自然年幼期英语怎么说及英文翻译

① 急求英文翻译高手

The Sixth Extinction By Niles Eldredge

About 30,000 species go extinct annually.
大约每年有30000种物种走向灭绝。

There is little doubt left in the minds of professional biologists that Earth is

currently faced with a mounting loss of species that threatens to rival the five

great mass extinctions of the geological past.
在生物学专家心中都有一个小小的疑问，地球是否在面临着可能媲美过去五大物种灭绝的另

一次不断增加的物种灭绝。
As long ago as 1993, Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson estimated that Earth is

currently losing something on the order of 30,000 species per year -- which

breaks down to the even more daunting statistic of some three species per hour.
早在1993年，哈佛一名生物学家，E.O. Wilson就预测地球物种正在以每年30000种的速度消

失, 而这种令人心悸的预测则被更为恐怖的每小时3种的统计结果结束了.
Some biologists have begun to feel that this biodiversity crisis -- this "Sixth

Extinction" -- is even more severe, and more imminent, than Wilson had supposed.
The previous mass extinctions were e to natural causes.
一些生物学家已经开始察觉到生物多样性的危机了. Wilson预测说这次的第六次物种灭绝,

比以往五次更为严重,更为紧迫。前几次大量物种灭绝的发生，只是因为自然原因。

Extinction in the past
过去的几次大量物种灭绝

The major global biotic turnovers were all caused by physical events that lay

outside the normal climatic and other physical disturbances which species, and

entire ecosystems, experience and survive. What caused them?
过去的几次生物界翻天覆地的变化，原因都不外乎正常的天气还有其他的物理因素干扰这些

物理因素，而整个生态系统都安然度过了。这些都是怎样发生的呢？

* First major extinction (c. 440 mya): Climate change (relatively severe and

sudden global cooling) seems to have been at work at the first of these-the end

-Ordovician mass extinction that caused such pronounced change in marine life

(little or no life existed on land at that time). 25% of families lost (a family

may consist of a few to thousands of species).
第一次大量物种灭绝（c.440 mya）:较为严重的突然全球变冷似乎先发生，然后就有了

引起海洋物种显著变化的后奥陶纪的大量物种灭绝（当时很少或者根本没有生物在大路上生

存），大约25%的物种科目消失了（一个物种科目可能含有几十到上千的物种）。
* Second major extinction (c. 370 mya): The next such event, near the end of

the Devonian Period, may or may not have been the result of global climate

change. 19% of families lost.
第二次大量物种灭绝（c. 370 mya）：第二次类似的事件发生在大概泥盆纪结束的时候

，尚未清楚是否由于全球气候的变化。这次有19%的物种科目消失了。
* Third major Extinction (c. 245 mya): Scenarios explaining what happened at

the greatest mass extinction event of them all (so far, at least!) at the end of

the Permian Period have been complex amalgams of climate change perhaps rooted

in plate tectonics movements. Very recently, however, evidence suggests that a

bolide impact similar to the end-Cretaceous event may have been the cause. 54%

of families lost.
第三次大量物种灭绝（c. 245 mya）:地质构造论中二迭纪发生的大范围地壳运动和气

候的复杂多变可以解释这次起码到现在为止是最大规模的大量物种灭绝。但在最近，又有证

据说类似于后白垩纪的流星事件可能是这次物种灭绝的主要原因。这次54%的物种科目被灭

绝了。
* Fourth major extinction (c. 210 mya): The event at the end of the Triassic

Period, shortly after dinosaurs and mammals had first evolved, also remains

difficult to pin down in terms of precise causes. 23% of families lost.
第四次大量物种灭绝（c.210 mya）:这次大量物种灭绝发生在发生在三叠纪后期，在进

化出恐龙和哺乳动物之后不久。这次物种灭绝很难精确确定出原因。23%的物种科目消失了

。
* Fifth major extinction (c. 65 mya): Most famous, perhaps, was the most

recent of these events at the end-Cretaceous. It wiped out the remaining

terrestrial dinosaurs and marine ammonites, as well as many other species across

the phylogenetic spectrum, in all habitats sampled from the fossil record.

Consensus has emerged in the past decade that this event was caused by one

(possibly multiple) collisions between Earth and an extraterrestrial bolide

(probably cometary). Some geologists, however, point to the great volcanic event

that proced the Deccan traps of India as part of the chain of physical events

that disrupted ecosystems so severely that many species on land and sea rapidly

succumbed to extinction. 17% of families lost.
第五次大量物种灭绝(c. 65 mya):物种灭绝中最为著名的可能莫过于距离现在最近的

在白垩纪末发生的第五次物种灭绝. 根据对化石的研究发现,在这次物种灭绝中,陆地恐龙和

鹦鹉螺都完全消失. 有着同样命运的还有许多物种谱中的生物. 在过去十年中,大家都认为

这次物种灭绝的原因在于一次(也有可能是多次)地球与宇宙流星(很有可能是彗星)的相撞.

但一些地质学家持不同意见。他们把原因归结于产生了印度德干traps（陷阱？）的火山运

动而造成的生态系统的剧烈变动，最终使陆地上和海里的许多生物迅速走向灭绝。

The current mass extinction is caused by humans.
现在我们面临的大量物种灭绝是人为因素造成的。
How is the Sixth Extinction different from previous events?
第六次大量物种灭绝与之前有什么不同呢？

At first glance, the physically caused extinction events of the past might seem

to have little or nothing to tell us about the current Sixth Extinction, which

is a patently human-caused event. For there is little doubt that humans are the

direct cause of ecosystem stress and species destruction in the modern world

through such activities as:
初步来看，过去五次大量物种灭绝对现在第六次认为造成的物种灭绝没有任何可借鉴意义，

因为毫无疑问人类造成了如下几种情况，给生态系统造成了很大压力，给物种带来了灭绝：

* transformation of the landscape
地貌的改变
* overexploitation of species
物种资源的过度开发
* pollution
污染
* the introction of alien species
带来了外来物种

And because Homo sapiens is clearly a species of animal (however behaviorally

and ecologically peculiar an animal), the Sixth Extinction would seem to be the

first recorded global extinction event that has a biotic, rather than a

physical, cause.
同样由于智人很明显是动物的一员（虽然行为和外貌上不很像动物），第六次物种灭绝似乎

是有史以来第一次由生物而不是物理环境变化引起的。

We are bringing about massive changes in the environment.
我们给环境带来了剧烈的变化。
Yet, upon further reflection, human impact on the planet is a direct analogue of

the Cretaceous cometary collision. Sixty-five million years ago that

extraterrestrial impact -- through its sheer explosive power, followed

immediately by its injections of so much debris into the upper reaches of the

atmosphere that global temperatures plummeted and, most critically,

photosynthesis was severely inhibited -- wreaked havoc on the living systems of

Earth. That is precisely what human beings are doing to the planet right now:

humans are causing vast physical changes on the planet.
Humans began disrupting the environment as soon as they appeared on Earth.
然而进一步的说，人类对于地球的影响，完全相当于白垩纪的彗星撞击。彗星带来了爆炸性

的力量，紧接着把碎片带到大气上层，引起了全球气候降低，还有最重要的，极大地降低了

光合作用，就像是对地球生态系统的愤怒轰炸一样。这完全和现在人类正在对这颗行星做的

一样：人类正在给这颗行星的物理环境带来巨大的改变，而这种改变，自从人类出现便已经

开始了。
What is the Sixth Extinction?
什么是第六次大量物种灭绝？

We can divide the Sixth Extinction into two discrete phases:
我们可以把第六次大量物种灭绝分为两段

* Phase One began when the first modern humans began to disperse to

different parts of the world about 100,000 years ago.
第一阶段开始于100，000年前现代人类分散到世界各地
* Phase Two began about 10,000 years ago when humans turned to agriculture.
第二阶段开始与10，000年前人类开始了农业劳动
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② 1969年用英语怎么读

1969年的英语：nineteen sixty-nine

英 [ˌnaɪnˈtiːn ˈsɪksti naɪn]； 美 [ˌnaɪnˈtiːn ˈsɪksti naɪn]

语法：英语中数词主要分为基数词和序数词两类。所谓基数，在数学上的理解是可以比较大小的数字。英语中的基数词是用于描述事物数量的多少。

用法例句：

,IrvingMillman,-nine.

他和费城福克斯詹士癌症中心另外一位研究人员IrvingMillman于1969年发明了这种疫苗。

(2)自然年幼期英语怎么说及英文翻译扩展阅读

英语中对年份的表达

1.以数字表达年代的标准，是在数字后直接加s，而不是

2. 20世纪是指1900-1999这100年，以此类推19世纪：1800-1899，etc.

3. 20世纪80年代：1980 - 1989 这 10年，以此类推30年代：1930 - 1939

4. 1900s 表达的是 1900-1909，极为罕见的才会表达 1900-1999 整个20世纪，要表达某个世纪，还是用序数加 century 才合适。

5. 除了 in 外， ring 也适用。加不加冠词 the 都不错，但是一般习惯仍然是加 the

6. 80s 也同样被用来表达80年代，通常自然是上世纪（20世纪）的80年代，但并不仅限于用在20世纪，而是泛指任何世纪的80年代。在涉及特定时期的历史文献中必须根据语境决定，或者避免使用。

7. 1980's clothing 指的是 1980年的服装，而不是80年代的服装（the clothing of the 80s)，这种 's 表达方式过去经常被误用，与它本身具备的所有格形式混淆，以至于引起不必要的疑义。