怎么用六年级英语介绍雨果
『壹』 用英语介绍雨果。
雨果： Victor-Marie Hugo (26 February 1802-May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, playwright, essayist, visual artist, statesman and human rights campaigner, perhaps the most influential exponent of the Romantic movement in France. Although in France his literary reputation rests on his poetic and dramatic output, in the Anglophone world his best-known works are the novels Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris (often translated as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame in the English-speaking world). Among many volumes of poetry, Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles stand particularly high in critical esteem, and Hugo is sometimes identified as the greatest French poet. Though extremely conservative in his youth, Hugo moved to the political left as the decades passed; he became a passionate supporter of republicanism, and his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and artistic trends of his time.
『贰』 法国作家雨果的生平资料
法国作家雨果（维克多-雨果）的生平资料。
维克多·雨果（1802年2月26日—1885年5月22日），法国19世纪前期积极浪漫主义文学的代表作家，人道主义的代表人物，法国文学史上卓越的资产阶级民主作家，被人们称为“法兰西的莎士比亚”。一生写过多部诗歌、小说、剧本、各种散文和文艺评论及政论文章，在法国及世界有着广泛的影响力。
1802年2月26日，雨果生于法国贝桑松，上有兄长二人。13岁时与兄长进入寄读学校就学，兄弟均成为学生领袖。他在16岁时已能创作杰出的诗句，21岁时出版诗集，声名大噪。1845年，法王路易·菲利普授予雨果上议院议员职位，自此专心从政。1848年法国二月革命爆发，法王路易被逊位。雨果于此时期四处奔走宣传革命，为人民贡献良多，赢得新共和政体的尊敬，晋封伯爵，并当选国民代表及国会议员。三年后，拿破仑三世称帝，他对此大加攻击，因此被放逐国外。此后20年间各处漂泊，此时期完成小说《悲惨世界》。1870年法国恢复共和政体（法兰西第三共和国），雨果结束流亡生涯，回到法国。1885年5月22日，雨果辞世，于潘德拉举行国葬。
雨果的创作历程长达60余年，其作品包括26卷诗歌、20卷小说、12卷剧本、21卷哲理论著，合计79卷。其代表作有长篇小说《巴黎圣母院》《九三年》和《悲惨世界》，短篇小说有《“诺曼底”号遇难记》（在苏教版六年级上册第七课中称《船长》）。《“诺曼底”号遇难记》还被选入教材语文版语文A版五年级上册第九课、冀教版五年级下册第二十课、沪教版六年级下册第十课。
该链接里对雨果的生平有细致的介绍网页链接
『叁』 雨果的英文简介——急求！！
Hugo, Victor
born Feb. 26, 1802, Besançon, Fr.
died May 22, 1885, Paris
poet, novelist, and dramatist who was the most important of the French Romantic writers. Though regarded in France as one of that country's greatest poets, he is better known abroad for such novels as Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) and Les Misérables (1862).
Early years (1802–30).
Victor was the third son of Joseph-Léopold-Sigisbert Hugo, a major and, later, general in Napoleon's army. His childhood was coloured by his father's constant traveling with the imperial army and by the disagreements that soon alienated his parents from one another. His mother's royalism and his father's loyalty to successive governments—the Convention, the Empire, the Restoration—reflected their deeper incompatibility. It was a chaotic time for Victor, continually uprooted from Paris to set out for Elba or Naples or Madrid, yet always returning to Paris with his mother, whose royalist opinions he initially adopted. The fall of the empire gave him, from 1815 to 1818, a time of uninterrupted study at the Pension Cordier and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, after which he matriculated at the law faculty at Paris, where his studies seem to have been purposeless and irregular. Memories of his life as a poor student later inspired the figure of Marius in his novel Les Misérables.
From 1816, at least, Hugo had conceived ambitions other than the law. He was already filling notebooks with verses, translations—particularly from Virgil—two tragedies, a play, and elegies. Encouraged by his mother, Hugo founded a review, the Conservateur Littéraire (1819–21), in which his own articles on the poets Alphonse de Lamartine and André de Chénier stand out. His mother died in 1821, and a year later Victor married a childhood friend, Adèle Foucher, with whom he had five children. In that same year he published his first book of poems, Odes et poésies diverses, whose royalist sentiments earned him a pension from Louis XVIII. Behind Hugo's concern for classical form and his political inspiration, it is possible to recognize in these poems a personal voice and his own particular vein of fantasy.
In 1823 he published his first novel, Han d'Islande, which in 1825 appeared in an English translation as Hans of Iceland. The journalist Charles Nodier was enthusiastic about it and drew Hugo into the group of friends, all devotees of Romanticism, who met regularly at the Bibliothèque de L'Arsenal. While frequenting this literary circle, which was called the Cénacle, Hugo shared in launching a new review of moderate tendencies, the Muse Française (1823–24). In 1824 he published a new verse collection, Nouvelles Odes, and followed it two years later with an exotic romance, Bug-Jargal (Eng. trans. The Slave King). In 1826 he also published Odes et ballades, an enlarged edition of his previously printed verse, the latest of these poems being brilliant variations on the fashionable Romantic modes of mirth and terror. The youthful vigour of these poems was also characteristic of another collection, Les Orientales (1829), which appealed to the Romantic taste for Oriental local colour. In these poems it can be remarked that the poet, while skillfully employing a great variety of metres in his verse and using ardent and brilliant imagery, was also graally shedding the legitimist royalism of his youth. It may be noted, too, that “Le Feu ciel,” a visionary poem, forecast those he was to write 25 years later. The fusion of the contemporary with the apocalyptic was always a particular mark of Hugo's genius.
Hugo emerged as a true Romantic, however, with the publication in 1827 of his verse drama Cromwell and a once-famous preface. The subject of this play, with its near-contemporary overtones, is that of a national leader risen from the people who seeks to be crowned king; but the play's reputation rested largely on the long, elaborate preface, in which Hugo proposed a doctrine of Romanticism that for all its intellectual moderation was extremely provocative. He demanded a verse drama in which the contradictions of human existence—good and evil, beauty and ugliness, tears and laughter—would be resolved by the inclusion of both tragic and comic elements in a single play. Such a type of drama would abandon the formal rules of classical tragedy for the freedom and truth to be found in the plays of William Shakespeare. Cromwell itself, though immensely long and almost impossible to stage, was written in verse of great force and originality.
Success (1830–51).
The defense of freedom and the cult of an idealized Napoleon in such poems as the ode “À la Colonne” and “Lui” brought Hugo into touch with the liberal group of writers on the newspaper Le Globe, and his move toward liberalism was strengthened by the French king Charles X's restrictions on the liberty of the press as well as by the censor's prohibiting the stage performance of his play Marion de Lorme (1829), in which the character of Louis XIII was portrayed unfavourably. Hugo immediately retorted with Hernani, the first performance of which, on Feb. 25, 1830, gained victory for the young Romantics over the traditional Classicists in a now-famous literary battle. In this play he extolled the Romantic hero in the form of a noble outlaw at war with society, dedicated to a passionate love and driven on by inexorable fate. The actual impact of the play owed less to the plot than to the sound and beat of the verse, which was softened only in the elegiac passages spoken by Hernani and Doña Sol.
Hugo had derived his early renown from his plays; he gained wider fame in 1831 with his historical novel Notre-Dame de Paris (Eng. trans. The Hunchback of Notre-Dame), an evocation of life in medieval Paris ring the reign of Louis XI. The novel condemns a society that, in the persons of Frollo the archdeacon and Phoebus the soldier, heaps misery on the hunchback Quasimodo and the gypsy girl Esmeralda. The theme touched the public consciousness more deeply than had that of his previous novel, Le Dernier Jour d'un condamné (1829; The Last Days of a Condemned), the story of a condemned man's last day, in which Hugo launched a humanitarian protest against the death penalty. While Notre-Dame was being written, Louis-Philippe, a constitutional king, had been brought to power by the July Revolution. Hugo composed a poem in honour of this event, Dicté aprés juillet 1830; it was a forerunner of much of his political verse.
Four books of poems came from Hugo in the period of the July Monarchy: Les Feuilles d'automne (1831; “Autumn Leaves”), intimate and personal in inspiration; Les Chants crépuscule (1835; Songs of Twilight), overtly political; Les Voix intérieures (1837; “Inner Voices”), both personal and philosophical; and Les Rayons et les ombres (1840; “Sunlight and Shadows”), in which the poet, renewing these different themes, inlges his gift for colour and picturesque detail. But Hugo was not content merely to express personal emotions; he wanted to be the “sonorous echo” of his time. In his verse political and philosophical problems were integrated with the religious and social disquiet of the period; one poem evoked the misery of the workers, another praised the efficacy of prayer. He addressed many poems to the glory of Napoleon, though he shared with his contemporaries the reversion to republican ideals. Hugo restated the problems of his century and the great and eternal human questions, and he spoke with a warmhearted eloquence and reasonableness that moved people's souls.
So intense was Hugo's creative activity ring these years that he also continued to pour out plays. There were two motives for this: first, he needed a platform for his political and social ideas, and, second, he wished to write parts for a young and beautiful actress, Juliette Drouet, with whom he had begun a liaison in 1833. Juliette had little talent and soon renounced the stage in order to devote herself exclusively to him, becoming the discreet and faithful companion she was to remain until her death in 1883. The first of these plays was another verse drama, Le Roi s'amuse (1832; Eng. trans. The King's Fool), set in Renaissance France and depicting the frivolous love affairs of Francis I while antithetically revealing the noble character of his court jester. This play was at first banned but was later used by Giuseppe Verdi as the libretto of his opera Rigoletto. Three prose plays followed: Lucrèce Borgia and Marie Tudor in 1833 and Angelo, tyran de Padoue (“Angelo, Tyrant of Paa”) in 1835. Ruy Blas, a play in verse, appeared in 1838 and was followed by Les Burgraves in 1843.
Hugo's literary achievement was recognized in 1841 by his election, after three unsuccessful attempts, to the French Academy and by his nomination in 1845 to the Chamber of Peers. From this time he almost ceased to publish, partly because of the demands of society and political life but also as a result of personal loss: his daughter Léopoldine, recently married, was accidentally drowned with her husband in September 1843. Hugo's intense grief found some mitigation in poems that later appeared in Les Contemplations, a volume that he divided into “Autrefois” and “Aujourd'hui,” the moment of his daughter's death being the mark between yesterday and today. He found relief above all in working on a new novel, which became Les Misérables, published in 1862 after work on it had been set aside for a time and then resumed.
With the Revolution of 1848, Hugo was elected a deputy for Paris in the Constituent Assembly and later in the Legislative Assembly. He supported the successful candidacy of Prince Louis-Napoléon for the presidency that year. The more the president evolved toward an authoritarianism of the right, however, the more Hugo moved toward the assembly's left. When in December 1851 a coup d'état took place, which eventually resulted in the Second Empire under Napoleon III, Hugo made one attempt at resistance and then fled to Brussels.
Exile (1851–70).
Hugo's exile was to last until the return of liberty and the reconstitution of the republic in 1870. Enforced at the beginning, exile later became a voluntary gesture and, after the amnesty of 1859, an act of pride. He remained in Brussels for a year until, foreseeing expulsion, he took refuge on British territory. He first established himself on the island of Jersey, in the English Channel, where he remained from 1852 to 1855. When he was expelled from there, he moved to the neighbouring island of Guernsey. During this exile of nearly 20 years he proced the most extensive part of all his writings and the most original.
Immersed in politics as he was, Hugo devoted the first writings of his exile to satire and recent history: Napoléon le Petit (1852), an indictment of Napoleon III, and Histoire d'un crime, a day-by-day account of Louis Bonaparte's coup. Hugo's return to poetry was an explosion of wrath: Les Châtiments (1853; “The Punishments”). This collection of poems unleashed his anger against the new emperor and, on a technical level, freed him from his remaining classical prejudices and enabled him to achieve the full mastery of his poetic powers. Les Châtiments ranks among the most powerful satirical poems in the French language. All Hugo's future verse profited from this release of his imagination: the tone of this collection of poems is sometimes lyrical, sometimes epic, sometimes moving, but most often virulent, containing an undertone of national and personal frustration.
Despite the satisfaction he derived from his political poetry, Hugo wearied of its limitations and, turning back to the unpublished poems of 1840–50, set to work on the volume of poetry entitled Les Contemplations (1856). This work contains the purest of his poetry—the most moving because the memory of his dead daughter is at the centre of the book, the most disquieting, also, because it transmits the haunted world of a thinker. In poems such as “Pleurs dans la nuit” and “La Bouche d'ombre,” he reveals a tormented mind that struggles between doubt and faith in its lonely search for meaning and significance.
Hugo's apocalyptic approach to reality was the source of two epic or metaphysical poems, La Fin de Satan (“The End of Satan”) and Dieu (“God”), both of them confrontations of the problem of evil. Written between 1854 and 1860, they were not published until after his death because his publisher preferred the little epics based on history and legend contained in the first installment (1859) of the gigantic epic poem La Légende des siècles (The Legend of the Centuries), whose second and third installments appeared in 1877 and 1883, respectively. The many poems that make up this epic display all his spiritual power without sacrificing his exuberant capacity to tell a story. Hugo's personal mythology of the human struggle between good and evil lies behind each of the legends: Eve's motherhood is exalted in “Le Sacre de la femme”; mankind liberating itself from all religions in order to attain divine truth is the theme of “Le Satyre”; and “Plein Ciel” proclaims, through utopian prediction of men's conquest of the air, the poet's conviction of indefinite progress toward the final unity of science with moral awareness.
After the publication of three long books of poetry, Hugo returned to prose and took up his abandoned novel, Les Misérables. Its extraordinary success with readers of every type when it was published in 1862 brought him instant popularity in his own country, and its speedy translation into many languages won him fame abroad. The novel's name means “the wretched,” or “the outcasts,” but English translations generally carry the French title. The story centres on the convict Jean Valjean, a victim of society who has been imprisoned for 19 years for stealing a loaf of bread. A hardened and astute criminal upon his release, he eventually softens and reforms, becoming a successful instrialist and mayor of a northern town. Yet he is stalked obsessively by the detective Javert for an impulsive, regretted former crime, and Jean Valjean eventually sacrifices himself for the sake of his adopted daughter, Cosette, and her husband, Marius. Les Misérables is a vast panorama of Parisian society and its underworld, and it contains many famous episodes and passages, among them a chapter on the Battle of Waterloo and the description of Jean Valjean's rescue of Marius by means of a flight through the sewers of Paris. Les Misérables's plot is basically that of a detective story, but by virtue of its characters, who are sometimes a little larger than life yet always vital and engaging, and by its re-creation of the swarming Parisian underworld, the main theme of man's ceaseless combat with evil clearly emerges while the whole gives a faithful picture of the ebb and flow of life.
The remaining works Hugo completed in exile include the essay William Shakespeare (1864) and two novels: Les Travailleurs de la mer (1866; The Toilers of the Sea), dedicated to the island of Guernsey and its sailors; and L'Homme qui rit (1869; The Man Who Laughs), a curious baroque novel about the English people's fight against feudalism in the 17th century, which takes its title from the perpetual grin of its disfigured hero. Hugo's last novel, Quatrevingt-treize (1874; Ninety-three), centred on the tumultuous year 1793 in France and portrayed human justice and charity against the background of the French Revolution.
Last years (1870–85).
The defeat of France in the Franco-German War and the proclamation of the French Third Republic in 1871 brought Hugo back to Paris. He became a deputy in the National Assembly (1871) but resigned the following month. Though he still fought for his old ideals, he no longer possessed the same energies. The trials of recent years had aged him, and there were more to come: in 1868 he had lost his wife, Adèle, a profound sadness to him; in 1871 one son died, as did another in 1873. Though increasingly detached from life around him, the poet of L'Année terrible (1872), in which he recounted the siege of Paris ring the “terrible year” of 1870, had become a national hero and a living symbol of republicanism in France. In 1878 Hugo was stricken by cerebral congestion, but he lived on for some years in the Avenue d'Eylau, renamed Avenue Victor-Hugo on his 80th birthday. In 1885, two years after the death of his faithful companion Juliette, Hugo died and was given a national funeral; his body lay in state under the Arc de Triomphe and was buried in the Panthéon.
Reputation.
Victor Hugo's enormous output is unique in French literature; it is said that he used to write each morning 100 lines of verse or 20 pages of prose. “The most powerful mind of the Romantic movement,” as he was described in 1830, laureate and peer of France in 1845, he went on to assume the role of an outlawed sage who, with the easy consciousness of authority, put down his insights and prophetic visions in prose and verse, becoming at last the genial grandfather of popular literary portraiture and the national poet who gave his name to a street in every town in France.
This instinctive recognition of Hugo as a great poet at the time of his death was followed by a period of critical neglect. A few of his poems were remembered, and Les Misérables continued to be widely read. The generosity of his ideas and the warmth of their expression still moved the public mind, for Hugo was a poet of the common man and knew how to write with simplicity and power of common joys and sorrows. But there was another side to him—what Paul Claudel called his “panic contemplation” of the universe, the numinous fear that penetrates his sombre poems La Fin de Satan and Dieu. Hugo's knowledge of the resources of French verse and his technical virtuosity in metre and rhyme, moreover, rescued French poetry from the sterility of the 18th century. André Gide, when asked whom he considered the greatest French poet, replied “Victor Hugo, alas,” explaining that if it was a regrettable fact at least it was fact.
Jean-Bertrand Barrère
Additional Reading
Biographies include Andre Maurois, Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo (1956, reissued 1985); Joanna Richardson, Victor Hugo (1976); and Elliott M. Grant, The Career of Victor Hugo (1945, reprinted 1969). John Porter Houston, Victor Hugo, rev. ed. (1988), is an introction, focusing especially on his poetry and its technical aspects. An analysis of Hugo's romantic drama is found in Charles Affron, A Stage for Poets: Studies in the Theatre of Hugo & Musset (1971). Victor Brombert, Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel (1984), explores the symbolic and mythological character of Hugo's works and is illustrated with Hugo's drawings.
『肆』 求雨果简介
维克多·雨果维克多·雨果(Victor Hugo，1802年2月26日～1885年5月22日)，法国浪漫主义作家，人道主义的代表人物，19世纪前期积极浪漫主义文学运动的代表作家，法国文学史上卓越的资产阶级民主作家，被人们称为“法兰西的莎士比亚”。
中文名： 维克多·雨果
外文名： Victor Hugo
国籍： 法国
出生地： 法国贝桑松
出生日期： 1802年2月26日
逝世日期： 1885年5月22日
职业： 文学 ，小说家
毕业院校： 法兰西学院
主要成就： 法国浪漫主义文学运动领袖
代表作品： 《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》、《九三年》、《海上劳工》
法国伟大的浪漫主义作家维克多·雨果
雨果出生于法国东部紧挨瑞士的省城贝桑松，他的父亲是拿破仑手下的一位将军，儿时的雨果随父在西班牙驻军，10岁回巴黎上学，中学毕业进入法学院学习，但是他的兴趣在于写作。他15岁时在法兰西学院的诗歌竞赛会得奖，17岁时在“百花诗赛”得第一名，20岁时出版了诗集《颂诗集》，因歌颂波旁王朝复辟，获路易十八赏赐，之后写了大量异国情调的诗歌。之后他对波旁王朝和七月王朝都感到失望，成为共和主义者，他还写过许多诗剧和剧本，几部具有鲜明特色并贯彻其主张的小说。 1841年雨果被选为法兰西学院院士，1845年上任院议员，1848年二月革命后，任共和国议会代表，1851年拿破仑三世称帝，雨果奋起反对而被迫流亡国外，流亡期间写下一部政治讽刺诗《惩罚集》，每章配有拿破仑三世的一则施政纲领条文，并加以讽刺，还用拿破仑一世的功绩和拿破仑三世的耻辱对比。 1870年法国不流血革命推翻拿破仑三世后，雨果返回巴黎。雨果一生著作等身，涉及文学所有领域，评论家认为，他的创作思想和现代思想最为接近，他死后法国举国至哀，被安葬在聚集法国名人纪念牌的“先贤祠”。 维克多·雨果
雨果最为法国人津津乐道的浪漫事迹是：他于30岁时邂逅26岁的女演员朱丽叶·德鲁埃，并坠入爱河，以后不管他们在一起或分开，朱丽叶·德鲁埃几乎每天都要给雨果写一封情书，直到他75岁去世，将近50年来从未间断，写了将近两万封信。贯穿雨果一生活动和创作的主导思想是人道主义——反对暴力、以爱制“恶”。 雨果（l802～1885）是19世纪前期积极浪漫主义文学运动的领袖，法国文学史上卓越的资产阶级民主作家，几乎经历了19世纪法国的所有重大事变。一生写过多部诗歌、小说、剧本、各种散文和文艺评论及政论文章，是法国有影响的人物。 雨果的创作历程超过60年，其作品包括26卷诗歌、20卷小说、12卷剧本、21卷哲理论著，合计79卷之多，给法国文学和人类文化宝库增添了一份十分辉煌的文化遗产。其代表作是：长篇小说《巴黎圣母院》（即《钟楼怪人》）、《悲惨世界》、《海上劳工》、《笑面人》、《九三年》，诗集《光与影》和《就英法联军远征中国给巴特勒上尉的信》，短篇小说：《“诺曼底”号遇难记》（现在叫《船长》）苏教版六年级上册第7课。 雨果从小崇拜法国早期浪漫主义作家夏多布里昂。1827年发表韵文剧本《克伦威尔》和《<克伦威尔>序言》（1827），“序言”被称为法国浪漫主义戏剧运动的宣言，是雨果极为重要的文艺论著。1830年他据序言中的理论写成第一个浪漫主义剧本《爱尔那尼》，它的演出标志着浪漫主义对古典主义的胜利。 《巴黎圣母院》（1831）是雨果第一部大型浪漫主义小说。它以离奇和对比手法写了一个发生在15世纪法国的故事：巴黎圣母院副主教克罗德道貌岸然、蛇蝎心肠，先爱后恨，迫害吉卜赛女郎爱斯梅拉尔达。面目丑陋、心地善良的敲钟人卡西莫多为救女郎舍身。小说揭露了宗教的虚伪，宣告禁欲主义的破产，歌颂了下层劳动人民的善良、友爱、舍己为人，反映了雨果的人道主义思想。 《悲惨世界》最能代表雨果的思想艺术风格，他以卓越的艺术魅力展示了资本主义社会奴役劳动人民、逼良为娼的残酷的现实。然而，作家深信唯有道德感化是医治社会灾难的良方。小说虽不乏现实主义因素，但就人物形象的塑造、环境的描写，象征和对比手法的运用等方面而言，仍然是一部浪漫主义的杰作。 《巴黎圣母院》和《悲惨世界》多次被拍成电影，在世界上广为流传，成为经典之作。
『伍』 雨果简介
维克多·雨果，法国浪漫主义作家，人道主义的代表人物，19世纪前期积极浪漫主义文学运动的代表作家，法国文学史上卓越的资产阶级民主作家，被人们称为“法兰西的莎士比亚”。
维克多雨果出生于法国东部紧挨瑞士的省城贝桑松，祖父是木匠，父亲是共和国军队的军官，
曾被拿破仑的哥哥西班牙王约瑟夫·波拿巴授予将军衔，是这位国王的亲信重臣。儿时的雨果随父在西班牙驻军，10岁回巴黎上学，中学毕业进入了法学院学习，但是他的兴趣在于写作。他15岁时写的《读书乐》在法兰西学院的诗歌竞赛会得奖，17岁时在“百花诗赛”得第一名，20岁时出版了诗集《颂诗集》，因歌颂波旁王朝复辟，获路易十八赏赐，之后写了大量异国情调的诗歌。之后他对波旁王朝和七月王朝都感到失望，成为共和主义者，他还写过许多诗剧和剧本，而这几部都是具有鲜明特色并贯彻其主张的小说。
1827年，雨果发表剧本《克伦威尔》及其序言。剧本虽未能演出，但那篇序言却被认为是法国浪漫主义的宣言，成为文学史上划时代的文献。它对法国浪漫主义文学的发展起了很大的推动作用。
1830年，雨果的剧本《欧那尼》在法兰西院大剧院上演，产生了巨大的影响，确立了浪漫主义在法国文坛上的主导地位。
《欧那尼》写的是16世纪西班牙一个贵族出身的强盗欧那尼反抗国王的故事，雨果赞美了强盗的侠义和高尚，表现了强烈的反封建倾向。
1830年7月，法国发生了“七月革命”，封建复辟王朝被推翻了。雨果热情赞扬革命，歌颂那些革命者，写诗哀悼那些在巷战中牺牲的英雄。
1831年发表的《巴黎圣母院》是雨果最富浪漫主义的小说。小说的情节曲折离奇，紧张生动，变幻莫测，富有戏剧性和传奇色彩。
“七月革命”之后，法国建立了以金融家路易·菲力浦为首的大资产阶级统治的“七月王朝。”七月王朝不断对雨果进行拉拢，1841年雨果被选入法兰西学士院，1845年，路易·菲力浦封他为法兰西贵族世卿，还当上了贵族院议员。雨果创作中的斗争热情减弱了，1843年，他写了一个神秘主义剧本《卫戍官》，上演时被观众喝倒彩，遭到了失败。雨果为此沉默了将近10年没有写作。
1848年6月，巴黎人民举行革命，推翻了七月王朝，成立了共和国。开始雨果对革命并不理解，但当大资产阶级阴谋消灭共和国时，雨果却成了一个坚定的共和主义者。1851年12月，路易·波拿巴发动政变，雨果参加了共和党人组织的反政变起义。路易·波拿巴上台后建立了法兰西第二帝国。他实行恐怖政策，对反抗者无情镇压。雨果也遭到迫害，不得不流亡国外。流亡期间写下一部政治讽刺诗《惩罚集》，每章配有拿破仑三世的一则施政纲领条文，并加以讽刺，还用拿破仑一世的功绩和拿破仑三世的耻辱对比。他还写其他政治讽刺小册子和政治讽刺诗，猛烈抨击拿破仑三世的独裁统治。这时期，他先后发表了长篇小说《悲惨世界》、《海上劳工》和《笑面人》。
1870年普法战争爆发，法国在色当兵败之后，普鲁士军队直逼巴黎。在这国家危亡的紧要关头，雨果在流亡了19年之后回到了祖国。他到处发表演讲，号召法国人民起来抗击德国侵略者，保卫祖国。他还用他的著作和朗诵诗歌得来的报酬买了2门大炮，表现了崇高的爱国精神。
巴黎公社起义时，雨果并不理解这次革命。但当公社失败后，反动政府疯狂镇压公社社员时，雨果又愤怒谴责反动派的兽行，他呼吁赦免全部公社社员，并在报纸上宣布将自己在比利时首都布鲁塞尔的住宅提供给流亡的社员作避难所。为此，他的家遭到反动暴徒的袭击，他自己险些丧命，但他仍然坚持自己的立场。
雨果一生著作等身，涉及文学所有领域，评论家认为，他的创作思想和现代思想最为接近，他死后法国举国致哀，被安葬在聚集法国名人纪念牌的“先贤祠”。
雨果最为法国人津津乐道的浪漫事迹是：他于30岁时邂逅26岁的女演员朱丽叶·德鲁埃，并坠入爱河，以后不管他们在一起或分开，雨果几乎每天都要给朱丽叶·德鲁埃写一封情书，直到朱丽叶·德鲁埃75岁去世，将近50年来从未间断，写了将近两万封信。贯穿雨果一生活动和创作的主导思想是人道主义——反对暴力、以爱制“恶”。
雨果（1802～1885）是19世纪前期积极浪漫主义文学运动的领袖，法国文学史上卓越的资产阶级民主作家，几乎经历了19世纪法国的所有重大事变。一生写过多部诗歌、小说、剧本、各种散文和文艺评论及政论文章，是法国有影响的人物。
雨果的创作历程超过60年，其作品包括26卷诗歌、20卷小说、12卷剧本、21卷哲理论著，合计79卷之多，给法国文学和人类文化宝库增添了一份十分辉煌的文化遗产。其代表作是：长篇小说《巴黎圣母院》（即《钟楼怪人》）、《悲惨世界》、《海上劳工》、《笑面人》、《九三年》，诗集《光与影》和《就英法联军远征中国给巴特勒上尉的信》（人教版八年级上册语文教材第四课），短篇小说：《“诺曼底”号遇难记》（现在叫《船长》）苏教版六年级上册第7课。北师大版，五年级上册第八单元第一课。上海九年义务教育课本六年级下册第十课。鄂教版六年级下册第21课。《纪念伏尔泰逝世一百周年的演说》(入选人教版九年级上册第六课)
雨果从小崇拜法国早期浪漫主义作家夏多布里昂。1827年发表韵文剧本《克伦威尔》和《<克伦威尔>序言》（1827），“序言”被称为法国浪漫主义戏剧运动的宣言，是雨果极为重要的文艺论著。1830年他据序言中的理论写成第一个浪漫主义剧本《爱尔那尼》，它的演出标志着浪漫主义对古典主义的胜利。
《巴黎圣母院》（1831）是雨果第一部大型浪漫主义小说。它以离奇和对比手法写了一个发生在15世纪法国的故事：巴黎圣母院副主教克罗德道貌岸然、蛇蝎心肠，先爱后恨，迫害吉卜赛女郎爱斯梅拉尔达。面目丑陋、心地善良的敲钟人卡西莫多为救女郎舍身。小说揭露了宗教的虚伪，宣告禁欲主义的破产，歌颂了下层劳动人民的善良、友爱、舍己为人，反映了雨果的人道主义思想。
《悲惨世界》（1862）最能代表雨果的思想艺术风格，他以卓越的艺术魅力展示了资本主义社会奴役劳动人民、逼良为娼的残酷的现实。然而，作家深信唯有道德感化是医治社会灾难的良方。小说虽不乏现实主义因素，但就人物形象的塑造、环境的描写，象征和对比手法的运用等方面而言，仍然是一部浪漫主义的杰作。
《巴黎圣母院》和《悲惨世界》多次被拍成电影，在世界上广为流传，成为经典之作。
『陆』 雨果简介
一、维克多·雨果（Victor Hugo，1802年2月26日—1885年5月22日），法国作家，19世纪前期积极浪漫主义文学的代表作家，人道主义的代表人物，法国文学史上卓越的资产阶级民主作家，被人们称为“法兰西的莎士比亚”。一生写过多部诗歌、小说、剧本、各种散文和文艺评论及政论文章，在法国及世界有着广泛的影响力。
二、1802年，雨果生于法国贝桑松，上有兄长二人。13岁时与兄长进入寄读学校就学，兄弟均成为学生领袖。雨果在16岁时已能创作杰出的诗句，21岁时出版诗集，声名大噪。1845年，法王路易·菲利普授予雨果上议院议员职位，自此专心从政。
1848年法国二月革命爆发，法王路易被逊位。雨果于此时期四处奔走宣传革命，为人民贡献良多，赢得新共和政体的尊敬，晋封伯爵，并当选国民代表及国会议员。三年后，拿破仑三世称帝，雨果对此大加攻击，因此被放逐国外。
三、1870年法国恢复共和政体（法兰西第三共和国），雨果亦结束流亡生涯，回到法国。1885年，雨果辞世，于潘德拉举行国葬。
(6)怎么用六年级英语介绍雨果扩展阅读：
雨果其人
1802年2月26日，维克多·雨果出生于法国贝桑松（Besançon）的一个军官家庭，其父勃鲁都斯·雨果为拿破仑麾下的一位将军。从中学时代，雨果爱好文学创作，对文学产生浓厚兴趣，便开始写诗。他的文学活动是从他为《文学保守派》杂志写稿开始的。
他的第一部长篇小说《汉·伊斯兰特》获得了小说家诺蒂埃的赞赏。与诺蒂埃的结缘，促使雨果开始转向浪漫主义并逐渐成为浪漫派的首领。
维克多·雨果：“善是精神世界的太阳”
2月26日是法国大文豪维克多·雨果的诞辰，他在法国甚至全世界都有很强的影响力，这位大文豪给世界人民留下了丰厚的精神遗产，他的不朽名著《巴黎圣母院》、《九三年》、《悲惨世界》等至今深受全世界读者喜爱。
这位法国大文豪还和中国有着不解的渊源，他是一个写信痛斥英法联军火烧圆明园罪行的勇者、一个中国古董的收集者、一个创作了不少中国特色水墨画的人。
维克多·雨果是19世纪前期积极浪漫主义文学的代表作家，人道主义的代表人物，被人们称为“法兰西的莎士比亚”。
他的一生几乎跨越整个19世纪，文学生涯达60年之久，创作力经久不衰。他一生写过多部诗歌、小说、剧本、各种散文和文艺评论及政论文章，创作的作品包括26卷诗歌、20卷小说、12卷剧本以及21卷哲理论著，共计79卷，而且每篇作品都堪称经典之作。
其代表作有长篇小说《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》、《笑面人》、《九三年》等，短篇小说《“诺曼底”号遇难记》。
同时，他还是一位多才多艺的画家，其作品包括名著插画、人物画、风景画，终其一生共创作了几千幅画作，而且他画的不是欧洲的主流画，画的主要是中国特色的水墨画。
『柒』 维克多·雨果简历英文版
1、Victor Hugo English resume
Victor Hugo (Hugo Victor, 1802 - 1885), French writer, positive romantic literature in nineteenth Century, the representative of the representative writers, the representative of humanity, the history of French literature, the outstanding bourgeois democratic writers, known as the "French Shakespeare". Has written a number of poems, novels, plays, essays and literary criticism and essays in life, has a wide influence in France and the world.
Hugo's creation course over 60 years, his works include 26 volumes of poetry, 20 volumes of novels, 12 volumes of the script, 21 volumes of philosophy, the total volume of 79. The representative of the novel "Notre Dame de Paris", "nine three years" and "les miserables", a short story "" Normandy "killed" (the sixth grade seventh classes I teach version called "Captain" in the primary school of su. "Normandy" killed "was selected into the textbook of jijiaoban the fifth grade twentieth class 2 and Jiangsu on the sixth grade seventh classes.
2、中文简历：
维克多·雨果（Victor Hugo，1802—1885），法国作家，19世纪前期积极浪漫主义文学的代表作家，人道主义的代表人物，法国文学史上卓越的资产阶级民主作家，被人们称为“法兰西的莎士比亚”。一生写过多部诗歌、小说、剧本、各种散文和文艺评论及政论文章，在法国及世界有着广泛的影响力。
雨果的创作历程超过60年，其作品包括26卷诗歌、20卷小说、12卷剧本、21卷哲理论著，合计79卷。其代表作有长篇小说《巴黎圣母院》、《九三年》和《悲惨世界》，短篇小说有《“诺曼底”号遇难记》（在小学生苏教版六年级上册第七课中称《船长》。《“诺曼底”号遇难记》还被选入教材冀教版五年级下册第二十课和苏教版六年级上册第七课。
『捌』 雨果的作品简介 英语哦 快！！拜托了
Hugo, Victor
born Feb. 26, 1802, Besançon, Fr.
died May 22, 1885, Paris
poet, novelist, and dramatist who was the most important of the French Romantic writers. Though regarded in France as one of that country's greatest poets, he is better known abroad for such novels as Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) and Les Misérables (1862).
Early years (1802–30).
Victor was the third son of Joseph-Léopold-Sigisbert Hugo, a major and, later, general in Napoleon's army. His childhood was coloured by his father's constant traveling with the imperial army and by the disagreements that soon alienated his parents from one another. His mother's royalism and his father's loyalty to successive governments—the Convention, the Empire, the Restoration—reflected their deeper incompatibility. It was a chaotic time for Victor, continually uprooted from Paris to set out for Elba or Naples or Madrid, yet always returning to Paris with his mother, whose royalist opinions he initially adopted. The fall of the empire gave him, from 1815 to 1818, a time of uninterrupted study at the Pension Cordier and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, after which he matriculated at the law faculty at Paris, where his studies seem to have been purposeless and irregular. Memories of his life as a poor student later inspired the figure of Marius in his novel Les Misérables.
From 1816, at least, Hugo had conceived ambitions other than the law. He was already filling notebooks with verses, translations—particularly from Virgil—two tragedies, a play, and elegies. Encouraged by his mother, Hugo founded a review, the Conservateur Littéraire (1819–21), in which his own articles on the poets Alphonse de Lamartine and André de Chénier stand out. His mother died in 1821, and a year later Victor married a childhood friend, Adèle Foucher, with whom he had five children. In that same year he published his first book of poems, Odes et poésies diverses, whose royalist sentiments earned him a pension from Louis XVIII. Behind Hugo's concern for classical form and his political inspiration, it is possible to recognize in these poems a personal voice and his own particular vein of fantasy.
In 1823 he published his first novel, Han d'Islande, which in 1825 appeared in an English translation as Hans of Iceland. The journalist Charles Nodier was enthusiastic about it and drew Hugo into the group of friends, all devotees of Romanticism, who met regularly at the Bibliothèque de L'Arsenal. While frequenting this literary circle, which was called the Cénacle, Hugo shared in launching a new review of moderate tendencies, the Muse Française (1823–24). In 1824 he published a new verse collection, Nouvelles Odes, and followed it two years later with an exotic romance, Bug-Jargal (Eng. trans. The Slave King). In 1826 he also published Odes et ballades, an enlarged edition of his previously printed verse, the latest of these poems being brilliant variations on the fashionable Romantic modes of mirth and terror. The youthful vigour of these poems was also characteristic of another collection, Les Orientales (1829), which appealed to the Romantic taste for Oriental local colour. In these poems it can be remarked that the poet, while skillfully employing a great variety of metres in his verse and using ardent and brilliant imagery, was also graally shedding the legitimist royalism of his youth. It may be noted, too, that “Le Feu ciel,” a visionary poem, forecast those he was to write 25 years later. The fusion of the contemporary with the apocalyptic was always a particular mark of Hugo's genius.
Hugo emerged as a true Romantic, however, with the publication in 1827 of his verse drama Cromwell and a once-famous preface. The subject of this play, with its near-contemporary overtones, is that of a national leader risen from the people who seeks to be crowned king; but the play's reputation rested largely on the long, elaborate preface, in which Hugo proposed a doctrine of Romanticism that for all its intellectual moderation was extremely provocative. He demanded a verse drama in which the contradictions of human existence—good and evil, beauty and ugliness, tears and laughter—would be resolved by the inclusion of both tragic and comic elements in a single play. Such a type of drama would abandon the formal rules of classical tragedy for the freedom and truth to be found in the plays of William Shakespeare. Cromwell itself, though immensely long and almost impossible to stage, was written in verse of great force and originality.
Success (1830–51).
The defense of freedom and the cult of an idealized Napoleon in such poems as the ode “À la Colonne” and “Lui” brought Hugo into touch with the liberal group of writers on the newspaper Le Globe, and his move toward liberalism was strengthened by the French king Charles X's restrictions on the liberty of the press as well as by the censor's prohibiting the stage performance of his play Marion de Lorme (1829), in which the character of Louis XIII was portrayed unfavourably. Hugo immediately retorted with Hernani, the first performance of which, on Feb. 25, 1830, gained victory for the young Romantics over the traditional Classicists in a now-famous literary battle. In this play he extolled the Romantic hero in the form of a noble outlaw at war with society, dedicated to a passionate love and driven on by inexorable fate. The actual impact of the play owed less to the plot than to the sound and beat of the verse, which was softened only in the elegiac passages spoken by Hernani and Doña Sol.
Hugo had derived his early renown from his plays; he gained wider fame in 1831 with his historical novel Notre-Dame de Paris (Eng. trans. The Hunchback of Notre-Dame), an evocation of life in medieval Paris ring the reign of Louis XI. The novel condemns a society that, in the persons of Frollo the archdeacon and Phoebus the soldier, heaps misery on the hunchback Quasimodo and the gypsy girl Esmeralda. The theme touched the public consciousness more deeply than had that of his previous novel, Le Dernier Jour d'un condamné (1829; The Last Days of a Condemned), the story of a condemned man's last day, in which Hugo launched a humanitarian protest against the death penalty. While Notre-Dame was being written, Louis-Philippe, a constitutional king, had been brought to power by the July Revolution. Hugo composed a poem in honour of this event, Dicté aprés juillet 1830; it was a forerunner of much of his political verse.
Four books of poems came from Hugo in the period of the July Monarchy: Les Feuilles d'automne (1831; “Autumn Leaves”), intimate and personal in inspiration; Les Chants crépuscule (1835; Songs of Twilight), overtly political; Les Voix intérieures (1837; “Inner Voices”), both personal and philosophical; and Les Rayons et les ombres (1840; “Sunlight and Shadows”), in which the poet, renewing these different themes, inlges his gift for colour and picturesque detail. But Hugo was not content merely to express personal emotions; he wanted to be the “sonorous echo” of his time. In his verse political and philosophical problems were integrated with the religious and social disquiet of the period; one poem evoked the misery of the workers, another praised the efficacy of prayer. He addressed many poems to the glory of Napoleon, though he shared with his contemporaries the reversion to republican ideals. Hugo restated the problems of his century and the great and eternal human questions, and he spoke with a warmhearted eloquence and reasonableness that moved people's souls.
So intense was Hugo's creative activity ring these years that he also continued to pour out plays. There were two motives for this: first, he needed a platform for his political and social ideas, and, second, he wished to write parts for a young and beautiful actress, Juliette Drouet, with whom he had begun a liaison in 1833. Juliette had little talent and soon renounced the stage in order to devote herself exclusively to him, becoming the discreet and faithful companion she was to remain until her death in 1883. The first of these plays was another verse drama, Le Roi s'amuse (1832; Eng. trans. The King's Fool), set in Renaissance France and depicting the frivolous love affairs of Francis I while antithetically revealing the noble character of his court jester. This play was at first banned but was later used by Giuseppe Verdi as the libretto of his opera Rigoletto. Three prose plays followed: Lucrèce Borgia and Marie Tudor in 1833 and Angelo, tyran de Padoue (“Angelo, Tyrant of Paa”) in 1835. Ruy Blas, a play in verse, appeared in 1838 and was followed by Les Burgraves in 1843.
Hugo's literary achievement was recognized in 1841 by his election, after three unsuccessful attempts, to the French Academy and by his nomination in 1845 to the Chamber of Peers. From this time he almost ceased to publish, partly because of the demands of society and political life but also as a result of personal loss: his daughter Léopoldine, recently married, was accidentally drowned with her husband in September 1843. Hugo's intense grief found some mitigation in poems that later appeared in Les Contemplations, a volume that he divided into “Autrefois” and “Aujourd'hui,” the moment of his daughter's death being the mark between yesterday and today. He found relief above all in working on a new novel, which became Les Misérables, published in 1862 after work on it had been set aside for a time and then resumed.
With the Revolution of 1848, Hugo was elected a deputy for Paris in the Constituent Assembly and later in the Legislative Assembly. He supported the successful candidacy of Prince Louis-Napoléon for the presidency that year. The more the president evolved toward an authoritarianism of the right, however, the more Hugo moved toward the assembly's left. When in December 1851 a coup d'état took place, which eventually resulted in the Second Empire under Napoleon III, Hugo made one attempt at resistance and then fled to Brussels.
Exile (1851–70).
Hugo's exile was to last until the return of liberty and the reconstitution of the republic in 1870. Enforced at the beginning, exile later became a voluntary gesture and, after the amnesty of 1859, an act of pride. He remained in Brussels for a year until, foreseeing expulsion, he took refuge on British territory. He first established himself on the island of Jersey, in the English Channel, where he remained from 1852 to 1855. When he was expelled from there, he moved to the neighbouring island of Guernsey. During this exile of nearly 20 years he proced the most extensive part of all his writings and the most original.
Immersed in politics as he was, Hugo devoted the first writings of his exile to satire and recent history: Napoléon le Petit (1852), an indictment of Napoleon III, and Histoire d'un crime, a day-by-day account of Louis Bonaparte's coup. Hugo's return to poetry was an explosion of wrath: Les Châtiments (1853; “The Punishments”). This collection of poems unleashed his anger against the new emperor and, on a technical level, freed him from his remaining classical prejudices and enabled him to achieve the full mastery of his poetic powers. Les Châtiments ranks among the most powerful satirical poems in the French language. All Hugo's future verse profited from this release of his imagination: the tone of this collection of poems is sometimes lyrical, sometimes epic, sometimes moving, but most often virulent, containing an undertone of national and personal frustration.
Despite the satisfaction he derived from his political poetry, Hugo wearied of its limitations and, turning back to the unpublished poems of 1840–50, set to work on the volume of poetry entitled Les Contemplations (1856). This work contains the purest of his poetry—the most moving because the memory of his dead daughter is at the centre of the book, the most disquieting, also, because it transmits the haunted world of a thinker. In poems such as “Pleurs dans la nuit” and “La Bouche d'ombre,” he reveals a tormented mind that struggles between doubt and faith in its lonely search for meaning and significance.
Hugo's apocalyptic approach to reality was the source of two epic or metaphysical poems, La Fin de Satan (“The End of Satan”) and Dieu (“God”), both of them confrontations of the problem of evil. Written between 1854 and 1860, they were not published until after his death because his publisher preferred the little epics based on history and legend contained in the first installment (1859) of the gigantic epic poem La Légende des siècles (The Legend of the Centuries), whose second and third installments appeared in 1877 and 1883, respectively. The many poems that make up this epic display all his spiritual power without sacrificing his exuberant capacity to tell a story. Hugo's personal mythology of the human struggle between good and evil lies behind each of the legends: Eve's motherhood is exalted in “Le Sacre de la femme”; mankind liberating itself from all religions in order to attain divine truth is the theme of “Le Satyre”; and “Plein Ciel” proclaims, through utopian prediction of men's conquest of the air, the poet's conviction of indefinite progress toward the final unity of science with moral awareness.
After the publication of three long books of poetry, Hugo returned to prose and took up his abandoned novel, Les Misérables. Its extraordinary success with readers of every type when it was published in 1862 brought him instant popularity in his own country, and its speedy translation into many languages won him fame abroad. The novel's name means “the wretched,” or “the outcasts,” but English translations generally carry the French title. The story centres on the convict Jean Valjean, a victim of society who has been imprisoned for 19 years for stealing a loaf of bread. A hardened and astute criminal upon his release, he eventually softens and reforms, becoming a successful instrialist and mayor of a northern town. Yet he is stalked obsessively by the detective Javert for an impulsive, regretted former crime, and Jean Valjean eventually sacrifices himself for the sake of his adopted daughter, Cosette, and her husband, Marius. Les Misérables is a vast panorama of Parisian society and its underworld, and it contains many famous episodes and passages, among them a chapter on the Battle of Waterloo and the description of Jean Valjean's rescue of Marius by means of a flight through the sewers of Paris. Les Misérables's plot is basically that of a detective story, but by virtue of its characters, who are sometimes a little larger than life yet always vital and engaging, and by its re-creation of the swarming Parisian underworld, the main theme of man's ceaseless combat with evil clearly emerges while the whole gives a faithful picture of the ebb and flow of life.
The remaining works Hugo completed in exile include the essay William Shakespeare (1864) and two novels: Les Travailleurs de la mer (1866; The Toilers of the Sea), dedicated to the island of Guernsey and its sailors; and L'Homme qui rit (1869; The Man Who Laughs), a curious baroque novel about the English people's fight against feudalism in the 17th century, which takes its title from the perpetual grin of its disfigured hero. Hugo's last novel, Quatrevingt-treize (1874; Ninety-three), centred on the tumultuous year 1793 in France and portrayed human justice and charity against the background of the French Revolution.
Last years (1870–85).
The defeat of France in the Franco-German War and the proclamation of the French Third Republic in 1871 brought Hugo back to Paris. He became a deputy in the National Assembly (1871) but resigned the following month. Though he still fought for his old ideals, he no longer possessed the same energies. The trials of recent years had aged him, and there were more to come: in 1868 he had lost his wife, Adèle, a profound sadness to him; in 1871 one son died, as did another in 1873. Though increasingly detached from life around him, the poet of L'Année terrible (1872), in which he recounted the siege of Paris ring the “terrible year” of 1870, had become a national hero and a living symbol of republicanism in France. In 1878 Hugo was stricken by cerebral congestion, but he lived on for some years in the Avenue d'Eylau, renamed Avenue Victor-Hugo on his 80th birthday. In 1885, two years after the death of his faithful companion Juliette, Hugo died and was given a national funeral; his body lay in state under the Arc de Triomphe and was buried in the Panthéon.
Reputation.
Victor Hugo's enormous output is unique in French literature; it is said that he used to write each morning 100 lines of verse or 20 pages of prose. “The most powerful mind of the Romantic movement,” as he was described in 1830, laureate and peer of France in 1845, he went on to assume the role of an outlawed sage who, with the easy consciousness of authority, put down his insights and prophetic visions in prose and verse, becoming at last the genial grandfather of popular literary portraiture and the national poet who gave his name to a street in every town in France.
This instinctive recognition of Hugo as a great poet at the time of his death was followed by a period of critical neglect. A few of his poems were remembered, and Les Misérables continued to be widely read. The generosity of his ideas and the warmth of their expression still moved the public mind, for Hugo was a poet of the common man and knew how to write with simplicity and power of common joys and sorrows. But there was another side to him—what Paul Claudel called his “panic contemplation” of the universe, the numinous fear that penetrates his sombre poems La Fin de Satan and Dieu. Hugo's knowledge of the resources of French verse and his technical virtuosity in metre and rhyme, moreover, rescued French poetry from the sterility of the 18th century. André Gide, when asked whom he considered the greatest French poet, replied “Victor Hugo, alas,” explaining that if it was a regrettable fact at least it was fact.
Jean-Bertrand Barrère
Additional Reading
Biographies include Andre Maurois, Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo (1956, reissued 1985); Joanna Richardson, Victor Hugo (1976); and Elliott M. Grant, The Career of Victor Hugo (1945, reprinted 1969). John Porter Houston, Victor Hugo, rev. ed. (1988), is an introction, focusing especially on his poetry and its technical aspects. An analysis of Hugo's romantic drama is found in Charles Affron, A Stage for Poets: Studies in the Theatre of Hugo & Musset (1971). Victor Brombert, Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel (1984), explores the symbolic and mythological character of Hugo's works and is illustrated with Hugo's drawings.