带教员工英语怎么翻译成英文
1. 关于“穴位”一词英文翻译的一点看法
摘要:本文从穴位的本来含义、穴位的功能、穴位的现代研究、针刺手法到临床取穴等方面,论述了”point”一词作为穴位英译的诸多不当之处。提出了穴位英译应当遵循“民族性”的原则,以音译为妥,以便在翻译中保留穴位一词的本来含义,只有这样才能使外国学员一开始就建立起穴位的三维空间概念,从而正确理解穴位的基本概念。
Some Opinion on “穴位”’s English Translation--Point
Xu Rongdong , Zhang Yongwang ( Acumoxi Department of Sino-japan Friendship Hospital,Beijing 100029,China)
Abstract This articlre is to demonstrate the translation “point” or “acupoint” for “穴位” is unsuitable through the word meaning , function of “Xuewei”, modern research on “Xuewei “ ,compound acupuncture manipulation ,clinic “Xuewei” measurement. We hold that “Xuewei “’s translation should follow the national character principle,thus the foreigners can master the proper special concept of “Xuewei “ , then can properly master the theory of acumoxi.
Key Words “Xuewei”;English translation
“穴位”一词在古代有诸多称谓,如《黄帝内经》中称之为“节”、“会”、“骨空”、“气穴”、“气府”;《甲乙》称作“空穴”;《圣惠方》谓之“穴道”;《铜人》称之为“腧穴”;《神灸经论》叫做“穴位” [1]。但不论如何称谓,其语义中均含有空间的概念,但在目前的英译书籍中基本上都将其翻译为“point”或“acupoint”。笔者从事针灸临床及国内外学员的带教工作多年,认为此翻译失去了穴位原有的空间概念,使外国学员很难理解穴位的真正含义,不仅造成概念上的混乱,并且使针灸学理论简单化,故应当予以纠正。
1、从“穴”字的语义上讲
穴者,非点也,有其空间内涵。在商务印书馆1989年出版的《辞源》一书中,“穴”字有以下六种含义:土室、孔洞、动物的巢穴、圹穴(墓穴)、人体可进行针灸的部位、洞穿。由此可以看出,除“洞穿”一词为动词外,其余均为名词,但无论以上哪种含义,“穴”字都有三维空间的概念。
2、从穴位的其他语义上来讲
穴位一词,是“节”、“会”、“骨空”、“气穴”、“气府”、“空穴”、“穴道”、“腧穴”诸词的代称,其含义是相同的,从以上诸词的文字来看,无不有三维空间的含义,其中没有一个词可以解释为“点”。正如《素问?气穴论》所说:“气穴之处,游针之居……以溢奇邪,以通荣卫。”“气穴”既然是“游针之居,或以溢奇邪”又能“行荣卫”,当然是有空间的。
3、从穴位的功能上讲
3.1 穴位有反映病症的功能,若只是一“点”而没有空间的概念又何以“溢奇邪”(《素问?气穴论》)。如笔者曾治一偏头痛者,患侧之太阳穴以手扪按之,手下饱满坚实而无生理状态之凹陷,待头痛治愈后又恢复了原有的生理凹陷。若为点则无空间概念,当然也就无陷下或饱满之分。
3.2 穴位还有治疗疾病的功能,临床一个穴位多次重复刺激的情况并不罕见。而所针之处多是以一处为中心的一个范围而非一个点。若为一点早已形成瘢痕,且针具本身就有一定的横截面,又如何扎到一个点上?
3.3 从古人的比喻上来看,古人将经络比喻为江河,而将一些穴位比喻为溪、池、海、谷、冲、关等,可见无论经络也好穴位也好,原本都有空间的概念。
3.4 从生理功能上来看,经络是运行气血的通道,而穴位则是通道上调节气血的部位,当然是有其空间的含义在内。
3.5 从临床取穴方法来看:穴位一般多在筋边、骨边等凹陷处,即《黄帝内经》中常提到的“陷者中”,因为穴位是一个立体的空间结构,如《灵枢?本输》所说:“太渊,鱼后一寸陷者中也。”
4、从穴位的现代研究看
穴位周围微血管分支、神经分支、淋巴管分支、和交通支十分丰富,认为穴位是由多种组织构成,是一个多层次的立体结构,而绝非是一个没有空间概念的“点”。[2]
穴位应是由皮至骨的一个立体结构,而非仅仅是体表的一个点或面。如果将穴位的位置仅限于体表,那将与临床实际大相径庭,刺皮刺肉刺脉刺筋刺骨之说也将沦为乌有。一般说人体所有部位都有气血输注,而穴位则是“脉气所发”的部位, [3]所以是有空间结构的。
5、从 针刺手法来看
在一个“点”上是无法完成“倒针朝病”、“烧山火”、“透天凉”等针刺手法,只有在三位空间结构下才能完成以上操作。尤其是“烧山火”、“透天凉”等复杂手法,在针刺得气的基础之上,要求术者要在穴位的不同深度反复多次作提插捻转手法,故必须使针具达到人体的相当深度才能完成。
6、从临床取穴来看
临床上常需要据实际情况而定穴,绝非横竖分寸即可简单定穴,亦即要通过押手之触觉感受局部之凸陷及异常与否而定穴。如在《灵枢?刺节真邪》有云:“用针者,必先察其经络之虚实,切而循之,按而弹之,视其应动者,乃后取之而下之。”在《素问?离合真邪论篇》写道:“必先扪而循之,切而散之,推而按之,弹而怒之,抓而下之,通而取之,外引其门,以闭其神。”所以说,在针刺或灸疗之前,是要“揣穴”和“摸穴”的。若穴位只是一个“点”的话,也就无法用手指去揣穴了,恐怕连用针尖揣穴都嫌粗。
7. 从针感要求上来看
在针灸临床上,一般认为,针刺得气是取得疗效的前提,要想针刺得气,则针刺必须达到穴位的一定深度,再施以相应的手法,所以光有点的概念是无法完成各种补泻手法的。
有的人头疼、嗓子疼就在脑门、嗓子部位揪几下,揪出紫红色的小斑点就觉得舒服一些。但有的人说这种做法不管用,还影响形象。中医专家告诉您,这种做法叫揪痧,“不管用”是没有对症或手法不对。
揪痧是流行于我国民间的一种中医治疗方法,属刮痧疗法的一种。揪痧历史悠久,其起源可追溯到旧石器时代,历经数千年而流行至今,由于其操作简单,不需任何器械,易于掌握,且疗效好,因此在民间深受欢迎。
揪痧可驱除风寒暑湿
揪痧是以手为治疗工具,在身体的特定部位或穴位进行揪提,使皮肤出现紫红色或黯红色的痧点或痧斑,以达到治病保健目的,在民间又
8、称之为“揪疙瘩”。揪痧开始仅是针对痧病的一种治疗方法。那么,什么是痧病呢?据中医古籍记载:“痧郁于内者,多因风寒暑湿诸气,杂糅阻遏不能宣达所致。”这就是说,痧病是风、寒、暑、湿等邪气侵袭人体,使经脉闭阻,气血不得宣通所导致的疾病。
从中医理论讲,揪痧可刺激经络穴位,起到活血祛瘀、疏风散寒、舒筋通络、泻火解毒的作用,从而达到去病保健目的。从现代医学来讲,由于外力的揪挤,可使局部毛细血管扩张、充血,同时可造成局部组织的微小损伤,以及局部毛细血管破裂。血液进入组织间隙,造成局部的微量淤血,这种微小损伤和微量淤血会对机体产生良性的刺激作用,调动机体的自身应激调节反应,使局部的血液循环改善,巨噬细胞在局部聚集,以修复局部组织的微小损伤并清除局部的微量淤血,同时也会将局部沉积的代谢产物清除。而局部沉积的代谢产物是造成酸痛不适的一个重要原因,局部沉积的代谢产物清除以后,酸痛不适症状也会随之减轻或消失。
揪痧法操作简便
揪痧简单方便,可随时随地进行治疗,不仅可以帮助别人揪,还可以自己给自己揪,是一种非常实用的家庭保健方法。
揪痧法主要适用于头面部、颈部以及肩背部等处。揪痧时,根据揪痧部位的不同选择舒适的体位,充分暴露施治部位皮肤。揪痧者手指蘸水,将五指弯曲如钩状,用食、中二指的指间关节侧面,或用拇、食二指指腹用力揪挤提拉皮肤,然后松开。此时可发出“啪”的声音,一揪一放,反复操作,揪至施治部位出现紫红色痧痕为度。揪痧可在一个部位(不适的部位)或穴位处揪,也可沿经络揪,一般在一个部位或穴位揪挤10次左右,沿经络揪则来回揪6~10次。
揪痧对四类病症有效
咽喉肿痛 是一种常见的临床症状,多因外感风热,或嗜食辛辣,或肾阴亏虚、虚火上犯而发病。揪痧对咽喉肿痛有明显的作用,可快速减轻疼痛,甚至起到立竿见影的效果。
咽喉肿痛可在颈前部正中线的任脉、两侧的足阳明胃经以及大椎穴进行揪痧,以达到泻火利咽、消肿止痛的作用。具体操作可先揪任脉,从廉泉穴(任脉穴位,在颈前正中线上,喉结上方的凹陷处)开始揪至天突穴(任脉穴位,在前正中线上,胸骨上方的凹陷处),然后再找到人迎穴(足阳明胃经穴位,在喉结旁,与之平齐,颈部两侧大筋即胸锁乳突肌的前缘),在此穴上下与任脉平行揪足阳明胃经,最后揪大椎穴(督脉穴位,在后颈部正中线上,低头时颈部突出隆起最高的骨头为第七颈椎棘突,大椎在其下缘凹陷处),至出现紫红色痧点或痧斑为度。
头痛 劳累、感受风寒、血压升高等均可引起头痛,此时在印堂穴、双侧太阳穴,以及风池穴进行揪痧,可快速缓解头痛症状。先揪印堂穴(经外奇穴,在前额两眉毛内侧端两线的中点处),再揪两侧太阳穴(经外奇穴,在颞部,眉毛外侧端与眼角外侧端两线的中点向后约一横指的凹陷处),最后揪风池穴(足少阳胆经穴位,在后颈部,枕骨下两大筋即斜方肌和胸锁乳突肌之间的凹陷处,约与耳垂相平),至出现紫红色痧点为度。由于头痛病因较复杂,脑血管病变等也可引起头痛,如揪痧后症状未缓解或加重,应及时就医,以免延误治疗。
感冒发热 感冒后可在风池穴、大椎穴、肩井穴等处进行揪痧,能快速有效地解决感冒发热等症状。具体操作为先揪两侧风池穴,再揪大椎穴,最后揪肩井穴(足少阳胆经穴位,在肩部,从乳头直上肩部的最高点即是),至出现紫红色痧点为度。
中暑 中暑时可在印堂穴、风池穴、大椎穴、肘窝、N窝进行揪痧,以清热祛暑,醒神开窍,待症状缓解后喝一大杯温开水。具体操作为先揪印堂穴,接着揪两侧风池穴、大椎穴,再揪两侧的肘窝和N窝,至出现紫红色痧点为度。肘窝内有曲泽穴,N窝内有委中穴,这两个穴位中医合称为“四弯穴”,是治疗暑热的特效穴位。
揪痧不能连续进行
揪痧是一种很好的保健方法,但也要掌握好尺度。揪痧以出现紫红色或暗红色的痧点或痧斑为度,不可为追求更好的效果(多出痧),反复揪挤,以免造成不必要的损伤。揪痧时和揪痧结束后,局部皮肤会有火辣辣的疼痛感,并且摸上去会有皮肤凸起的感觉,这是揪痧后的正常反应,不必担心。痧点或痧斑的消退一般需要5~7天,如需再次揪痧,要等前一次揪痧的痧点或痧斑消退后再揪。
一般来说,年老体虚者揪痧手法宜轻,年轻力壮者手法可稍重。患有严重的心脏病、血友病或有出血倾向的疾病、肾功能衰竭以及其他严重疾病者不宜揪痧;揪痧部位皮肤有溃疡、炎症者,不宜揪痧;孕妇禁止揪痧。
“Point”的英文基本意思是(⒈a sharp or tapering end as of a dagger ;⒉a projecting part of anything;⒊something having a sharp or tapering end (of used in combination);⒋somthing that has position but not extension,as the intersection of two lines;The NewWebster’ Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language )锋利或突出的部分或交叉点,明显没有三维空间的概念。将穴位一词译为“point”,完全失去了穴位原有的空间结构内涵,这种翻译的后果是误导外国学员及针灸从业者,使其误认为穴位就是皮肤上的点,经络就是线,取穴就是横纵坐标的交叉点,因而不可能建立三维空间的概念,其结果是只会用尺子量取皮肤上的交叉点,而不会去用手去扪按寻找穴位,因为有“point”的概念先入为主,外国学员又很迷信书本,你说教科书是错误的,又有谁能相信?所以纠正起来十分费力,给目前的针灸教学造成很大的困难,“point”错误概念的危害由此可见一斑。
9.、结语
虽然在英文的针灸教材中对point作了限定性的规定:through which the zang-fu organs transport qi and blood to the body surface[4],但仍使外国人易望文生义,认为穴位就是点。笔者认为穴位的之英文翻译如同“阴阳”“气”等基本概念一样具有很强的”民族性” [5],是构建针灸学的基本要素,在英文中无法找到相对接近的“自然”4的“可回译”4的“简洁”4的词汇。在这种情况下,应当向李约瑟先生学习,以音译为主[6],翻译为“XueWei”“ShuXue”或“Xue”。这样,可以进一步的做“规定性”的定义或解释,使外国初学者一开始学就建立起空间概念,才能真正领悟穴位的含义,从而真正领悟经络非线也是有空间内涵的,从而正确领悟针灸理论,从而为以后的临床实习打下坚实的基础。我们现在无从考究最初的译者是出于什么原因而将穴位翻译为point,但从point有位置而无空间内涵的语义来看,最初的英译者似对腧穴的基本概念缺乏正确的理解,误以为穴位就是皮肤表上的点,缺乏应有的空间概念,结果造成语义上的严重失误,而且时至今日竟然仍得不到纠正,实在是令人费解。
以上为笔者管窥之见,限于本人水平,谬误之处在所难免,还望各位前辈及同道批评指正,是为盼。
2. 急~~~!!专业中医翻译成英文(一) 翻译出来追加 分
Post title: china-japan friendship hospital medical director, Beijing university of Chinese medicine, professor, The evaluation committee to protect proprietary varieties in China, The treatment of infertility center consultant, The China journal editors they. In TCM diagnosis for more than 60 years.
Scientific research achievements: scientific achievement won the Chinese medicine therapy, and tubal for 7 gynecological monographs. In the United States, Japan and academic exchanges and the diagnosis and the patient.
Indications subjects: gynecology. Infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal obstruction, endometriosis, functional uterine bleeding, amenorrhoea, fever, postpartum fever, mammary gland hyperplasia, etc.
Post title: china-japan friendship hospital: china-japan friendship hospital, director, director of TCM oncology first physicians, Beijing university of Chinese medicine, professor, tutor; Ph.D. Under the academic degrees committee member; third PingYiZu discipline Chinese cancer research foundation standing directors and professional committee, TCM tumors, Chinese traditional medicine association, deputy director of the committee members, honorary The first 500 famous experts of TCM, National famous expert tutor experience inherited itcwm, The central health expert consultation. TCM therapy in 60 years.
Scientific research achievements: a combination of cancer (the book has been translated into English in Britain, the United States and other countries, "zhang Zhao generation) cancer experience JiYao etc. Combining traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment of cancer, the effective LiXuan cases, journal of combining traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment of concurrent chemoradiation adverse reaction. Participated in the international academic conferences, to tumors, date, phenanthrene, Thailand, Indonesia, Korea, new, beauty, and Hong Kong and other countries and regions. Lecturing,
Indications subjects: tumors
Post title: Beijing university of Chinese medicine, professor, Chief physicians, doctoral tutor. TCM therapy in 40 years.
Research on CCTV: "column" estrade of TCM theory and the health care knowledge.
Indications subjects: allergic rhinitis, asthma, esophagus, gastritis, enteritis, liver disease, heart disease, depression, dementia, cervical spondylosis, menstrual disorders, menopausal syndrome.
Post title: Beijing china-japan friendship hospital medical director, Beijing university of Chinese medicine, professor. The national association of professional, deputy director of the thyroid gland. From the TCM therapy for more than 40 years.
Scientific research achievements of China's state council issued: China's health undertakings have outstanding contribution certificate, 100 TCM expert honorary certificate. In 1995 and 1996, was invited to Japanese university hospital in Oriental medicine specialized work, was appointed Japanese guest professor, university of TCM treatment with a lot of difficult patients from across Japan, Japanese patients and scholars, won the praise of Japanese university health award.
Indications: JiaJian hyperthyroidism, subjects, hashimoto's thyroiditis, JiaYan, parathyroid function lowly disease of mammary gland hyperplasia of mammary gland fibroma,,, prostatitis, hyperplasia, seminal vesicle phlogistic, liver cavernous hemangioma, thromboangiitis obliterans, Renault's disease, erythema limb pains, eczema, ectopic dermatitis, nolar psoriasis skin erythema, etc.
Post title: Beijing china-japan friendship hospital medical director, professor of Beijing university of Chinese medicine. TCM therapy in 40 years.
Editor: the scientific research of itcwm medical treatment, the TCM geriatrics society "and" Chinese medicine as part of the software text. Once invited to Japan, Taiwan, etc. Treatment
Indications: medical illnesses, subjects hypertension.sleep, menopausal syndrome, neurosis (depression), dizziness, LaoNianZheng etc.
Post title: Beijing university of Chinese medicine dongmen hospital medical director, professor. In TCM therapy for more than 40 years.
Scientific research achievements: she was invited to give lectures and Japan for clinical teaching in Japan, South Korea, USA, Italy, Spain, Australia, Singapore, Argentina, Sri Lanka and other students from all over the world and throughout the study. As China's health ministry sponsored by the international level exam questions on the doctors.
Indications subjects: medical intractable diseases. Stomach disease, lung disease. Esophageal reflux sex phlogistic, acute gastritis, superficial and atrophic gastritis, gastroodenal, ulcers, gastroptosis, coronary heart disease, rheumatic, cough and asthma, etc.
Post title: Beijing children's hospital medical director of combining traditional Chinese and western medicine. In TCM therapy for more than 40 years.
Editor: the research achievements of pediatric common symptoms of medical series in the 21st, editor-in-chief of 21st century infant encyclopedia parallel. Once invited to guinea teaching and burkina faso etc. The clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Indications subjects: the acute and chronic gastritis, twelve rectum ball ulceration, gastric, All sorts of pneumonia, bronchus asthma and chronic pharyngitis, rhinitis etc, Hench-schonlein purpura, thrombocytopenic purpura and acute glomerulonephritis, etc. Rheumatoid arthritis, etc.
3. 护士英文怎么写
nurse
[nE:s]
n.
护士, 保姆
vt.
护理, 看护
v.
照料
nurse
nurse
AHD:[nûrs]
D.J.[n*8s]
K.K.[n)s]
n.(名词)
A person ecated and trained to care for the sick or disabled.
护士,看护:被教育和训练用来照顾病人或残废人的人
A woman employed to suckle children other than her own; a wet nurse.
奶妈:被雇佣给别人的而不是自己的孩子哺乳的人;奶妈
A woman employed to take care of a child; a nursemaid.
保姆,养育者:被雇佣来照看孩子的妇女;保姆
One that serves as a nurturing or fostering influence or means:
养育者,培养者:做为养育或培养因素或方法者:
“Town life is the nurse of civilization”(C.L.R. James)
“城市生活是文明的养育者”(C.L.R.詹姆斯)
Zoology A worker ant or bee that feeds and cares for the colony's young.
【动物学】 工蚁,工蜂:喂养和照料共生蚁群或共生蜂群幼虫的工蚁或工蜂
v.(动词)
nursed, nurs.ing, nurs.es
v.tr.(及物动词)
To serve as a nurse for:
看护:给…当护士:
nursed the patient back to health.
护理病人恢复健康
To feed at the breast; suckle.
给…喂奶;哺乳
To try to cure by special care or treatment:
调养,调治:试图通过特殊护理或治疗而治愈:
nurse a cough with various remedies.
用各种药方治疗咳嗽
To treat carefully, especially in order to prevent pain:
护理:小心地对待,尤指为防止疼痛:
He nursed his injured knee by shifting his weight to the other leg.
把重心移到另一腿上,以护理他受伤的膝盖
To manage or guide carefully; look after with care; foster:
细心管理,仔细栽培:小心地操纵或指导;细心照料;培养:
nursed her business through the depression.See Synonyms at nurture
在经济萧条中精心料理她的生意参见 nurture
To bear privately in the mind:
怀有:脑中私自抱有想法:
nursing a grudge.
怀恨在心
To consume slowly, especially in order to conserve:
节约使用:精打细算地花:
nursed one drink for the whole evening.
整个晚上在慢慢地品一杯酒
v.intr.(不及物动词)
To serve as a nurse.
当护士
To take nourishment from the breast; suckle.
吸奶:从乳房中吸取营养;吸奶
Middle English norice, nurse [wet nurse]
中古英语 norice, nurse [奶妈]
from Old French norrice
源自 古法语 norrice
from Vulgar Latin *nutrºa
源自 俗拉丁语 *nutrºa
from Late Latin n¿ºcia}
源自 后期拉丁语 n¿ºcia}
from feminine of Latin n¿ºcius} [that suckles]
源自 拉丁语 n¿ºcius的阴性词} [喂奶]
from n¿ºx} n¿trºc- [wet nurse] * see (s)n³u-
源自 n¿ºx} n¿trºc- [奶妈] *参见 (s)n³u-