怎么准备演讲英语作文
① 要 一 篇 英语作文.超简单的 .演讲的 .2分钟的 .我 的水平很低.
Hello,everyone. It's my honour to make a speech to you.Today,I want to talk something about reading. I like reading very much and recently I have read something about American literature.And I'd like to say something about the languages of some famous American writers.
As for the American prose writers in the 19th century, Washington Irving is obviously the most outstanding one. Although his thought is not that deep and his writing style and techniques are full of European flavor, he has really strong observational ability towards the daily life. Firstly, his prose is very jocular, humorous and does not rigidly adhere to form. Irving uses demotic style, adding some British romantic reminiscence which is popular at his time into his humor and British liveliness. Secondly, he likes to use plain English language and American nouns and verbs, which has a pleasing rhythm and is natural and full of metaphor. Thirdly, in his prose work, he adopts more satire than praise.
For O. Henry, his is famous for his humorous and exquisite language style. He uses slangs and tropes such as puns, metaphors. He also uses close-up to describe the environment and characters to reflect the feelings of the characters and to predict the development of the stories. And O. Henry is the founder of American modern short story, what makes his stories enjoy most popularity is his own styles——(1) Reasonable artistic exaggeration. (2) Unexpected ending. He is good at applying exaggeration and satire to the delineation of the bourgeois society. He usually makes the ending of the stories unexpected and creates a style all h is own. His language is brief, minute, vivid, breezy, slangy and humorous.
For Mark Twain, in spite of the other humorists, Mark Twain seemed to have paid more attention to the life of the Americans. He preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories, and form his humor style by using colloquial and vernacular language. This is a unique variation of American literary realism. He also changes his writing style from humor to bitter satire with the development of the society and his understanding of it. His language is easy, informal, humorous and wild.
I like them three very much.That's all.Thank you. 这个是我之前自己写的一个演讲稿,不知道适不适合你。
② 写一篇关于如何做一个好演讲的英语作文谢谢了,大神帮忙啊
第一篇: Christmas Day On December 25, people around the world celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ. Some people celebrate by giving gifts. Children may be thanking Santa Claus for new toys. They may also be going to church with their families. Christmas has so many traditions and symbols associated with it, that it's hard to determine exactly how it came to be the celebration it is today. 第一篇: 圣诞节 12月25日,世界各地的人们庆祝耶稣基督诞生的。有些人庆祝给予的礼物。儿童可能会感谢圣诞老人的新玩具。他们还可以去教堂与家人团聚。圣诞有很多传统和符号与此相关,这是很难确定究竟如何来是庆祝的今天。第二篇: Christmas Day Ah! Christmas morning! Children like to wake up early while it's still dark and sneak into the living room to check the presents----find any with their name on it, shake them to guess what's inside, and then maybe they'll go back to bed and pretend they are still asleep when their parents come to wake them with a "Merry Christmas!" But almost no one I know gets completely dressed or eats a regular breakfast first thing Christmas morning. They just put on a robe or wear their pajamas and go to see what's under the Christmas tree. Some Christian families have a tradition of reading the Bible story of Jesus' birth. Maybe it's to remind the children that Christmas is Jesus' birthday. Someone will begin to take the presents out from under the tree, see whose name is on the package, and then pass them around. Some families wait until all the presents have been given out before opening any of them, while others open each one as it comes to them. There are many "thank you" to the ones who gave the gifts, new clothes are tried on to see if they fit, and of course the most interesting toys will immediately be played with. Usually among the Christmas gifts will be some especially delicious candy or cake or cookies which everyone tastes. These sweet things may be the only breakfast many people eat Christmas morning. After the gifts have been opened, the room will be tidied up except where the children are playing with their toys. Everyone will wash and get dressed for the day. Some people may go to a Christmas morning church service around ten o'clock if their church didn't have one on Christmas Eve. But most people will just watch TV. Well, most men will. The children may play outside or inside with their new toys, but the mothers will be in the kitchen preparing Christmas Dinner.第二篇: 圣诞节 啊!圣诞节早晨!儿童要早起,同时它还是黑暗和潜入客厅检查介绍----找到任何与他们的姓名,动摇他们猜测里面,然后也许他们将回到床上,假装她们还在睡梦中时,他们的父母来后,他们的“圣诞快乐! ” 但是,几乎没有人我知道得到完全打扮或经常吃早餐第一件事圣诞节早晨。他们只是把长袍或穿睡衣和去看看有什么根据圣诞树。一些基督教家庭有着传统的阅读圣经故事,耶稣的诞生。也许是提醒孩子,圣诞节是耶稣的生日。 有人将开始采取了从树下,看到他的名字的程序包,然后通过他们周围。有些家庭等到所有的礼物已经给出了开幕式之前,任何人,而其他每一个开放的,因为它是他们。有许多“感谢您”的那些谁给的礼物,新衣服是审判,看看他们是否适合,当然最有趣的玩具将立即与发挥。 通常的圣诞礼物将一些尤其是美味的糖果或蛋糕或饼干每个人的口味。这些甜蜜的东西可能是唯一的早餐很多人早上吃圣诞。在礼品已经打开,房间将tidied了,除非孩子们玩的玩具。每个人都会洗穿上衣服的一天。 有些人可能去圣诞教堂服务今天上午十点钟左右,如果他们的教堂没有一个平安夜。但大多数人只是看电视。那么,大多数人意志。孩子们可以发挥外面或里面的新玩具,但妈妈会在厨房里准备圣诞晚餐。
③ 求一篇,关于如何准备演讲的英语作文,八十字左右
.根据听众对象,注意演讲的总体措词
演讲的总体措词是严肃一些还是活泼一些,是有较明显的说教口气还是用平等的口吻,等等,都要根据听众对象而定。如果场下听众是同龄的学生,那么演讲的内容只要风趣一些往往就能引起共鸣。但另一方面,如果听众大多是上了年纪的教师,太多的笑料反而会被认为“不严肃”,“不尊重”,而引起反感。
用英语演讲,不要用太多 I feel, I think,老是用I,显得十分主观,狭隘。如果通篇全是 I feel, I think
的内容,会给人觉得缺乏说服力。另外,perhaps, maybe 这样的词语,虽然有“客气,谦虚”的成分,但太多会让人觉得你演讲的内容有不可靠之处。
还有,在演讲中,要少用you,多用we。用you等于把自己与听众对立起来,而用we则拉近了与听众的距离。比如:You should not
smoke.听上去像教训人,而 Let's not smoke听起来是一个不错的建议。
2.演讲要越短越好
英语演讲应该简洁扼要,直截了当。除非特别需要,一般不要采用中文中的那种迂回曲折的表达形式。据有关专家统计,一般人的注意力一次只能集中约13分钟。所以,演讲长度以10~15分钟为宜。下面是美国总统林肯所作的著名的盖茨堡演说,虽然全文只有短短200多个词,却带有振奋人心、扭转乾坤般的力量。其中
of the people, by the people, for the
people(民有,民治,民享)已成为不朽佳句。对于中学生来说,这篇演讲现在读起来一定会觉得很难,但要写好英语演讲,这确实是值得认真研读的经典之作。
Gettysburg Address
Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought
forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil
war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated,
can long enre.
We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have
come to dedicate a portion of the field as a final resting-place for those who
here gave their lives that the nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we
cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground.
The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to
add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here,
but it can never forget what they did here.
It is for us, the living,
rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here
have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the
great task remaining before us, ----that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of
devotion, ----that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in
vain, ----that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom,
----and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not
perish from the earth.
给好评哦,亲
④ 如何做演讲前的准备工作英文
如何做演讲前的准备工作
How to prepare before the speech
⑤ 写一篇关于怎样提高英语的演说稿的英语作文
想快速提高英语水平,老师水平是关键,欧美人士比东南亚好很多 口语标准才可以 要多听多比较,不然学出口音就难改了..别人给你推荐的英语辅导也并不能说都适合你学习!你要根据自己的实际情况参考比较 ABC天卞英语性介比不错.好.,可以进行视频教学,中外教都有..希望可以帮到你..Hello everyone !As we all knoe,good manners are important in our daily life. No matter when and where, in no circumstances can we deny the great importance of manners.a person with good manners is often considered to be more trustworthy and easygoing, wch helps m make more friends and get needed help from others. Besides, people are more willing to show their respect to the polite people and cooperate with them, bringing them many opportunities to change. Still most importantly, being polite helps rece misunderstanding between people, contributing to a harmonious and enjoyable relationsps.
⑥ 求英语作文:我的一次演讲经历( 英语!!!)急急急急急!!!80字左右!!!
I remember the first time I make the speech is so nervous that I can't control myself.
at before,my teacher wanna let some students to take the competition of speech of our school,in that i wanna lets myself exercise my power of courage,So,I apply it.
Wow!I don't freaking believe I did it.So,I prepare the speech before competition carefully, I find the information of speech in network,I practise the process of speech day n night.
With the competition day coming,I feel nervous and nervous,I can't control my body when judge ask me begin the speech,seriously,I wanna go to hell.at before there is nothing in my mind,this blank.but time passed by a second,I feel better,I think it is unnecessary I feel nevers,wow! amazing~it's so irritative,and I think I fall in love with it.
我还记得我第一次参加演讲的时候,紧张到自己都无法控制自己。那时,老师问谁愿意参加一个学校的眼睛比赛,为了锻炼自己和提高自己,我报名了。哇!现在想想当时我真的是疯了。为了准备这次演讲,我仔细的在图书馆和网上找资料,我日日夜夜的练习我的表演(指演讲)。
比赛终于到来了,我只是感觉越来越紧张,当评委要求我上台的时候我发现我已经无法控制自己的身体了,说实话,我真想马上挖个洞钻下去。刚开始,我的大脑一片空白,什么都没有。但是我及时的调整了自己,那是我发现其实根本没什么好紧张的。
当我下台后,我有一种很奇妙的感觉-那种刺激感,我想我爱上这种感觉了(指爱上演讲)
嫌字数少了的话你在叫我多加一点
另外,那个叫“衡铭坤”的你抄人家的不觉得恶心吗?
⑦ 英语作文,如何准备演讲稿。什么演讲稿都行。词数在100到500内,我的要求是200就行。谢谢啦
My Campus Life我的大学生活My campus life is rich and colorful.我的大学生活是丰富多彩的。I go to attend claeveryday morning excluding除了周末,我每天早上去上课。weekend,in clai study and discuall kinds of在课堂上我学习各种只是,knowledge with my teacher and my classmates.并和我的老师和同学讨论问题。After the class, ofen i go to play basketball下课以后,通常我和我的朋友去打篮球或者羽毛球。or badminton with my friends.In the evening,i have two hours for study by晚上,我先去上两个消失的自习,oneself in scheled time, and then go back to my然后回到侵蚀上网。dormitory and surf on the internet.At the weekend,i take part in some part-time jobs周末,我经常参加一些兼职工作,and go to the Einglish Corner sometimes.有时候去参加英语角。All in all,my campus life is beatiful and substantialLife in the University-大学生活Life in the university is not as satisfactory as what we had expected.First of all, we are tightly hound by continual classes, excessive homework and exams; some students complain that we are becoming "exam machines". Secondly, the teaching method is boring; instead of lecturing, some teachers just "read" lessons. Finally, living conditions need to be improved; and food in the dining-hall is far from being attractive and tasteful.In spite of all these adversities we still enjoy our life in the university. During the four-year university study, we can not only acquire a lot of book learning, but also foster various abilities. All types of extracurricular activities such as sports meets, speech contests, different social gatherings and dancing parties provide opportunities to make friends; many of these friendships may last a long time.In short,we should value our life in the university. Four years is only a short period when compared with our whole lifetime. In the university we mature, and in the university we prepare ourselves for the real world. Although there are many things lacking, the four years in the university is a worthwhile period in our whole
⑧ 英语演讲日常要如何准备
练口语没有捷径,主要靠有方法的坚持练习。
语音语调倒是很好纠正。最基本的当版然是模仿。看多少权听多少都没用,最重要的是模仿外国人的发音,并且背诵一些短文,这样你自己说的时候就会自然而然的朝纯正的发音靠拢。当然了,这需要时间,如果你能坚持两个月以上,必定会有成效。
要演讲的话就没这么简单了。很多外国人都表示,中国学生演讲,语音语调好的数不胜数,但真正让他们折服的不多。为什么呢?因为很多人演讲内容空洞,毫无深度。
判定一个人口语好坏,语音语调当然是标准之一。但更重要的是,你是否能用英文顺畅的表达自己的想法和对某些事情比较深刻的见解。流利和深度才是评判最重要的标准。
所以,你可以多跟读名人演讲,熟了之后选择性的背诵,以后肯定可以出口成章。
⑨ 英语作文关于演讲前如何放松
at does it mean to relax?Despite hearing this term thousands of times ring the course of our lives, very few people have deeply considered what it's really about.
When you ask people (which I have done many times) what it means to relax, most will answer in a way that suggests that relaxing is something you plan to do later you do it on vacation, in a hammock, when you retire, or when you get everything else done. This implies, of course, that most other times should be spent nervous, agitated, rushed, and frenzied. Very few actually come out and say so, but this is the obvious implication.Could this explain why so many of us operate as if life were one great big emergency?
It is useful to think of relaxation as a quality of heart that you can access on a regular basis rather than something reserved for some later time. You can relax now. It's helpful t remember that relaxed people can still be superachievers and, in fact, that relaxation and creativity go hand in hand.When I'm feeling uptight, for example, I don't even try to write. But when I feel relaxed, my writing flows quickly and easily.
⑩ 英文演讲 题目是怎么样成功的准备一个英语演讲,大约三分钟
第一节 怎样准备演讲
Earning the Right to Talk
怎样的演讲准备才是恰当的?写讲稿、背讲词,还是只等临场发挥?本节内容将告诉你:只要遵寻¬正确的方法,做周全的准备,任何人都能成为出色的学说家。反之,不论年纪及¾¬验多么老到,如果没有适当的准备,仍会在演讲中出丑。
多年以前,一位哲学博士和一个年轻时曾在英国海军服役过、豪爽而粗鲁的家伙,一同进了我们纽约的一个训练班。这位儒雅的学者是位大学教授;而他的那位曾经¬遨游七海的同学却只是街旁的一名流动小摊贩。但是很奇怪的是,在这个演讲研习班中,那位流动小摊贩的演讲却远比这位大学教授更能吸引人。
为什么?这位大学教授措辞优美,台风温文儒雅,讲话有条理且清清楚楚;但他的谈话缺少了一项基本要素:细节。他的谈话太不明确,太过空泛了。那位流动摊贩却正好相反。他开口之后,就立即触及问题的核心。他演讲内容很明确,而且很具体、实在。这种特点,加上他充沛的男子汉活力,以及生动的细节,使得他的演讲十分吸引人。
我之所以举这个例子,是因为它说明了只有说话具体而明确的人—不管他的正式教育程度如何—才能具备吸引别人兴趣的能力。
这项原则太重要了。因此我们将通过法则12-15四个内容的阐述把它深深地刻印在你的脑海中。我们希望你永远记住它。绝不可把它忘了。
法则12:紧扣主题展开演讲
(Limit Your Subject)
题目一旦确定,接下来要定出自己要演说的范围,并谨守于这个范围。可不要想去¬盖一望无际的所有层面。有个青年想要讲两分钟,而题目却是《公元前500年的雅典至朝鲜战争》。这真是全然的徒劳!因为他才讲完雅典城的建造,就该他坐下了;他想在一场谈话中包含太多的东西,结果却让讲演中途夭折。我晓得这是个极端的例子,我曾听过许多讲演,都因为¬盖太多,结果无法掌握听众的注意。为什么会这样呢?因为人的思想不可能一直去注意一连串单调的事实。
假如你的讲演听上去像是世界年鉴,你便无法持久地掌控听众的注意力。选个简单的题目,像是《黄石公园之旅》什么的,不过千万不要对园中每个景色都想说上一些,那样的话,听众无异于是被你挟持着,以令人头晕目眩的速度,由这一点奔至另一点。末了,存留在脑海之中的只剩下一些模糊的瀑布、山岭和喷泉。而应该把自己限定在公园的某一方面,例如野生动物或温泉,这样,便可以有时间推展出如描似绘的生动细节,使得黄石公园以鲜亮的颜色与无穷的变化活现于眼前,这场演讲该会是非常令人难以忘怀的。
这个道理用于任何题目都是适合的,不管它讲的是销售术、烤蛋糕、减免税赋或者是飞弹,都一样。开始之先,必得先加以限制和选择,把题目缩小到某一范围内,以便适合自己使用的时间。
在短短的不超过5分钟的讲演里,只能期望说明一两点而已。长些的,在可以达到30分钟的讲演中,演说者如果是想包含四或五个以上的主要概念,也是很少能够成功的。
法则13:演讲前的准备要充分
(Develop Reserve Power)
做蜻蜓点水、只及表面的演说,要比深挖力掘事实容易太多了。只是,如果选择容易的路,听众便仅能获得很少的印象,甚至全无印象。题目缩小之后,下一步是加深对题目的了解,使自己准备充分,而能以权威的口吻来讲述所选择的题目:我为什么相信这个?在现实生活中,我什么时候见过这一点并证实无误?我真想要证明的是什么?它到底是怎样发生的?
如果能够对上述问题做出准确的回答,那么你也就为演讲做了充分的准备。据说,植物学家路德•柏班克(Luther Burbank)曾培养了100万种植物品种,只为寻找一或两种最高级的品种。讲演也应作如是观。围着主题汇集100种思想,然后舍去其中的90样。
“我所搜集的素材量往往十倍于我所要使用的材料。有时甚至达到百倍。”约翰•甘德(John Gunther)不久前这样说。他是畅销书《内在》的作者,他说的是准备写书或讲演的方法。
有一回,他的行动尤其印证了他的话。1956年,他准备着手写一连串有关精神病院的文章。为此,他前往各地的医院,与院长、护理者和病患者分别谈话。我有一位朋友同他一起,在他的研究工作上给他一点小小的帮助。他告诉我说,他们上上下下,沿着走道从这栋建筑至那栋建筑,日复一日,走了数不清的路,而甘德先生也记了许多笔记。在他的办公室里,堆满了政府与各州的报告、私立医院的报告、委员会成叠的统计资料。
“最后,”我的朋友告诉我,“他写了4篇短文,简单而又有趣,是很好的讲演题材。写成文章的那几页纸张也许只重几盎司。可是记得密密麻麻的笔记本及其他别的东西—他用来做为这几盎司产品所依据的资料却足有20磅重。”
甘德先生知道自己挖掘的是价值连城的矿石,他知道不能忽视任何一部分。他是干这行的老手,他把心思全放在上面,然后把金块筛出来。
我有位外科医师朋友说得好:“我可以在十分钟内教会你如何取出盲肠,可是要教你在出了差错时怎样应付却得花四年时间。”讲演也是如此:一定要准备周密,以应急变。比如说,由于前一名讲演者的论调,你不得不改变自己讲演的重心,或是在讲演后的讨论时间里要回答听众关切的问题。
你如果能尽快选好题目,也有充分准备,那就千万不要拖拖拉拉¬,因为早早把题目决定好,你的下意识就能发挥大作用,这有莫大的好处。在每天工作完成后的零星时间里,你就可以深入研究自己的题目,把要传达给听众的思想进行精练、修饰。在驾车回家、等候公车或乘地铁时,不妨思索一下自己的讲演题材。灵光一闪的顿悟,多半来自这样的酝酿。所以,你老早就把题目决定好,脑子便能在下意识里将它千锤百炼。
诺曼•托玛斯(Norman Thomas)是位顶尖的演说家,面对极力反对他政治观点的听众,他也能驾驭他们的注意力,赢得他们的敬佩。他曾这样说过:“如果一篇演说真是十分重要,讲演者就应与其主题或内¬休戚与共,在脑海中反复加以思索。他会惊讶地发现自己走在街上、读着报纸、准备就寝或早晨醒来时,会有许多有用的例证表达方式自然而然地向他涌来。平庸的讲演¾¬常出自平庸的思考,是对题目认识不完全、准备不充全的必然结果。”
当你积极准备讲演时,你会感受到强烈的诱惑力,总想把自己的讲演依序写出来。可千万不要这样做,因为一旦你定下了一个型,就很可能对它满意起来。这样,你可能便不再对它做更具建设性的思考。另外,还会有尝试记诵稿词的危险。马克•吐温(Mark Twain)对这种背记讲稿的做法曾这样评价:“笔写的东西不是为了讲演之用;它们的形式是文学的,它们生硬、无弹性,无法让自己借由唇舌而作愉快、有效的传达。如果讲演的目的只在欢娱听众,不在说教,便要把它们变得柔软、口语起来,否则,它们会烦死一屋子的人,而不是欢娱他们。”
查尔斯•F•吉特林(Charles F. Kettering)是发明天才,是他促成了通用汽车公司(General Motors)的成长。他也是美国最知名、最诚恳的演说家之一。当被问及是否曾将讲演的部分或全部写出来时,他答道:“我相信,我所要讲的话实在太过于重要,不能写在纸上。我宁可将自己一身的每分每毫都写在听众的脑海中,印在他们的情感中。区区一纸讲稿,在我和我要用以感动听众的东西之间,并无容身之地。”
法则14:用例证丰富演讲
(Fill Your Talk With Illustrations and Examples)
在《写作艺术》(Art of Readable Writing)一书里,鲁道夫•弗烈区(Rudolf Flesch)在某一章的开头这样写:“只有故事才真正可读。”他接着利用《时代杂志》与《读者文摘》来说明如何使用这条法则。他说,在这两份雄踞销量前三甲的杂志里,几乎篇篇文章都是以纯粹的叙述文来写的,或者是慷慨地缀满了趣闻轶事。无可否认的,故事在当众说话中,具有驾驭听众注意的力量。
诺曼•文生•皮尔(Norman Vincent Peale)的讲道,曾通过收音机和电视机被千千万万的人们所收听、收看。他说,在讲演中,他最喜爱运用实例作为支持自己论点的材料和方式。一次,他告诉《演说季刊》的一位采访人说:“真实的例子是我所知道的最佳的方法。它可以使一个题目清楚、有趣,且具有说服力。通常,我总是使用好几个例证来支持每一个主要的论点。”
阅读我的书籍的读者,很快就会察觉我常使用趣事来论叙我的观点。《人性的弱点》(How to Win Friends and Influence People)一书里的规则,列出来只有一页半,其余的两百多页里都写满了故事和例证,用以告诉人们如何有效地利用这些法则。
我们如何能够获得使用实例的技巧呢?有五种方法:要人性化、个人化、具体化、戏剧化和视觉化。
(1)使讲演充满人性
有一次,我要巴黎的一群美国商人就“成功之道”做讲演。他们大多数人都只列举一大串抽象的成功特质,并说经¬讲道似地大谈勤奋工作、坚持不辍及远大抱负的价值。
因此,我就中止上课,说了以下的这番话:“我们都不想听人说教,没有谁会喜欢这些。请记住,一定要让我们感到愉快和有趣,不然,你说什么我们都不会注意。同时也请记住,世上最有趣的事情之一,莫过于精炼雅致、妙语生辉的名人轶事。所以,请告诉我们你所认识的两个人的故事,告诉我们为什么其中一个人会成功,而另一个人会失败。我们会很高兴去听。同时请记得,我们或者还能因为此例而获益匪浅。”
这班里有个学员,老是觉得要提起自己的兴趣或激起听众的兴趣比登天还难。可是这一晚,他却抓住了“人性故事”的建议。给我们讲述了他的两个大学同窗的故事。其中一个同学目前的工作是在城里卖衬衫,并绘制图表,显示哪一件最经得起洗熨,穿得最久,且每块钱的投资能获得最大的利用。他的心思总在锱铢上计较。之所以会如此,在他看来是因为他毕业后自视甚高,不愿像其他的毕业生那样从基层开始逐步往上爬。因此,第三年的同学聚会来临时,他仍旧在¬他的衬衫洗熨表,仍然在等待特别的好差事到他这里来。结果,它压根儿就是不来。自那时至今,已过了四分之一世纪,而此人一生怨恨、不满,犹兀自担着小职位。
这个讲演者然后又把这段失败拿来和另一个同窗的故事相比照:这个同学已经超越了自己当初所有的预定目标。这位朋友易与人相处,人人都喜欢他。虽然他日后雄心万丈,志于成就大事业,却由绘图员做起。不过,他总在寻找机会。当时纽约世界博览会正在筹划阶段,他晓得那儿会需要工程人才,所以就辞去费城的职务,迁往纽约。在那里,他与人合伙即刻就搞起了承包工程的业务。他们承揽了很多电话公司的业务,而此人也因此以高薪被“博览会”所聘用。
我这儿所记,仅仅是这位讲演者所说的大要而已。他叙说许多逗人而充满人情味的细节,使得他的讲演妙趣横生。他继续说着,说着。这个人平常找不着资料做三分钟的讲演的,但是这一次等他住口时,却吃惊地发现这回足足讲了十分钟。由于讲得太精彩了,人人似乎都觉得太短了,意犹未尽。这是他首次真正的胜利。
人人都可因这件事而有所领悟。平µ¬的讲演如果能富含人情味的故事。必然更能引人入胜。讲演者应只讲述少数重点,然后以具体的事例做引证。这样建构讲演的诉求,一定会吸引听众的注意。
当然,这种人情趣味材料的丰富泉源,正是自己的生活经历。不要因为觉得不该谈论自己便犹豫着不敢述说自己的经¬验。只有在一个人满怀敌意、狂妄自大地谈说自己时,听众才会觉得反感。要不然,听众对讲演者所叙的亲身故事是兴趣极大的。亲身¾¬历是吸引听众注意力最稳当、可靠的方法,千万不可忽视。
(2)说名道姓,以便使讲演个人化
说故事,中间牵涉到别人时,无论如何,应以使用他们的姓名为佳;或者若想保护他们的身份,可以杜撰假名。即使你使用像“史密斯先生”或“乔•布朗”等不具个人特性的名字也要比用“这个人”或“一个人”来得更生动。姓氏人名具有认证和显现个体的功效。正如鲁多夫•弗烈区所指出的:“没有什么比名字更能增添故事的真实性了,掩名隐姓最虚假不过。且试想,故事里的主角没名没姓会成什么样子?”
如果你的讲演中出现许多名字与个人的代称,你就可以确定它是具有很高的可听性了。因为在你的讲演中,已经¬有了人情趣味这种无价的要素了。
(3)要明确—使演说充满细节
关于这一点,你也许会说:“这样当然好了,但是我又怎样才能确切知道是否在讲演里放进了足够的细节呢?”有个方法可以测试。利用新闻记者写一则新闻故事时所遵守的“5W公式”:何时(when)?何地(where)?何人(who)?何事(what)?何故(why)?假如你也依照这个公式来做,你的举例就会情趣盎然,多彩多姿。我且举出自己一件趣事来加以说明。这则趣事曾刊在《读者文摘》上。
离开大学以后,我花了两年的时间在南达柯塔州(South Dakota)到处跑,做铁甲公司的销售员。我靠搭乘运货卡车四处跑。一天,我必须在莱德菲尔(Redfield)耽搁两小时才能搭上一班南行的火车。由于莱德菲尔不在我负责的区域之内,因此无法利用这段时间进行推销的工作。再过不到一年,我就要上纽约的“美国戏剧艺术学院”去念书了,所以我决定利用这段空闲时间来练习说话。
我漫无目的地走过车场,开始演练莎士比亚(Shakespeare)《麦克白》(Macbeth)中的一幕。我一边猛地举出双臂,一边十分戏剧性地高呼:“我眼前所见是把匕首吗?它的把手正朝向着我?来吧!让我握着你!我抓你不着,而我依然看得见你!”
我正沉浸在情节当中,四名警察突然朝我扑来,问我为何恐吓妇女。我的吃惊非同小可,就算他们指控我抢劫火车,我都不会这么吃惊。他们告诉我,有个家庭主妇,在一百码开外由自己的厨房窗帘后面一直窥视着我。她从未见过这般行径,就打电话给警方,而他们到达时,恰好听到我在鬼吼狼叫关于匕首的事。
我告诉他们我是在“演练莎士比亚,”但是直到我出示了我铁甲公司的订货簿以后,他们才放我离开。
请注意一下,这则趣闻如何回答了以上“5W”公式里的各个问题。
当然,细枝末节过多比没有细节要糟。人人都曾有让冗长、肤浅而不切题的细节搞得厌烦不堪的经¬历。注意看看,我在叙述自己在南达柯塔州某镇几乎被捕的事件里,对于“5W”问题里每一个都有简短扼要的回答。假如讲演中乱糟糟的,全是鸡毛蒜皮的琐碎事件,听众必然会拒绝全神贯注地听讲,抵触你的演讲。抵触一个人的讲演最严重的情形,莫过于听众的不专注了。
(4)利用对话,使讲演戏剧化
假设,你要举例说明自己如何利用人际关系的原¬则成功地平息了一位顾客的愤怒¬,可能会这样开头:“前几天,有个人走进我的办公室,他怒¬不可遏,因为前一周我们送到他家里去的器具操作不灵。我对他说,我们将竭尽全力弥补这种情况。一会儿之后,他就平静下来了,对我们全心全意要把这件事情做好显得很满意。”这则小事件有个优点—它十分详细—可是它缺少姓名、具体的详情,以及最重要的能使这件事活生生呈现在听众眼前的人物对话。下面我们来给它添油加醋一番。
“上个星期二,我办公室的门砰地一声被撞开了。我抬头一看,正撞见查尔斯•伯列克夏(Charles Blexam)的满脸怒¬容。他是我们的一位常客,我没来得及请他坐下,他劈头就说:‘艾德(Ed),你即刻派卡车来,把那台洗衣机给我从地下室运走。’”
“我问他怎么回事,他气急当胸,几乎无法回答。”
“‘它根本不能用,’他大吼,‘衣服全都纠在一起,我老婆恨死它了。’”
“我请他坐下,解释清楚些。”
“‘我才没时间坐下,我上班已经¬迟到了!我想我以后无论如何也不上这儿来买家具了。你等着瞧,我再不来了。’说到这儿,他伸出手来,又是拍桌子,又是敲我太太的照片。”
“‘听我说,查理,’我说,‘你坐下来把情形都告诉我,我答应替你做一切你要我做的事,好吧?’听了这话,他才坐下,我们总算平平静静地把事情谈了个清楚。”
并不是次次都可能把对话加到讲演里去的。不过,你应该能看得出来,上面摘录中单引号中的对话,对整个事件很有戏剧性的作用。如果讲演者还有些模仿技巧,能将原来的声调语气再现一下,对话就见效果了。而且,口语化的对白会使讲演更为真实可信。它使你听上去像个有真实情感的人。你是在隔着桌子说话,而不是像个老学究在学富五车的学会会员面前宣读论文,或是个大讲演家对着麦克风穷吼。
(5)让讲演内容视觉化
心理学家告诉我们,85%以上的知识,是经¬由视觉印象被我们吸收的。这正说明了电视之所以成为广告与娱乐媒介,以及其所以收效很大的原¬因。当众说话也是如此,是一种听觉艺术,也是一种视觉艺术。
以细节来丰富讲演,最佳的方法之一是在其中加入视觉的展示。也许,你花费数小时只为了告诉我如何挥动高尔夫球杆,而我却可能感到厌烦。可是,你如果站起来表演把球击下球道时该怎么做,那我就会全神贯注倾听了。
我记得一个工业界人士组成的班级里有一场讲演,它所展现的视觉细节真是难得的杰作。讲演者是在和视察员和效率专家开无伤大雅的玩笑。他模仿这些先生们在检视损坏的机器时所做的手势与肢体的滑稽动作,比在电视上所看过的一切幽默剧都热闹生动多了。更值得一提的是,视觉的细节会使听众对那场讲演永难忘怀—至少我是再怎么也忘记不了,我相信,班上其他的学员一定也至今都还会谈到它。
组织讲演时,最好问问你自己:“我怎样才能在讲演中加入些看得见的内容?”
让我们都记住中国的一句古话吧:“百闻不如一见。”