工件装卸英语怎么说及英文翻译
❶ 谁能帮忙找一小段（1000个左右单词）机械制造类的英语文章要带中文的翻译的。谢谢！
说个关于仿行车床和自动车床的文章吧.那是我帮一个朋友翻译之后的结果:
Trace lathes are machine tools with attachments that are capable of turning parts with various contours. also called plicating lathes or contouring lathes, the cutting tool follows a path that plicates the contour of the template, similar to a pencil following the shape of a plastic template used in engineering drawing. a tracer finger follows the template and, through a hydraulic or electrical system, guides the cutting tool along the workpiece without operator intervention. operations performed on a tracer lathe have been largely replaced by numerical-control lathes and turning centers (section 24.2)
lathes have been increasingly automated over the years . manual machine controls have been replaced by various mechanisms that enable cutting operations to follow a certain prescribed sequence . in a fully automatic machine ,parts are fed and removed automatically ,whereas in semiautomatic machines, these functions are performed by the operator
Automatic lathes, which may have a horizontal or vertical spindle and do not have tailstocks, are also called chucking machines, or chuckers . they are used for machining indivial pieces of regular or irregular shapes, and are available in either single or multiple spindle types. in another type of automatic lathe, the bar stock is fed periodically into the lathe and a part is machined and cut off at the bar. automatic lathes are suitable for medium to high-volume proction
仿行车床是一种加工机床,和附加配件一起,能够加工各种轮廓的旋转体. 也可以称为复制车床或者轮廓车床(在国内只叫仿行车床,我只是按字面把这一句翻译出来). 切削刀具跟随着复制模板的外形轮廓移动.类似于用铅笔沿着塑胶模板(曲线模板)的轮廓描绘工程图.仿行指针跟随模板,并且通过液压或者电气系统,不需要操作员干涉的情况下引导切削刀具沿着工件加工.目前仿行车床已经基本被数控车床和车削中心代替.(第24.2)
多年以来,车床已经逐步自动化了.手动控制的机床已经被各种能够按照指定次序执行加工的机制取代.一部全自动的机床,产品可以全自动地被送进和装卸;然而对于半自动机床,某些功能需要人手执行.
自动车床有水平主轴或者立式主轴,但是没有后机座的可以称作卡盘式车床. 他们用于加工个别形状规则或者不规则的产品.而且拥有单一或者多个主轴的类型; 另外一种自动车床,带有自动送料的系统,把条状原料定时地送进车床加工,加工完了之后从条料中切落. 自动车床适合中到高产量的生产.
自动车床有水平主轴或者立式主轴,但是没有后机座的可以称作卡盘式车床. 他们用于加工个别形状规则或者不规则的产品.而且拥有单一或者多个主轴的类型; 另外一种自动车床,带有自动送料的系统,把条状原料定时地送进车床加工,加工完了之后从条料中切落. 自动车床适合中到高产量的生产.
❷ 机械手中英文对照5000字
mechanical hand, is also called from begins, auto hand can imitate the manpower and arm's certain holding function, with by presses the fixed routine to capture, the transporting thing 'OR' operation tool's automatic operation installment. It may replace person's strenuous labor to realize the proction mechanization and the automation, can operate under the hostile environment protects the personal safety, thus widely applies in departments and so on machine manufacture, metallurgy, electron, light instry and atomic energy. the manipulator is mainly composed of the hand and the motion. The hand is uses for to grasp holds the work piece (or tool) the part, according to is grasped holds the thing shape, the size, the weight, the material and the work request has many kinds of structural styles, like the clamp, the request hold and the adsorption and so on. The motion, causes the hand to complete each kind of rotation (swinging), the migration or the compound motion realizes the stipulation movement, changes is grasped holds the thing position and the posture. Motion's fluctuation, the expansion, revolving and so on independence movement way, is called manipulator's degree-of-freedom. In order to capture in the space the optional position and the position object, must have 6 degrees-of-freedom. The degree-of-freedom is the key parameter which the manipulator designs. The degree-of-freedom are more, manipulator's flexibility is bigger, the versatility is broader, its structure is also more complex. Generally the special-purpose manipulator has 2~3 degrees-of-freedom. the manipulator's type, may divide into the hydraulic pressure type, the air operated according to the drive type, electromotive type, the mechanical manipulator; May divide into the special-purpose manipulator and the general-purpose manipulator two kinds according to the applicable scope; May divide into the position control and the continuous path according to the path control mode controls the manipulator and so on. the manipulator usually serves as the engine bed or other machine's add-on component, like on the automatic machine or the automatic proction line loading and unloading and the transmission work piece, replaces the cutting tool in the machining center and so on, generally does not have the independent control device. Some operating equipment needs by the person direct control, if uses in the host who the atomic energy department manages the dangerous goods from the type operator also often being called the manipulator.
能模仿人手和臂的某些动作功能，用以按固定程序抓取、搬运物件或操作工具的自动操作装置。它可代替人的繁重劳动以实现生产的机械化和自动化，能在有害环境下操作以保护人身安全，因而广泛应用于机械制造、冶金、电子、轻工和原子能等部门。
机械手主要由手部和运动机构组成。手部是用来抓持工件（或工具）的部件，根据被抓持物件的形状、尺寸、重量、材料和作业要求而有多种结构形式，如夹持型、托持型和吸附型等。运动机构，使手部完成各种转动（摆动）、移动或复合运动来实现规定的动作，改变被抓持物件的位置和姿势。运动机构的升降、伸缩、旋转等独立运动方式，称为机械手的自由度 。为了抓取空间中任意位置和方位的物体，需有6个自由度。自由度是机 械手设计的关 键参数。自由 度越多，机械手的灵活性越大，通用性越广，其结构也越复杂。一般专用机械手有2～3个自由度。
机械手的种类，按驱动方式可分为液压式、气动式、电动式、机械式机械手；按适用范围可分为专用机械手和通用机械手两种；按运动轨迹控制方式可分为点位控制和连续轨迹控制机械手等。
机械手通常用作机床或其他机器的附加装置，如在自动机床或自动生产线上装卸和传递工件，在加工中心中更换刀具等，一般没有独立的控制装置。有些操作装置需要由人直接操纵，如用于原子能部门操持危险物品的主从式操作手也常称为机械手。
❸ 分别以26个字母开头的职业 英文 急！
具体如下：
1、advertiser广告商
2、beertaster调酒师
3、cardinal主教
4、doctor医生
5、electrician电工
6、firefighter消防队员
7、goldsmith金匠
8、hodman搬运工
9、investigator调查员
10、journalist记者
11、king国王
12、lawyer律师
13、machinist机师
14、naturalist自然学家
15、operator接线员
16、pharmacist药剂师
17、questionmaster问答主持人
18、racer赛跑选手
19、singer歌者
20、timekeeper计时员
21、underwriter保险人
22、volunteer organizer就是组织志愿者去做事的人
23、welder焊接工
24、X-raytechnician做x-ray的技师
25、yacht cleaner就是溜达着小艇清理水面垃圾的人
26、zoologist动物学家
(3)工件装卸英语怎么说及英文翻译扩展阅读：
部分职业详细介绍：
1、医生
医生，掌握医药卫生知识，从事疾病预防和治疗的专业人员的统称。医生，古代称大夫或郎中。现在“大夫”一词在北方人中也常用。在欧美医生普遍被称为“Physician”，只有外科医生被称呼为“Surgeon”。
2、焊接工
特殊工种之一，运用加热或加压，或两者并用，也可能用填充材料，使工件达到结合的工人。焊接的方式通常有熔焊、压焊和钎焊三种。
3、动物学家
动物学家是研究动物的科学家。研究对象包括动物生理、动物分类、动物生态、动物驯化等等。职业动物学家一般在大学、生物研究机构或自然博物馆工作，有时也在工业机构或养殖机构工作。
他们会聚在一起对动物进行野外调查、实验、解剖以研究具体课题，把报告或成果写成书籍在刊物上发表。动物学家一般都有生物物学学位。
❹ 前道工序 英语怎么说在加工工件的过程中
前道工序
用英语表达
翻译如下:
front-end proction
❺ 工件的英语翻译 工件用英语怎么说
工件
[词典] workpiece; work; job;
[例句]工件已经上了车床。
The workpiece is already on the lathe.
❻ 机械专业英语在线翻译
（ 1 ）加工取自于个体的机器,与援助的人,执行过程可以做很多事,机器的过程。
（ 2 ）于1968年,是数控机床,可自动改变了营销工具以便许多不同的过程可以在一个机器。这种机器成为众所周知的“加工中心”——一种机器能完成各种工艺和变化的工具时,可编程控制下自动。
（ 3 ）加工中心的研究始于历史的数控（NC）。NC是编程自动化在某种功能的机床控制的编码指令。
（ 4 ）计算机数控上使用了各式各样的机器。从single-spindle有打孔机、常常只有two-axis控制,对加工中心,它可以钻、无聊、铣、攻丝等四a加工中心和控制程序自动选择和改变多达32预置的工具。这个表格可以移动左/右或/和主轴能搬上/下或在输入/输出、定位精度的0.0003归在40归的旅行。这台机器有自动化工具的改变,使工件自动工作交接时加载/卸载可加工在进行中。
（ 5 ）自动改变工具的概念已经扩展到NCN车床。这个工具都保留在旋转刀具杂志和gantry-type工具更换,是用来改变工具。每个magazing持有一种类型的刀具,多才多艺,正在增长,rotary-tool rotary-work联合行动,milling-in——-turning .Tools单一机器在6秒或更少。它也是常见的提供两种或两种以上工位,允许工作时要树立了工件加工机械,以表作为交换。因此,这样可以非常高,加工的chip-procing时间通常接近总数的50%。
（ 6 ）两个新动向以发展加工中心。一是越来越感兴趣,在smaller.更紧凑的加工中心,另一种是把重点放在extended-shift甚至无人操作。现代化的加工中心已经作出了重要贡献许多公司的生产。他们已经排除了失去的时间在机器中,移动工件所需的时间和工件装卸为独立运作。此外,他们极力贬低失去的时间改变工具,执行标准操作,对准工件的机器上。
❼ 请问,哪位知道有关机床用刀具以及刀具尺寸方面的英语翻译谢谢!
金属加工专业词中英对照
金属加工专业词中英对照
A
abrasion n. 磨料,研磨材料,磨蚀剂, a. 磨损的,磨蚀的
abrasive belt n. 砂带
abrasive belt grinding n. 砂带磨削,用研磨带磨光
abrasive cut-off machine n. 砂轮切断机
abrasive dressing wheel n. 砂轮修整轮
abrasive grain n. 磨料粒度
abrasive grit n. 研磨用磨料,铁粒
abrasive lapping wheel n. 磨料研磨轮
accuracy of position n. 位置精度
accuracy to shape n. 形状精度
active cutting edge n. 主切削刃
adapter flange n. 连接器法兰盘
adjointing flanks n. 共轭齿廓
align n. 找中(心),找正,对中,对准,找平,调直,校直,调整,调准
angle milling cutter n. 角铣刀
angular grinding n. 斜面磨削,斜磨法
angular milling n. 斜面铣削
angular plunge grinding n. 斜向切入磨削
angular turning n. 斜面车削
arbour n. 刀杆,心轴,柄轴,轴,辊轴
attachment n. 附件,附件机构,联结,固接,联结法
automatic bar machine n. 棒料自动车床
automatic boring machine n. 自动镗床
automatic ing lathe n. 自动仿形车床
automatic double-head milling machine n. 自动双轴铣床
automatic lathe n. 自动车床
automatic turret lathe n. 自动转塔车床
B
belt grinding machine n. 砂带磨床
bench lathe n. 台式车床
bevel n. 斜角，斜面，倾斜，斜切，斜角规，万能角尺，圆锥的，倾斜的，斜边，伞齿轮，锥齿轮
bevel gear cutting machine n. 锥齿轮切削机床
bevel gear tooth system n. 锥齿轮系，锥齿轮传动系统
borehole n. 镗孔，镗出的孔，钻眼
boring n. 镗孔，钻孔，穿孔
boring fixture n. 镗孔夹具
boring machine n. 镗床
boring tool n. 镗刀
boring, drilling and milling machine n. 镗铣床
broaching machine n.拉床，铰孔机，剥孔机
broaching tool n. 拉刀
broad finishing tool n. 宽刃精切刀，宽刃精车刀，宽刃光切刀
C
Calibrate vt. 校准〔正〕，刻度，分度，检查〔验〕，定标，标定,使标准化，使符合标准
cam contour grinder n. 凸轮仿形磨床
carbide tip n. 硬质合金刀片
carbide turning tool n. 硬质合金车刀
carbide-tipped tool n. 硬质合金刀具
cast iron machining n. 铸铁加工，铸铁切削加工
centerless cylindrical grinder n. 无心外圆磨床
ceramic cutting tool n. 金属陶瓷刀具
chamfer n.;vt. 倒角，倒棱
chamfered cutting edge n. 倒角刀刃
champ v. 焦急
champing fixture n. 快换夹具
champing jaw n. 快换卡爪
chaser n. 螺纹梳刀，梳刀盘，板牙
chatter vi.;n. 振动，振荡，震颤，刀振
cherry n.;a. 樱桃，鲜红的，樱桃木制的
chip n. 切屑，铁屑，刀片，刀头，片，薄片，芯片，基片
chip breaker groove radius n. 断屑槽底半径，卷屑槽底半径
chip clearance n. 切屑间隙
chip cross-sectional area n. 切屑横截面面积
chip curl n. 螺旋形切屑
chip flow n. 切屑流
chip formation n. 切屑形成
chip removing process n. 去毛刺加工
chip variable n. 切屑变量
chuck n. 卡盘，夹盘，卡头，〔电磁〕吸盘，vt. 固定，装卡，夹紧，卡住
chucker n. 卡盘车床，卡角车床
circular drillling machine n. 圆工作台钻床
circular path n. 环路，圆轨迹
circular pitch measurement n. 周节测量
circumference n. 圆周，周线，周界，周围，四周，范围
close-grained a. 细颗粒的
coeffecient of tool thrust n. 刀具推力系数
coil chip n. 卷状切屑
cold circular saw n. 冷圆锯
cold saw n. 冷锯
column drilling machine n. 圆〔方〕柱立式钻床
combined drill and milling cutter n. 复合钻铣床
complete traverse grinding n. 横进给磨削，切入磨削
computer-controlled machine n. 计算机控制机床，数控机床
contact pattern n. 靠模
continuous chip n. 连续切屑
continuous spiral chip n. 连续螺旋切屑
contour n. 轮廓，外形，外貌，轮廓线，回路，网路，电路，等高线，等值线，轮廓等高距 a. 仿形的，靠模的
contour grinding n. 仿形磨削，成形磨削
contour milling n. 成形铣削，外形铣削，等高走刀曲面仿形法
convex milling attachment n. 凸面铣削附件
convex turning attachment n. 中凸车削附件，凸面车削附件
coolant lubricant n. 冷却润滑剂
coolant lubricant emulsion n. 冷却润滑乳液〔剂〕
n. 样板，仿形，靠模工作法，拷贝复制品， v. 复制,模仿,抄录
grinding n. 仿形磨床
-mill n. 仿形铣
ing turret lathe n. 仿形转塔车床
corner n. 角,弯〔管〕头,弯管
counterbore n. 埋头孔,沉孔,锥口孔,平底扩孔钻,平底锪钻, n.;vt. 扩孔，锪孔，镗孔，镗阶梯孔
crankshaft grinding machine n. 曲轴磨床
crankshaft turning lathe n. 曲轴车床
creep feed grinding n. 缓进给磨削
cross milling n. 横向铣削
curly chip n. 卷状切屑，螺旋形切屑，切屑螺旋
cut v.;n. 切削〔割〕，口，片，断，断开，削减，减少，断面，剖面，相交，凹槽
cut off n. 切断〔开，去〕，关闭，停车，停止，断开装置，断流器，挡板，截止，截流
cut teeeth n. 铣齿
cut-off grinding n. 砂轮截断，砂轮切割
cutter n. 刀具，切削工具，截断器，切断器，切断机
cutting n. 切削，切片，切割，切屑，金属屑，截槽
cutting edge profile n. 切削刃轮廓〔外形，断面〕，切削刃角度
cutting force n. 切削力
cutting lip n. 切削刃，刀刃，钻唇，钻刃
cutting operation n. 切削加工，切削操作，切削作业
cutting rate n. 切削效率，切削速率
cutting tool n. 刀具，切削工具，刃具
cycle n. 周期，周，循环，一个操作过程，轮转，自行车
cylindrical grinder n. 外圆磨床
D
damage n.;vt. 损坏〔害，伤，耗，失〕，破坏，事故，故障，伤害，危害
deep-hole drilling n.深孔钻削
deep-hole milling n. 深孔铣削
design n. 设计，计算，计划，方案，设计书，图纸
die-sinking n. 凹模
dimension n. 尺寸，尺度，维度，量纲，因次
direction of the feed motion n. 进给方向，进刀方向
discontinuous chip n. 间断切屑
distance n. 距离，间隔〔隙〕，长度，vt. 隔开
double-column planer-miller n. 双柱龙门铣床
dress v. 修饰，修整，平整，整理，清理，装饰，调制，准备，打磨，磨光，压平，轿直，清洗，清理，分级
drilling n. 钻头，钻床，穿孔器，凿岩机，v. 钻孔，打孔，钻井，钻探
drilling machine n. 钻床，钻机，钻孔机，打眼机
drilling tool n. 钻孔〔削，井，眼〕工具
E
edge point n. 刀口，刀刃
efficiency n. 效率，效能，性能，功率，产量，实力，经济性，有〔功，实〕效
end mill n. 立铣刀
external grinding n. 外圆磨削
F
face n. 表面，外观，工作面，表盘，屏，幕 v. 面向，朝向，表面加工，把表面弄平
face grinding machine n. 平面磨床
face milling machine n. 端面磨床
feed force n. 进给力
feed motion n. 进给运动
fine adjustment n. 精调，细调，微调
fine boring n. 精密镗孔
finish v.;n. 精加工，抛光，修整，表面粗糙度，完工，最后加工，最后阶段，涂层，涂料
finish-cutting n. 精加工，最终切削
fixture n. 夹具，夹紧装置，配件，零件，定位器，支架
form n. 型式，类型，摸板，模型，形成，产生，成形，表格 v. 形〔组，构〕成，产生，作出，成形，造型
form-turn n. 成形车削
free-cutting n. 自由切削，无支承切削，高速切削
G
gap n. 间隔，间隙，距离，范围，区间，缺口，开口火花隙， vt. 使产生裂缝 vi. 豁开
gear cutting machine n. 齿轮加工机床，切齿机
gear generating grinder n. 磨齿机
gear hob n. 齿轮滚刀
grinding cutter n. 磨具
grinding force n. 磨削力
grinding machine n. 磨床
grinding wheel diameter n. 砂轮直径
grinding wheel width n. 砂轮宽度
groove n. 槽，切口，排屑槽，空心槽，坡口，vt. 切〔开，铣〕槽
groove milling n.铣槽
H
headstock spindle n. 床头箱主轴，主轴箱主轴，头架轴
helical tooth system n. 螺旋齿轮传动装置
high precision lathe n. 高精度车床
high-speed n. 高速
high-speed machining n. 高速加工
hob n. 齿轮滚刀，滚刀，螺旋铣刀，v. 滚铣，滚齿，滚削
horsepower n. 马力
hobbing machine n. 滚齿机，螺旋铣床，挤压制模压力机，反应阴模机
hole n. 孔，洞，坑，槽，空穴，孔道，管道，v. 钻〔穿，冲，开〕孔，打洞
hone n. vt. 磨石，油石，珩磨头，磨孔器，珩磨，
honing machine n. 珩磨机，珩床，搪磨床，磨孔机，磨气缸机
I
inclination n. 倾斜，斜度，倾角，斜角〔坡〕，弯曲，偏〔差，角〕转
increment n. 增量，增加，增〔大〕长
indexing table automatic n. 自动分度工作台
infeed grinding n. 切入式磨削
installation n. 装置，设备，台，站，安装，设置
internal grinding n. 内圆磨削
involute hob n. 渐开线滚刀
J
jig boring machine n. 坐标镗床
K
keyway cutting n. 键槽切削加工
knurling tool n. 滚花刀具，压花刀具，滚花刀
L
laedscrew machine n. 丝杠加工机床
lap grinding n. 研磨
lapping n. 研磨，抛光，精研，搭接，擦准
lathe n. 车床
lathe dog n. 车床轧头，卡箍，鸡心夹头，离心夹头，制动爪，车床挡块
lathe tool n. 车刀
level n. 水平，水准，水平线，水平仪，水准仪，电平，能级，程度，强度，a. 水平的，相等的，均匀的，平稳的
loading time n. 装载料时间，荷重时间，充填时间，充气时间
lock n. 锁，栓，闸，闭锁装置，锁型，同步，牵引，v. 闭锁，关闭，卡住，固定，定位，制动刹住
longitudinal grinding n. 纵磨
low capacity machine n. 小功率机床〔机器〕
M
machine axis n. 机床中心线
machine table n. 机床工作台
machine tool n. 机床，工作母机
machining n. 机械加工，切削加工
machining (or cutting) variable n. 加工（或切削）变量
machining allowance n. 机械加工余量
machining cycle n. 加工循环
machining of metals n. 金属切削加工，金属加工
magazine automatic n. 自动化仓库，自动化料斗，自动存贮送料装置
manufacture n. 制造者，生产者，厂商，产品，制造
material removing rate n. 材料去除率
metal cutting n. 金属切削
metal-cutting technology n. 金属切削工艺学，金属切削工艺〔技术〕
metal-cutting tool n. 金属切削刀具，金属切削工具
micrometer adjustment n. 微调
milling n. 铣削，磨碎，磨整，选矿
milling feed n. 铣削进给，铣削走刀量，铣削走刀机构
milling machine n. 铣床
milling spindle n. 铣床主轴
milling tool n. 铣削刀具，铣削工具
mount v. 固定，安装，装配，装置，架设，n. 固定件，支架，座，装置，机构
mounting n. 安装，装配，固定，机架，框架，装置
mounting fixture n. 安装夹具，固定夹具
N
Nose n. 鼻子，端，前端，凸头，刀尖，机头，突出部分，伸出部分
number of revolutions n. 转数
numerical control n. 数字控制
numerically controlled lathe n. 数控车床
O
oblique grinding n. 斜切式磨床
operate v. 操纵，控制，运行，工作，动作，运算
operating cycle n. 工作循环
operation n. 运转，操作，控制，工作，作业，运算，计算
operational instruction n. 操作说明书，操作说明
operational safety n. 操作安全性，使用可靠性
oscillating type abrasive cutting machine n. 摆动式砂轮切割机
oscillation n. 振动，振荡，摆动，颤振，振幅
out-cut milling n. 切口铣削
oxide ceramics n. 氧化物陶瓷
oxide-ceramic cutting tool n. 陶瓷刀具
P
performance n. 实行，执行，完成，特性，性能，成品，制作品，行为，动作，生产率，效率
peripheral grinding n. 圆周磨削
peripheral speed n. 圆周速度，周速，边缘速度
perpendicular a. 垂直的，正交的，成直角的 n. 垂直，正交，竖直，垂线，垂直面
physical entity n. 实体，实物
pitch n. 齿距，节距，铆间距，螺距，极距，辊距，坡度，高跨比，俯仰角
pitch circle n. 节圆
plain (or cylindrical) milling machine n. 普通（或圆柱形）铣床
plain grinding n. 平面磨削
plain turning n. 平面车床
plane n. 平面，面，投影，刨，水平，程度，阶段，飞机 a.平的 v. 弄平，整平，刨，飞行
plane milling n. 平面铣削
plane-mill n. 平面铣刀，平面铣床
plunge mill n. 模向进给滚轧机
plunge-cut n. 切入式磨削，横向进给磨削，全面进刀法，全面进给法
plunge-cut thread grinder n. 切入式螺纹磨床
plunge-grinding n. 切入式磨削
point n. 点，尖端，刀尖，针尖，指针，交点，要点，论点，特点 v. 指，面向，瞄准，对准，表明，弄尖，强调
power n. 功率，效率，能〔容，力〕量，动力，电源，能源 v. 驱〔拖，带，发〕动，给...以动力
power hacksaw n. 机动弓锯〔钢锯〕
precision boring n. 精镗
precision boring machine n. 精密镗床
precision machining n. 精密机械加工
pressure angle n. 压力角
primary cutting edge n. 主切削刃
principal feed motion n. 主进给运动，主进刀运动
proction method s n. 生产方法[式]
profile n. 轮廓，形面，剖面，侧面图，分布图。外形，齿形 vt. 仿形切削，靠模加工，画...的轮廓
profile cutting tool n. 成形刀具，成形铣刀，定形刀具
profile mill n.仿形铣削，仿形机床
Q
radial drilling machine n. 摇臂钻床
ram n. 挑杆，挺杆，伸杆，冲头，压头，活塞，滑板，拖板，滑枕 v. 锤击，压，打，迅速移动，填充
rapid traverse rate of feed n. 快速横向进给速度
rate n. 比率，率，速率，速度，频率，价格，等级，评定，评价，定等级，定额，定价，价 v. 评定，估计，计算，测量
re-machining n. 再加工，重新加工
reamer n. 铰刀，锪钻，扩孔钻，扩锥，整孔钻 v. 扩大...的孔，铰〔扩〕孔
reference circle n. 参考圆，分度圆
relief-grind n. 铲磨
resharpen vt. 再磨锐，再磨快，重新变锋利
resistance to deflection n. 抗弯曲
rest position n. 静止位置
S
self-excited (or self-inced) vibrations n. 自激振动
self-excited (or self-inced) vibrations pl. n. 半自动车床
semi-automatic lathe n. 操作顺序，作用顺序
sequence of operations a. 齿的，细齿的，齿形的，vt. 使成锯齿形
serrate n. 锯齿，细齿，细花键连接，齿面
serration n. 使用〔运行，工作〕寿命，使用期限
service life n. 装置，设备，机组，用具，支架，台，站，校准，定位，固定，套，a. 固定的，装好的，做成的，正式的，v. 放置，安放，建立，摆，调整，校准，配合，定位
set n. 调整参数
setting parameter n. 柄，把手，手柄，刀柄，刀杆，柄部，轴，支柱，支架，镜身，镜筒，开沟器，车钩身
shank n. 形状，形态，形成，模型，轮廓，种类，型材 v. 成形，形成，塑造，计划，实现，发展
shape n. 抗剪强度
shear strength n. 空心端铣刀，圆筒形铣刀
shell end mill n. 套式刀具
shell tool n. 垫片，分隔片，夹铁，夹片，补偿棒，v. 用垫片调整，填隙，垫上垫片，调整
shim n. 肩，台肩，凸出部，挂耳，胎缘， vt. 肩，挑起，承担
shoulder n. 阶梯孔
shouldered hole n. 碳化硅，金刚砂 v. 下沉，降，减少，挖，掘，雕，刻，打进，埋入 n. 穴，沉，沟，变换〔交换，换能，转变〕器，散热器
silicon carbide n. 烧结硬质合金
sink n. 烧结金属，金属陶瓷
sintered carbide metal n. 大小，尺寸，体积，量值，度量，号，规模
sintered metal vt. 量尺寸，测定〔估计〕大小，按一定尺寸制造，筛分，定径，上胶
size n. 车削外圆
skin turning n. 切薄片，刮削
skiving n. 磨轮
skiving wheel n. 润面铣刀，扁钢坯轧机
slab-mill n. 滑板磨削，片条磨削
slip grinding n. 槽，沟，窄口，切口，裂口，长眼，长方形孔，缝隙，轨迹，vt. 切槽，打孔，插削，立刨，跟踪
slot n. 铣槽
slot milling n. 间隔，距离，区间，格，空间，场地，v. 留间隔，隔开，空格，留出空间，配置
space n. 速度〔率〕，迅速，转数，v. 加快〔速〕，提高...的速度，调整...的速度，急行
speed n. 速度控制，转速控制
speed control n. 速度范围，转速范围
speed range n. 螺旋角，捻角
spiral angle n. 花键铣床
spline milling machine n. 花键轴，多键轴
splineshaft n. 弹簧套爪夹头
spring-collet chuck a. 直的，水平的，正向的，正确的，可靠的，整齐的，n. 直，尺，直边，ad. 直，一直，笔直，立刻
straight n. 直齿轮切削
straight gear cutting n. 直线车削
straight turning n. 机械硬化，加工硬化，应变硬化
strain hardening n. 行程，冲程，击，敲
stroke vt. 超精加工，超级研磨
superfinish n. 表面光洁度，面漆，表面修琢
surface finish n. 平面磨削
surface grinding n. 平面磨床
surface grinding machine n. 表面质量
T
table feed n. 工作台进给，工作台进刀
table feed motion n. 工作台进给运动，工作台进刀运动
tap n. 塞子，龙头，丝锥，螺塞，开关，刻纹器，压头 v. 使流出，放出，出钢，堵塞，攻螺丝
taper boring n. 圆锥形孔镗削
taper grinding n. 圆锥形孔磨削
taper turning n. 圆锥形孔车削
tapping n. 攻丝，出铣，出钢，出渣，钻孔，导出液体，浇注
tapping machine n. 攻丝机，开口机，开铁口机
thread n. 螺纹，车螺纹，线，线索，细丝,纤维 vt. 车螺纹，拧螺丝，穿线，上螺母，穿过
thread chaser n. 螺纹梳刀，螺纹花刀
thread cutting n. 螺纹切削
thread grinding n. 螺纹磨削
thread milling n. 螺纹铣削
thread profile n. 螺纹牙型
threading die n. 螺纹板牙，螺丝模盘
tilt v. 倾，斜置，翻转，摆动， n. 倾斜，斜度〔面，率，坡〕，仰角，倾角，落锤
tilting table n. 倾斜工作台
time per cut n. 每次切削的时间
tolerance in size n. 尺寸公差
tool n. 工〔用，器，刀，刃，量，机〕具，器械，仪器，设备，机床，附件 v. 用工具加工，切削加工，装备工具
tool bore n. 工具内径，刀具内径
tool chuck n. 刀具夹头
tool face n. 刀面
tool life n. 工具使用寿命，刀具使用寿命
tool life between resharpening n. 一次重磨的刀具使用寿命
tool major cutting edge n. 刀具主切削刀
tool mark n. 刀痕
tool material n. 刀具材料，工具材料
tooling n. 工〔刀，刃〕具，仪器，用刀具加工，机床安装，成套工具，工艺装置，调整工具，调整机床
tooling allowance n. 刀具公差
tooth n. 齿，牙，齿壮物，刃瓣，凸轮，齿形插口，v. 切齿，锉齿，使成锯齿状，使表面粗糙，啮合，齿连接
tooth gap n. 齿隙
tooth generation grinding n. 齿形滚磨加工
tooth profile n. 齿形，齿廓
torque n. 转矩，v. 扭矩
total pitch variation n. 节距累积偏差
transverse pitch n. 齿距，齿面
trimmer tool n. 修边工具
true-running accuracy n. 实际旋转精度
turn v. 旋转，转，转向，绕过，倾倒，弯曲，n. 旋转，转动，变向，弯曲，转角，变化，转数，车床
turned part n. 车床部件
turning diameter n. 车削直径
turret drill n. 转塔钻床
turret head n. 转塔刀架，六角头，六角刀架，回转头
turret lathe n. 转塔式六角车床，转塔车床，六角车床
U
ultrasonic drilling machine n. 超声波打孔机床
ultrasonic machining n. 超声波加工
undercut n.;v. 下〔底，根〕切，从下部切开，切去下部，沉割，切槽
universal boring tool n. 万能镗刀
universal lathe n. 万能车床
useful life n. 使用寿命,有效寿命
V
variation of speed ranges n. 速度范围改变
vertical a. vertical boring and turning mill n. 立式镗铣床
vertical spindle rotary-table miller n. 立式回转工作台铣床
vertical turret lathe n. 立式转塔车床，立式六角车床
vertical-spindle milling machine n. 立式铣床
vibration mark n. 振动极限，振动界限
vitrified bonded grinding wheel n. 陶土烧结磨轮
volume n. 体（容）积，容量，音量，声量，响度，盘，叠，大量，许多，a. 大量的
volume of metal removed by cutting n. 被切除的金属体积
volume of wheel grain wear n. 磨轮颗粒磨损体积
W
wear (out) v.;n. 磨损，损坏，磨耗〔坏，蚀，破〕，消耗，耗损，用〔变〕旧，耐用，耐磨，耐久，显出
wear mark n. 磨损极限，磨损界限，磨损限度
wheel marks n. 砂轮的指标，砂轮代号
whirling n. 旋转，涡流，涡动，回转，旋转物
work cycle n. 工作循环
work mounting s (or loading) n. 工件支架，工件支承
workholding table n. 工件夹紧工作台
working area n. 工作区，加工面积，临时存贮区，中间存贮区
working cutting edge n. 主切削刃
working feed n. 工作进给
working plane n. 工作的横向面积（刀车）
working power n. 工作的功率，加工功率
working stroke n. 工作行程，工作冲程
working surface n. 加工面，工作面
workpiece n. 工件，轧件，分部工程
workpiece diameter n. 工件直径，轧件直径
workpiece motion s n. 工件运动，轧件运动
workpiece peripheral speed n. 工件的圆周转速
workpiece rotational frequency n. 工件的转速
workpiece rotational motion n. 工件的回转运动
worktable n. 工作台
worm n. 蜗杆，螺杆，蛇形管
wormwheel n. 蜗轮
Z
zero setting n. 调零，零位调整
❽ 求一篇英文文章及其中文翻译。。
Introction of Machining
Have a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the proction of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.
Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost proction. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every proction of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a proction of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the proction batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to proce, but usually prefer machining.
Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of proction belonging to the large-scale proction, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch proction. Besides, many parts on the proction and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be concted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.
Primary Cutting Parameters
Cutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.
Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.
Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.
Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。
Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.
Wears of Cutting Tool
We already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vice-bladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the proct and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts.
As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip e to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen.
The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of the work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits graally become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis.
If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the wear and even to allow for a serious lapse, the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features : the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise.
The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures
In metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and this results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip.
Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will rece the power per unit volume of metal removed and cutting temperatures will rece. When considering increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more comples. An increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed, however, rece the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip in primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate, it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data.
The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high-speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright&Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructural changes to thermal history.
Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron micros to study fine-scale microstructural changes srising from over tempering of the tempered martensitic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed-steel single point turning tools and twist drills.
Automatic Fixture Design
Assembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent, The synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affecting the fixture force. Fixture specification range from 0.2 inches itinerary, 5 pounds clamping force of the six-inch trip, 400-inch clamping force.
The characteristics of modern proction is becoming smaller and smaller quantities and proct specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of proction, assembly of proction, quantity and proct design changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automation. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, such as backward in the development of instrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fixture. In fact the important fixture devices -- the proction of the devices to strengthen investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders.
According to their flexibility and fixture can be divided into : special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacement for the characteristic.
Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and flake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example : commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening of the intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To proction, the parts were secured fixture, the need to generate clamping function, its fixture with a few unrelated to the sexual submissive steps :
According to the processing was part of that foundation and working characteristics to determine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile structure, all balanced and torque, it has also ensured that the work features close to the work piece. Finally, it must be calculated and adjusted, assembly or disassembly be standard fixture components required for the position, so that the work piece firmly by clamping fixture in China. In accordance with this procere, the outline fixture structure and equipped with the planning and recording process can be automated control.
Structural modeling task is to proce some stable flat combination, Thus, these plane of the work pieces clamping force and will fixture stability. According to usual practice, this task can be human-machine dialogue that is almost completely automated way to completion. A man-machine dialogue that is automated fixture structure modeling to determine the merits can be concted in an organized and planning fixture design, rece the amount of the design, shortening the study period and better distribution of work conditions. In short, can be successfully achieved significantly improve fixture efficiency and effectiveness.
Fully prepared to structure programs and the number of material circumstances, the completion of the first successful assembly can save up to 60% of the time.
Therefore fixture process modeling agencies is the purpose of the program have appropriate documents.
加工基础
作为产生形状的一种加工方法，机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。机械加工过程是一个产生形状的过程，在这过程中，驱动装置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。尽管在某些场合，工件无承受情况下，使用移动式装备来实现加工，但大多数的机械加工是通过既支承工件又支承刀具的装备来完成。
机械加工在知道过程中具备两方面。小批生产低费用。对于铸造、锻造和压力加工，每一个要生产的具体工件形状，即使是一个零件，几乎都要花费高额的加工费用。靠焊接来产生的结构形状，在很大程度上取决于有效的原材料的形式。一般来说，通过利用贵重设备而又无需特种加工条件下，几乎可以以任何种类原材料开始，借助机械加工把原材料加工成任意所需要的结构形状，只要外部尺寸足够大，那都是可能的。因此对于生产一个零件，甚至当零件结构及要生产的批量大小上按原来都适于用铸造、锻造或者压力加工来生产的，但通常宁可选择机械加工。
严密的精度和良好的表面光洁度，机械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面光洁度基础上。许多零件，如果用别的其他方法来生产属于大批量生产的话，那么在机械加工中则是属于低公差且又能满足要求的小批量生产了。另方面，许多零件靠较粗的生产加工工艺提高其一般表面形状，而仅仅是在需要高精度的且选择过的表面才进行机械加工。例如内螺纹，除了机械加工之外，几乎没有别的加工方法能进行加工。又如已锻工件上的小孔加工，也是被锻后紧接着进行机械加工才完成的。
基本的机械加工参数
切削中工件与刀具的基本关系是以以下四个要素来充分描述的：刀具的几何形状，切削速度，进给速度，和吃刀深度。
切削刀具必须用一种合适的材料来制造，它必须是强固、韧性好、坚硬而且耐磨的。刀具的几何形状——以刀尖平面和刀具角为特征——对于每一种切削工艺都必须是正确的。
切削速度是切削刃通过工件表面的速率，它是以每分钟英寸来表示。为了有效地加工，切削速度高低必须适应特定的工件——刀具配合。一般来说，工件材料越硬，速度越低。
进给速度是刀具切进工件的速度。若工件或刀具作旋转运动，进给量是以每转转过的英寸数目来度量的。当刀具或工件作往复运动时，进给量是以每一行程走过的英寸数度量的。一般来说，在其他条件相同时，进给量与切削速度成反比。
吃刀深度——以英寸计——是刀具进入工件的距离。它等于旋削中的切屑宽度或者等于线性切削中的切屑的厚度。粗加工比起精加工来，吃刀深度较深。
切削参数的改变对切削温度的影响
金属切削操作中，热是在主变形区和副变形区发生的。这结果导致复杂的温度分布遍及刀具、工件和切屑。图中显示了一组典型等温曲线，从中可以看出：像所能预料的那样，当工件材料在主变形区被切削时，沿着整个切屑的宽度上有着很大的温度梯度，而当在副变形区，切屑被切落时，切屑附近的前刀面上就有更高的温度。这导致了前刀面和切屑离切削刃很近的地方切削温度较高。
实质上由于在金属切削中所做的全部功能都被转化为热，那就可以预料：被切离金属的单位体积功率消耗曾家的这些因素就将使切削温度升高。这样刀具前角的增加而所有其他参数不变时，将使切离金属的单位体积所耗功率减小，因而切削温度也将降低。当考虑到未变形切屑厚度增加和切削速度，这情形就更是复杂。未变形切屑厚度的增加趋势必导致通过工件的热的总数上产生比例效应，刀具和切屑仍保持着固定的比例，而切削温度变化倾向于降低。然而切削速度的增加，传导到工件上的热的数量减少而这又增加主变形区中的切屑温升。进而副变形区势必更小，这将在该区内产生升温效应。其他切削参数的变化，实质上对于被切离的单位体积消耗上并没有什么影响，因此实际上对切削温度没有什么作用。因为事实已经表明：切削温度即使有小小的变化对刀具磨损率都将有实质意义的影响作用。这表明如何人从切削参数来确定切削温度那是很合适的。
为着测定高速钢刀具温度的最直接和最精确的方法是W&T法，这方法也就是可提供高速钢刀具温度分布的详细信息的方法。该项技术是建立在高速钢刀具截面金相显微测试基础上，目的是要建立显微结构变化与热变化规律图线关系式。当要加工广泛的工件材料时，Trent已经论述过测定高速钢刀具的切削温度及温度分布的方法。这项技术由于利用电子显微扫描技术已经进一步发展，目的是要研究将已回过火和各种马氏体结构的高速钢再回火引起的微观显微结构变化情况。这项技术亦用于研究高速钢单点车刀和麻花钻的温度分布。
刀具磨损
从已经被处理过的无数脆裂和刃口裂纹的刀具中可知，刀具磨损基本上有三种形式：后刀面磨损，前刀面磨损和V型凹口磨损。后刀面磨损既发生在主刀刃上也发生副刀刃上。关于主刀刃，因其担负切除大部金属切屑任务，这就导致增加切削力和提高切削温度，如果听任而不加以检查处理，那可能导致刀具和工件发生振动且使有效切削的条件可能不再存在。关于副刀刃，那是决定着工件的尺寸和表面光洁度的，后刀面磨损可能造成尺寸不合格的产品而且表面光洁度也差。在大多数实际切削条件下，由于主前刀面先于副前刀面磨损，磨损到达足够大时，刀具将实效，结果是制成不合格零件。
由于刀具表面上的应力分布不均匀，切屑和前刀面之间滑动接触区应力，在滑动接触区的起始处最大，而在接触区的尾部为零，这样磨蚀性磨损在这个区域发生了。这是因为在切削卡住区附近比刀刃附近发生更严重的磨损，而刀刃附近因切屑与前刀面失去接触而磨损较轻。这结果离切削刃一定距离处的前刀面上形成麻点凹坑，这些通常被认为是前刀面的磨损。通常情况下，这磨损横断面是圆弧形的。在许多情况中和对于实际的切削状况而言，前刀面磨损比起后刀面磨损要轻，因此后刀面磨损更普遍地作为刀具失效的尺度标志。然而因许多作者已经表示过的那样在增加切削速度情况下，前刀面上的温度比后刀面上的温度升得更快，而且又因任何形式的磨损率实质上是受到温度变化的重大影响。因此前刀面的磨损通常在高速切削时发生的。