雅安市环保局局长用英语怎么翻译
1. 环保局 用英语怎么说
缩写为EPB=Environmental Protection Bureau
2. 英语泛读教程第二版第二册第三单元的课文翻译《Recycling》高等教育出版社的 急!!!!!!!!!!!!
垃圾回收是20世纪后期最成功的环境保护事例之一。如今,道路垃圾回收计划已经触及美国大多数人。事实上,回收家具垃圾的人比参加竞选投票的人更多。全国范围内,普通群众们的努力带来了大量的物质材料。垃圾回收,包括混合堆肥,在1996年改变了5700吨原来要进入废物填充地或焚烧炉的材料的命运,这一数据在1990年为3400万吨——仅仅6年增长了67%。由垃圾回收和混合堆肥带来的材料处理的转换率,预计到2005年为8500万吨,即所有固体废物的35%。要理解这一数量有多大,想象装满回收材料的3英尺长(27立方英尺)的回收箱一个接一个整齐地推成一列,形成从地球到月亮的桥梁。在1996年,这些箱子可以达到这座桥的3/4。当我们达到2005年35%的回收目标时,填满可回收物的箱子就能达到月球了。垃圾回收值得这所有的努力吗?创造利润是唯一的底线吗?一些观察员提出,眼下的利润是衡量成功的唯一标准。这种观点只考虑一个单独的回收计划如何影响一个社区的全部垃圾管理费用,与之相比的是另一种选择,即将一切都送往废物填充地或焚烧炉造成的费用。其他一些观察员建议使用更开阔的视角看待垃圾回收利用的费用和益处。
虽然大部分成功的垃圾回收计划经验不一,但是,包括很多具有高垃圾转化率的计划在内,都是经济上可行并确实创造了利润。回收物品的市场不可避免地起伏不定。为了一定程度上防止垃圾回收计划受到市场严重摇摆不定的影响,垃圾回收计划的效率必须不断提高。在接下来的十年里,参与垃圾回收的社区的目标之一是,鉴定并复制传播决定成功的因素。
举国上下都在努力学习和采用最高效的垃圾回收计划所运用的办法,那么发现垃圾回收已经取得的很多经济和环境的好处就尤为重要。很多好处可能在不细致的观察员看来不明显,或者因为市政的会计结算和税收特点难以理解,或者在城市和垃圾回收人员的合同的市场价格上没能反映出来。比如,回收利用饮料容器节省的全部能源就没有包括在道路垃圾回收合同协商的价格中回收利用固体垃圾的好处同样适用于包括由自治地区管理的,如工业废弃物、建筑废墟、拆毁废墟和农业废弃物之类以及其他一系列垃圾的回收利用。从这些原料中回收的材料还可以增强这个星球和子孙后代的可持续性。
回收固体垃圾的好处至少可以分为8类。回收利用可以:
* 减少对肥料填充地的需求;
* 防止多种空气污染和睡污染的排出;
* 节约能源;
* 为工业生产提供有价值的原材料;
* 创造就业机会;
* 减少温室气体的排放;
* 促进更加环保的技术的发明;
* 为子孙后代的未来保留资源。
20世纪70、80和90年代,垃圾回收业一直是一个增长的工业。垃圾回收并不是一股热潮。到1996年,7000多个道路垃圾采集项目服务了大约一半的美国人。那一年,包括混合堆肥在内的垃圾回收转移了27%——超过1/4——全国固体垃圾的去向。
但是垃圾回收利用并不新鲜,从有记录的历史起它就存在着。在大规模生产之前,各家各户就惯常修理、重新使用和回收利用它们所拥有的材料,这是经济上的需要。至于现在,命脉工业依赖于回收利用,比如,直到19世纪后期,碎布是造纸业所需纤维的主要来源。零售商收集压扁的铁箱,回收利用制成装运容器。废料厂一直高效地回收利用旧的汽车、汽车零件和其他的金属物品。一战和二战给垃圾回收利用事业带来了短暂的热潮,因为废料收集车收集纸张、金属和一些别的材料以支助战争。战后,垃圾收集车衰减。20世纪60年代末每单个家庭的垃圾回收利用水平和参与率在整体上降到了低谷。传统的垃圾回收利用方式也因为美国20世纪大部分时期的经济暴涨而在衰颓。收入增加,大规模生产的物品让大家消费得起,人们的物质生活日益富足。这样的富足带来了一个愈演愈烈的趋势——产品在最初使用之后被丢弃或者换掉,而不是重新使用或者回收利用。
始于20世纪70年代早期的环保激进主义和环保意识的热潮带来了一阵对垃圾回收利用的兴趣。紧接着1970年第一个世界地球日,多大3000个垃圾回收利用志愿中心开幕。20世纪70年代早期开展了超过100个道路垃圾采集计划,其中很多都将重心放在如报纸和瓶罐等一系列材料的回收上。人们对垃圾回收利用和志愿者计划的兴趣日趋浓厚。美国环境保护局和一些州立环境保护局制定了指导原则,提供技术援助,并对地区设定了努力目标。尽管20世纪70年代垃圾的产生增长了25%,但是垃圾的回收利用增长了45%。
20世纪80年代废料填充地开始出现不足,尤其是在人口密集的地区,这导致了垃圾被长途运输,频繁地跨越州际线。垃圾管理公司开始提出回收利用计划,这又常常与新建焚烧炉和废料填充地的提议挂钩。社区组织也常常呼吁投入更大的努力,希望能限制或者避免新建垃圾处理设施。州政府和地区政府在策划垃圾管理的工作中也越来越积极,包括扩展回收利用和混合堆肥。在肥料填充地短缺、抵制跨州垃圾、全国对垃圾管理关注度上升的共同作用下,美国环保局发表了一份国家政策指引——1989年的《行动议程》,呼吁美国人实现25%的垃圾回收利用率。那时,有大约1000个道路垃圾采集计划,废弃物回收站、废弃物加工厂等也在努力。尽管20世纪80年代垃圾的产生又一次快速增长,增加了近36%,但是垃圾回收利用和混合堆肥在那10年间,一并猛增了近132%,占垃圾产生总量的16%。 对可回收物品的采集提高了,创造出的复原材料一开始就比美国生产型公司现成可用的的材料还多。到了20世纪90年代,工业上就投资了百万计美元在处理和制造技术上,这些技术专门用于利用复原材料来生产类型广泛的产品,而不是利用未使用过的生材。消费者也有利于深刻地意识到,购买他们自己为回收利用而手机的材料制成的产品,他们在垃圾回收利用中扮演着重要的角色。各级政府部门也发挥作用,通过增加对含回收物产品的政府采购,确保回收利用的生命力。从1990年到1997年,垃圾回收利用保持着两位数的增长,达到了估计垃圾产生总量27%的回收利用率——相比1990年,增长了近67%,超过了25%的国际政策目标。在很多城市和城镇都能看到全国参与垃圾回收利用的趋势。只举一个例子,密歇根的Ann Arbor是其中一个在20世纪70年代由志愿者建立起废弃物回收站的社区。几年之后,一个名为Recycle Ann Arbor的志愿者组织开始了道路垃圾回收计划。如今,Ann Arbor市政府向市民按周收集23类可回收物,按季收集4类院落残垣废料。这些努力,加上家喻户晓的家庭混合堆肥、废弃物回收处理和密歇根的容器处理议案的影响,让Ann Arbor转换了52%的垃圾。Recycle Ann Arbor为提供垃圾回收利用服务的城市合约竞价,一贯地胜出。
这种大量级的垃圾转换有助于降低费用。比如在1996年,Ann Arbor每吨垃圾回收利用和混合堆肥耗费71美元,较之每吨垃圾收集和处理费用却是86美元。
像Ann Arbor之类高垃圾转换率、低成本的社区,为在全国上下改进地区垃圾回收利用计划的经济可行性的努力提供了榜样。
3. ●【翻译—仅供英语高手专区】剧本片段翻译 — 城市排水解决方案!
CITY SEWAGE SOLUTION PROJECT
The Focus of the Fifth International Conference on Municipal Road- planning, Shanghai—Problems Involving the Sewage System
Cast of Characters
Li XX: 40s, Director of EPA
Richard: 40s, editor-in-chief
Chairman of the Conference: 60s, tall and stout
Leoh Ming Pei: 89, a master of architecture
Road-planning Experts: of different ages, from around the world
SCENE I
Setting:
Director’s Office, Environmental Protection Agency, Pudong New Area, Shanghai
Time:
July 20, 2006
Character:
Li XX, Director recently sworn in, young and competent
Background information:
Little did the new director think that only a week after his inauguration, an ordinary piece of E-mail would make a great difference to him as a civil servant. The following is what was contained in the E-mail.
“Dear Director Lee,
My name is Jenny, an overseas Chinese presently spending her vacation in China. However, while walking along the streets on sweltering summer days, I always smell nasty odor coming from the underground sewers. I have visited a lot of cities and found out this is a common problem, especially in Shanghai. It is really puzzling to me that no attention has been paid to the sewage systems, while a great many roads are being broadened in those cities. Now my question is : can the underground sewage system be built further down?”
AT RISE
After reading the message, Director Li thinks for a moment and then calls up Richard, the executive editor of the magazine “New Shanghai.”
The former orders that the latter make a thorough research of the issue and relate it to the international municipal road- planning conference to be held in Shanghai.
Scene II
Setting:
office of the executive editor of the magazine “New Shanghai”
Time:
July 20, 2006
Character:
Richard ( formerly majored in landscape design at college but entered on journalism after coming back from overseas studies and ,after years of hard work, was promoted to the seat of the executive editor)
On receiving the director's order, he feels a little confused about what to do though he has served as editor-in-chief for quite a long time. Out of the keen sensitivity of the reporter, he looks through the list of the experts to be present at the conference. Much to his delight, he discovers the name of the world-famous Chinese-American architect, Leoh Ming PEI. Owing to the important discovery, things seem, he is sure, to change for the better.
Scene III
Setting:
Conference Room on the fifth floor of the building housing the Agency of Environmental Protection, Shanghai
Time:
August 23, 2006
Characters:
experts in road-planning from around the world
(After a series of insightful discussions)
CHAIRMAN OF THE CONFERENCE
All right. Since all of you have expressed what you had to say, now I am pleased to ask the master of architecture, Mr. Leoh Ming Pei, to share his unique findings with us.
LEOH MING PEI
Ha, ha. Now that you all have presented your research reports, I am not going to repeat your remarks. Instead, I am to focus my personal views on city-planning, and any comment from you is heartily welcome.
First, I maintain that it takes tens of years, even one hundred years, to plan, construct, develop, and mature a city. Similarly, judging from the current situations, it will take a long time for the cities in China to catch up with New York. If we compare the development of New York with that of Shanghai, it is not surprising to see that the city-planning in China leaves much to be desired. More often than not, as soon as a construction project is finished, another is under progress. This way, the later project does some damage to the earlier one. Then it becomes clear that the power supply networks, sewage system, and city roads were poorly arranged. By contrast, the success of New York lies in the simple fact that New Yorkers had done a great deal of admirable preparatory work before their city grew into a metropolitan unit. In fact, the Chinese have a lot to learn from the New Yorkers. What I want to emphasize is that the foreigners made the perfect plan for their city one or two hundred years ago.
Second, we can easily see that a lot of Hollywood’s popular action films were shot right in the sewage tunnel. That illustrates that their
sewage engineering project was extremely well-planned. Besides, there were many scenes in foreign movies in which the actors ran along the tunnel-like ct for a long period of time. A little while ago, the animation cartoon, “Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles”, was highly popular throughout China, whose heroes lived exactly in the cts all their lives. This fact explains how much more well-planned foreign sewage systems are.
Thirdly, as for technical matters, I must point out that the sewage system will get clogged sooner or later no matter how deep it is. Sewage water will mix with underground water after it is filtered by soil. However, because of improper flow and damage to pipes, sewage water gets sour. If the fermented water is left alone, the situation will get worse. Where the water is shallower, there is little or no unpleasant odor. That is because the ct is wider at that point and the water flows away rapidly. Let me explain this by giving an example familiar to all of you. Say you have a liking for rib soup. If you leave the soup untouched too long, the delicious soup is sure to go sour....
(All the experts present on the spot are amused by the impressive speech, which is worth the name of “uniqueness.”)
CHAIRMAN OF THE CONFERENCE
Right here and now the central discussion of the fifth International Municipal Road-Planning Conference has drawn to a fruitful end.
Scene IV
Setting:
Director’s Office, Environmental Protection Agency, Pudong New Area
Time: May 1, 2008
Character:
Director LI, who has achieved great success after serving as Director of EPA, Pudong for some years
Background:
A short time before the opening of the Beijing Olympics, Li is appointed as Director of Environmental Protection Agency, Beijing. Just at this time, he receives another piece of E-mail, which brings him pleasure beyond description. The message contained therein is as follows.
“Dear Director LI:
Hi. I am Jenny, an overseas Chinese. Several years ago, I came to Shanghai and sent a message to you by E-mail, mentioning the sewage problem. This time when I stroll around your city again, I find that you have done a good job by getting rid of the headaches. I am thankful to you for the efforts you have made...”
Director Li thinks to himself, “China has a long way to go and is sure to have a bright tomorrow. I can take a deep breath at last.”