Right Home—and Contentment, Too
[A] When your elderly relative needs to enter some sort of long-term care facility—a moment few parents or children approach without fear—what you would like is to have everything made clear.
[B] Does assisted living really mark a great improvement over a nursing home, or has the instry simply hired better interior designers? Are nursing homes as bad as people fear, or is that an out-moded stereotype(固定看法)? Can doing one’s homework really steer families to the best places? It is genuinely hard to know.
[C] I am about to make things more complicated by suggesting that what kind of facility an older person lives in may matter less than we have assumed. And that the characteristics alt children look for when they begin the search are not necessarily the things that make a difference to the people who are going to move in. I am not talking about the quality of care, let me hastily add. Nobody flourishes in a gloomy environment with irresponsible staff and a poor safety record. But an accumulating body of research indicates that some distinctions between one type of elder care and another have little real bearing on how well residents do.
[D]The most recent of these studies, published in The journal of Applied Gerontology, surveyed 150 Connecticut residents of assisted living, nursing homes and smaller residential care homes (known in some states as board and care homes or alt care homes). Researchers from the University of Connecticut Health Center asked the residents a large number of questions about their quality of life, emotional well-being and social interaction, as well as about the quality of the facilities.
[E]“We thought we would see differences based on the housing types,” said the lead author of the study, Julie Robison, an associate professor of medicine at the university. A reasonable assumption—don’t families struggle to avoid nursing homes and suffer real guilt if they can’t?
[F] In the initial results, assisted living residents did paint the most positive picture. They were less likely to report symptoms of depression than those in the other facilities, for instance, and less likely to be bored or lonely. They scored higher on social interaction.
[G] But when the researchers plugged in a number of other variables, such differences disappeared. It is not the housing type, they found, that creates differences in residents’ responses. “It is the characteristics of the specific environment they are in, combined with their own personal characteristics—how healthy they feel they are, their age and marital status,” Dr. Robison explained. Whether residents felt involved in the decision to move and how long they had lived there also proved significant.
[H] An elderly person who describes herself as in poor health, therefore, might be no less depressed in assisted living (even if her children preferred it) than in a nursing home. A person who bad input into where he would move and has had time to adapt to it might do as well in a nursing home as in a small residential care home, other factors being equal. It is an interaction between the person and the place, not the sort of place in itself, that leads to better or worse experiences. “You can’t just say, ‘Let’s put this person in a residential care home instead of a nursing home—she will be much better off,” Dr. Robison said. What matters, she added, “is a combination of what people bring in with them, and what they find there.”
[I] Such findings, which run counter to common sense, have surfaced before. In a multi-state study of assisted living, for instance, University of North Carolina researchers found that a host of variables—the facility’s type, size or age; whether a chain owned it; how attractive the neighborhood was—had no significant relationship to how the residents fared in terms of illness, mental decline, hospitalizations or mortality. What mattered most was the residents’ physical health and mental status. What people were like when they came in had greater consequence than what happened one they were there.
[J] As I was considering all this, a press release from a respected research firm crossed my desk, announcing that the five-star rating system that Medicare developed in 2008 to help families compare nursing home quality also has little relationship to how satisfied its residents or their family members are. As a matter of fact, consumers expressed higher satisfaction with the one-star facilities, the lowest rated, than with the five-star ones. (More on this study and the star ratings will appear in a subsequent post.)
[K] Before we collectively tear our hair out—how are we supposed to find our way in a landscape this confusing?—here is a thought from Dr. Philip Sloane, a geriatrician(老年病学专家)at the University of North Carolina：“In a way, that could be liberating for families.”
[L] Of course, sons and daughters want to visit the facilities, talk to the administrators and residents and other families, and do everything possible to fulfill their ties. But perhaps they don’t have to turn themselves into private investigators or Congressional subcommittees. “Families can look a bit more for where the residents are going to be happy，” Dr. Sloane said. And involving the future resident in the process can be very important.
[M] We all have our own ideas about what would bring our parents happiness. They have their ideas, too. A friend recently took her mother to visit an expensive assisted living/nursing home near my town. I have seen this place—it is elegant, inside and out. But nobody greeted the daughter and mother when they arrived, though the visit had been planned; nobody introced them to the other residents. When they had lunch in the dining room, they sat alone at a table.
[N] The daughter feared her mother would be ignored there, and so she decided to move her into a more welcoming facility. Based on what is emerging from some of this research, that might have been as rational a way as any to reach a decision.
36. Many people feel guilty when they cannot find a place other than a nursing home for their parents.
37.Though it helps for children to investigate care facilities, involving their parents in the decision-making process may prove very important.
38.It is really difficult to tell if assisted living is better than a nursing home.
39.How a resident feels depends on an interaction between themselves and the care facility they live in.
40.The author thinks her friend made a rational decision in choosing a more hospitable place over an apparently elegant assisted living home.
41.The system Medicare developed to rate nursing home quality is of little help to finding a satisfactory place.
42.At first the researchers of the most recent study found residents in assisted living facilities gave higher scores on social interaction.
43.What kind of care facility old people live in may be less important than we think.
44.The findings of the latest research were similar to an earlier multi-state study of assisted living.
45.A resident’s satisfaction with a care facility has much to do with whether they had participated in the decision to move in and how long they had stayed there.
>>>>>>参考答案<<<<<<
答案：36. E 37. L 38. B 39. H 40. N 41. J 42. F 43. C 44. I 45 G
;C. 2020年12月大学英语四级备考阅读精选三篇
【 #四六级考试# 导语】没有被折磨的觉悟，就没有向前冲的资格。既然选择了，就算要跪着也要走下去。其实有时候我们还没做就被我们自己吓退了，想要往前走，就不要考虑太多，去做就行了。以下为“2020年裤陪12月大学英语四级备考阅读精选三篇”，欢迎阅读参考！更多脊纯薯相关讯息请关注 ！【篇一】2020年12月大学英语四级备考阅读精选
people appear to born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably(坚定樱者地) that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impress accuracy---one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of nothing that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thusmastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second entera second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.
Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped----or, as the case might be, bumped into---- concepts that alts take for quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed(说服) into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments(基本原理) of mathematics are mastered graally, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers-----the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a twoness that applies to any class of objects and is aprerequisite(先决条件) for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table----is itself far from innate.
【篇二】2020年12月大学英语四级备考阅读精选
Taste is such a subjective matter that we don't usually conct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone's preference, is that it's one person's opinion. But because the two big cola(可乐) companies Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed aggressively, we've wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either C0ca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.
We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic (传统型)or Pepsi, Diet (低糖的)Coke, or Diet Pepsi-These were people who thought they'd have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand. We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers.
We eventually located 19regular cola drinkers and 27diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentifiedsamples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked themto tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants 'choices with what mere gum-work would have accomplished.
Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7out of19regular cola drinkers correctly identified theirbrand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse -only 7of27identified all four samples correctly.
While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burn out, was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.
【篇三】2020年12月大学英语四级备考阅读精选
Henry III didn't know much about biology. He went through six wives back in the 1500s, looking for one whocould bear him a son. Scientists now know that it's the father's sperm, not the mother's egg, which determines whether a baby is a boy or a girl. And last week researchers at the Genetics and IVF Institute, a private fertility(生育能力)center in Virginia, announced a new technique that will allow parents to choose the sex of their baby-to-be, before it has even been conceived. The scientist used a tiny laser detector to measure the DNA in millions of sperm cells as they pass single file through a narrow tube, like cattle being herded through a corral(牲口栏). In a study published last week, "girl sperm," which has more DNA—the genetic material— in each cell, was collected, while "boy sperm" was discarded. And when purified girl sperm was used to impregnate(使受孕)a group of mothers, 15 of 17 resulting babies turned out to be girls.
The researchers say that "sex selection" can also double a mother's chance of having a son and can be usedto avoid genetic diseases that affect only one gender, such as hemophilia(血友病). But some experts, like New York University fertility specialist Dr. Jamie Grifo, worry that sex selection could lead to a kind ofin uteri(子宫)discrimination, especially in cultures where sons are considered superior to daughters. "It's valuing one gender' over another," Grifo says. "I don't think that's something we should be doing." So far, patients at the institute have been asking for both boys and girls, in order to "balance" their families. And some ethics experts say that's fine, as long as parents are just looking for a little gender variety. "If you have three boys, and you want a girl," says University of Texas reproctive-law professor John Robertson, "that's not gender bias at all."
D. 新英语四级长篇阅读（匹配题）是什么意思
就是一篇大概有13个段落的文章，段首标有A,B,C...等字幕，文章后面有10个小题，每个小题是一句描述，根据这句描述，看该小题和文章哪个段落表达的意思是一致的，把他们匹配起来，每个段落可选多次，有几个段落不会被选中
E. 请问四六级新题型中的长篇阅读是什么意思如何去做
长篇阅读篇后附有十个句子，每句一题，每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落，也就说后面题中的多个句子有可能出自原文中的同一段，而有的不出自任意一段。
在考试内容和形式上，四、六级考试将加大听力理解部分的题量和比例，增加快速阅读理解测试，增加非选择性试题的比例。试点阶段四、六级考试各部分测试内容、题型和所占比例见：英语分数710分构成图。
大学英语四、六级考试口语考试仍将与笔试分开实施，继续采用已经实施了五年的面试型的四、六级口语考试（CET-SET）。同时，考委会将积极研究开发计算机化口语测试，以进一步扩大口语考试规模，推动大学英语口语教学。
(5)新进阶大学英语长篇阅读扩展阅读：
为了适应新的形势下社会对大学生英语听力能力需求的变化，进一步提高听力测试的效度，全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会自2016年6月考试起将对四、六级考试的听力试题作局部调整占35%。
阅读理解部分比例调整为35%，其中词汇理解（选词填空）占5%，仔细阅读部分(Careful Reading)占20%，长篇阅读占10%。仔细阅读部分除测试篇章阅读理解外，还包括对篇章语境中的词汇理解的测试；长篇阅读部分测试各种快速阅读技能。翻译比例为15%。
F. 全新版大学进阶英语综合教程1课文翻oprahtalks to nelson mandela
全新版大学进阶英语综合教程1课文翻oprahtalks to nelson mandela如下：
This is a moment I will never forget: Nelson Mandela, a man sentenced to life imprisonment for ending apartheid in South Africa, walked away freely 27 years later.
In 1990, when I saw him appear from a car, I felt that many people in the world had done such things, which was desperate hope and joy. Mandela's survival is proof of the power of the human spirit to overcome anything.
相关的中文意思
这是我永远不会忘记的一刻：纳尔逊·曼德拉，一个因为结束南非种族隔离而被判终身监禁的人，27年后自由走开。
1990年，当我看到他从一辆汽车出现的时候，我感觉到世界上有很多人做了这样的事情，这是绝望的希望和欢乐。 曼德拉幸存下来是对人类精神克服任何事情的力量的证明。
G. 求全新版大学英语第二版长篇阅读2答案
Ⅰ. 1. tutor 2. original 3. upset 4. argued 5. pushy
6. enough 7. style 8. matter 9. compare 10. complained
Ⅱ. 11. surprises 12. except 13. fail 14. pressure 15. compare 16. don’t have enough money 17. what should I do/what to do next 18. ask your teacher for help 19. argue with each other for money 20. from a young age
Ⅲ. 21. more 22. sandwiches 23. was invited 24. interested 25. dancing 26. different 27. friend’s 28. to buy 29. really 30. carefully
Ⅳ. 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. A 35. D 36. A 37. A 38. B
39. C 40. D 41. B 42. A 43. A 44. A 45. C
Ⅴ. 46. do you 47. doesn’t need any 48. the same age as 49. should not , either 50. what to do
Ⅵ. 51-55 CB A D B 56-60 B A D A D
Ⅶ A. 61-65 AA D A C B.66 friends 67informtion 68quickly 69eyes 70correctly
H. 新通用大学英语进阶阅读2翻译
Unit 1
1. 许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用。(proce … effect on)
Many people believe that international tourism proce positive effects on economic growth.
2. 高年级学生可以与新生一起分享他们的经历：如何克服遇到的困难，如何适应新的环境。(adjust …to)
The senior and junior students could share their own experience about how to overcome the difficulty they have ever met, how to adjust to the new environment with the new students.
3. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。(It is time …, concerned, take steps)
It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.
4. 现在，越来越多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。(be aware that …, be of … )
Today an increasing number of people have been aware that law ecation is of great importance.
5. 应该鼓励年轻人和他们的同龄人交往，发展他们的交际能力。 (communicate with… ) Young people should be encouraged to communicate with their peers and develop their interpersonal skills.
Unit 2
1. 据报道，有人设计出新型电脑游戏，不会对儿童行为有任何负面影响。（be reported that …, have … influence on …）
It is reported that new video games have been designed not to have negative influence on kids’ behavior in any way.
2. 当意识到所有现有的机器已被新的设计所取代时，校领导发起脾气来。（lose one’s temper, be replaced with …）
The head of the school lost his temper when he realized that all the existing machine had been replaced with new designs.
3. 史蒂文听说他对新项目的提议被当成荒谬之词而遭到断然否决，十分恼火。 （be upset to do …, be rejected as …）
Steve was very upset to hear that his proposal for the new project had been rejected as ridiculous.
4. 现代社会的孩子很难想像一个没有电视和电脑的时代。（find it difficult to do …, conceive of）
The modern child finds it difficult to conceive of a time when there was no TV or Computer.
5. 面试官忘了问我现在老板的名字，他好像对细节不大感兴趣。（neglect to do …, be concerned with）
The interviewer neglected to ask about the name of my present boss; he seemed not to be concerned with the details.
Unit3
1. 由于这份工作提供良好的提升机会，我琢磨不透汤姆为什么要辞掉它。(offer, promotion prospects, figure out )
As the job offers excellent promotion prospects, I can’t figure out why Tom quit it.
2. 我们已经向一个慈善组织提出申请，要求它为这个项目提供资助。(apply to … for …, grant )
We have applied to a charitable organization for a grant for the project.
3. 他的论文非常有助于我们对这个困难问题的了解。(enormously, contribute to )
His thesis has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject.
4. 毫无疑问许多国家将要参加2008年奥林匹克运动会。(there is no doubt, participate in )
There is no doubt that many countries will be participating in the Olympic Games in 2008.
5. 这家公司已经投资几百万美元编写新的程序满足发展需求。(invest, writing new programs, meet the requirements of…)
The company has invested millions of dollars in writing new programs to meet the requirements of the development.
Unit 4
1.在这种情况下约翰尼急切地抓住了难得的机会。 (jump at the chance)
In this case Johnny jumped at the rare chance to apply for the post.
2. 现在说是由于天气关系才耽搁了航班还为时过早。(It is too early to say…)
It is too early to say that the weather is responsible for the delay of the flight.
3. 现代英语中许多词汇来源于拉丁文。 (be derived from)
In modern English many words are derived from Latin.
4. 我们也许不能理解75%的女性下班后要继续照顾孩子。 (It might not …)
It might not be understood that 75 percent of women have to take care of their kids after work.
5. 平均来说，我们每天要在电脑前工作十小时。(on average)
On average, we spend almost ten hours a day working with computer.
Unit 5
1.除了伦敦的公寓，杰克还在意大利有一座别墅，在苏格兰有一座城堡。（in addition to）
In addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland.
2. 他试图和妻子开个玩笑，但得到的反应只是沉默。（attempt to, be received）
He attempted to make a joke with his wife, but it was received in silence.
3. 史密斯先生总是每天拨出些时间给孩子们读故事。（set aside）
Mr. Smith always sets some time aside every day to read stories to his children.
4. 这实际上是一种朋友之间的交流，而不是吵架。（kind of, rather than）
It is really a kind of communication between friends, rather than a quarrel
5. 由于提前接受了训练，因此他在最新的影片中的特技效果极为出色。（as a result of, special effect）
As a result of being trained in advance, the special effects in his latest film are brilliant.
Unit 6
1. 保护也适用于文化遗产，因此也包括有历史意义的事物，比如古建筑、古战场、历史传
说等。(apply to, cultural heritage)
Conservation is also applied to cultural heritage, thus including things of historical importance, such as old buildings, battlefields and oral traditions.
2. 任何人无权侵犯“他人”权利以获取自身利益，不管这个“他人”是人，还是动物。(violate one’s right, as a result of)
No one has a right to benefit as a result of violating another's rights, whether that "other" is a human being or some other animal.
3. 1998年12月11--13日，在云南昆明召开了第三届全国生物多样性保护及可持续利用研讨会。(biodiversity conservation, sustainable)
The Third National Seminar on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Using was held in Kunming,Yunnan on December 11-13, 1998.
4. 很多电影明星对于自己的私生活受到公众监视非常反感。(resent doing sth., under scrutiny)
Many film stars resent their private life being under public scrutiny.
5. 我们每天的事情很多，只有把最重要的优先安排才能保证有时间完成。(give priority to, ensure)
We have many things to do each day and we must give priority to those most important to ensure we have time for them.
Unit 7
1. 除了在大学的工作以外， Bob现在还在经营自己的公司。(in addition to)
Bob Trivisonno is now running his own research company—that is in addition to his job at the university.
2. 每天平均有650个读者来到大英博物馆阅览室利用该馆的100万册藏书。(repair to, an average of, draw upon)
An average of 650 readers daily repair to the British Museum Reading Room to draw upon a store of 100, 000 volumes.
3. 最让我感兴趣的事是Black先生的口音。这是哪里的口音？(what fascinate…most) What fascinates me most is about Mr. Black accent. Where does it come from?
4. 这一地区的入室盗窃案件似有增无减。(to be on the increase) The number of burglaries in the area seems to be on the increase.
5. 今天我要把节食计划置之脑后，想吃什么就吃什么。（inlge oneself）
I shall forget about dieting today. I am going to inlge myself, i.e. eat and drink what I like.
I. 新世纪大学英语阅读教程第四册第五单元beyond babies和第六单元 翻译
Unit5 Beyond Babies
不要孩子
By Stefan Theil
在雅典市中心繁华的柯诺那基广场的时尚的初音岛咖啡店里，三十多岁或四十出头的希腊语专业人员沉浸在冰卡布奇诺咖啡里，过奢侈的生活。
他们最喜欢谈论的话题是，当然，关系：男子不愿承诺，女性的独立，何时有孩子，或者说，逐渐是否有他们所有。“随着时间的推移，我有一个孩子的机会越来越小，37岁的行政助理美联社新闻社说。“但我不会只是因为要一个孩子而嫁给任何人。”
Unite5助记原文
Mandela was agenerous,easy-goingandwarm-heartedperson. He was nevermeanwith his time.
He was a blacklawyer, who offeredguidanceto poor black people on theirlegalproblems.
The time when Elias, who was a poor black worker, first metNelson Mandelawas a very difficult period of his life.
助记译文
曼德拉是一位慷慨、随和又有爱心的人。他从不吝啬自己的时间。他还是一位黑人律师，经常给贫穷的黑人提供一些法律问题上的指导。当伊莱亚斯，一位贫穷的黑人工人，第一位见到曼德拉的时候正是他生活中一段十分艰难的时期。