中准調變英語怎麼說及英文單詞
㈠ 變更用英語怎麼說,與修改有區別么
變更
change 決定性的改變
修改
modify 微調性的改變
㈡ 英文怎麼掌握音調啊
語調(intonation),即說話的腔調,就是一句話里聲調(pitch)高低抑揚輕重的配製和變化。世界上沒有一種語言是用單一的聲調說出的,以英語為例,英語有五種基本語調:升調(↗)、的降調(↙)、的升降調(∧)、的降升調(∨)以及平調(→)。一句話除了詞彙意義(lexical meaning)還有語調意義(intonation meaning)。所謂詞彙意義就是話中所用詞的意義,而語調意義就是說話人用語調所表示的態度或口氣。一句話的詞彙意義加上語調意義才算是完全的意義。同樣的句子,語調不同,意思就會不同,有時甚至會相差千里。請看下例:
1)A:Jean,can you bring me the newspaper?
B:Sorry?(↗)
Jean用升調說「Sorry」,其意思是「I didn't hear you.Could you say that again,please?」
我們再看下句:
2)A:Jean,can you bring me the newspaper?
B:Sorry.(↙)
在對話2)中,Jean用降調說「Sorry」,顯然其意思是拒絕幫助或無能為力。
美國著名語言學家Kenneth L.Pike認為:
?一個音節的絕對調高是不重要的,而一個音節與另外一個的相對高度才是非常重要的。
英語有四級能區別意義的調高:
1)特高調(extra high),即比正常的聲調高兩級,常在感情特別激動或驚訝時使用。
2)高調(high),即比正常的聲調高一級,一般用於語句中關鍵性的重讀詞。
3)中調(mid),即說話人聲音的正常高度。
4)低調(low),即比正常的聲調低一級,
一般是降調的最低點。
?應該按照說話人的態度來分語調模式,而不能按照句子的語法結構來分。沒有所謂「疑問句的語調」或「陳述句的語調」。因為疑問句和陳述句都可以用各種語調模式來說。
因此,對於我們中國的英語學習者來說,通過了解某種調型所表示的某種態度或口氣也就頗為重要。事實上,無論是在現實生活中還是在考試中,我們的學生常會因為對這些知識缺乏了解而無法確定說話人的態度、的感情、的口吻和意圖等。然而這又是一個比較復雜的問題。本文將通過具體的例子從兩方面來說明這個問題:
I.一句話中絕對調高及音調的相對高度所包含的意義
眾所周知,人們在興奮、的驚訝或感情激動時說話的語調就高,而在相反的情況下,語調則低。因此,在同一個場合中,如果一個人的語調明顯高於另一個,或明顯低於另一個,以此就可以推斷出該說話人的意思及態度。
這里我們要著重談談一句話中語調的相對高度的不同所包含的意義。一句話中的語調波峰一般都是句重音所在。通過一句話中的語調波峰所在,我們就可以了解說話人的意思。如人們讀「I live in the city.」這句話時,由於強調的對象不同,語調也就隨之發生了變化。現不妨比較如下:
I(↗)live in the city.(隱含著在場的其他人不住在城裡的意思)
I live(↗)in the city.(表示「我」只是「住在」城裡,其隱含的意思是「我不在城裡工作」或其他意思)
I live in(↗)the city.(表示「我住在城裡邊」,其隱含的意思是「我不住在城外」)
因此,對下面的對話所提問的問題進行選擇時,就不難回答了。
3)M:Linda looked very tired these days.
W:She looked OK to me(↗).
Q:What does the woman think of Linda?(D)
[A]She saw Linda and me.
[B]Linda said she was fine.
[C]She looked up the word for me.
[D]She considered Linda was all right.
這句話里的句重音碰巧落在句子的最後一個單詞「me」上。因為女士用升調重讀「me」,這表示了女士有意與男士的看法形成對比,意思是:在你的眼裡,她顯得疲憊,可在我看來,她沒什麼問題。這表示了她那種無所謂的態度。
II.某些句型由於句尾語調的改變而引起意義改變的現象
1.使用疑問詞who,which,what, how,when,where,why的特殊疑問句可以用降調也可以用升調,但含義是不同的。如:
4)A:Mr.Smith thinks we ought to get the money in hand first.
B:Who?(↗)
A:Mr.Smith.
B用升調說「Who」,表示聽不清對方談話中的某一部分,要求對方再重復那一部分。
5)A:We'd like to have someone to say a word at the beginning to welcome the group.
B:Who?(↙)
A:We thought that you or Dr.Johnson might do it.
B用降調說「Who」,其意思是問,對方想讓誰在開場時致歡迎詞。
2.附加疑問句可以讀升調也可以讀降調,意思是不相同的。降調表示發問者相信陳述句的內容,只等對方證實。升調表示發問者對陳述句內容的真實性沒有把握,希望對方作出自己的判斷。如:
6)A:You willfinish the work,won't you?(↙)
B:Yes,I will.
A用降調提問,意思是:I know you will finish the work,but I want you to confirm it.
7)A:You willfinish the work,won'tyou?(↗)
B:Yes,I will.(或No,I won't.)
A用升調提問,表示A心中沒有把握,因此,得到的回答既可能是肯定的,也可能是否定的。因此,如果聽到下面的對話並就所提問題進行選擇時,哪個選項正確也就不言而喻了。
8)W:Mary says she likes playing tennis.
M:But she doesn't play tennis often,does she?(↙)
Q:Whatdoesthe man imply about Mary?(B)
[A]She plays a lot of other sports.[B]She doesn't really like tennis.
[C]She only likes watching tennis.
[D]She has a lot of things to do.
3.語調可以反應談話人的互動性。如:
9)A:Are you Mr.Blake?
B:Yes.(↙)
A:Room twenty-six.
在這個例子中,B用降調說「Yes」,表示B的認可,這是一個封閉式的回答,這表明如果A沒有新的問題要問或新的信息要告知,也許他們的對話就可以結束了。
10)A:Are you Mr.Blake?
B:Yes?(↗)
A:Ah,the secretary would like a word with you.
在這個例子中,B用升調回答「Yes」,表示這是一個開放式的回答,相當於:「Yes. But why do you ask?」或是「Yes.But who want to know?」之意。這也就是說,B在回答A的問題的同時又向A提出了一個新問題,並要求A予以回答。
掌握了這一點之後,對於下面的對話所提問的問題,就不難回答了。
11)M:How long shall we stay at the Grand Canyon?
W:A day?(↗)
Q:What does the woman mean?(B)
[A]We shall stay at the Grand Canyon for one day.
[B]Shall we stay at the Grand Canyon for one day?
[C]To stay at the Grand Canyon for one day is too short.
[D]To stay at the Grand Canyon for one day is enough.
4.陳述句式一般讀降調,用以陳述事實。若讀升調,往往表示對所說事情的懷疑。如:
She lent him her car.(↙)(用以陳述事
實)
She lent him her car?(↗)(表示驚奇、的懷疑,含有「Did she really lend her car to him ?」之意。)
再請看下面的試題:
12)M:I started driving at 8:00yesterday and arrived here at 5:30 this morning.
W:You drove all night?(↗)
Q:What does the woman mean?
[A]Night driving can be dangerous.
[B]You shouldn't have driven ring the night.
[C]Why don't you drive all night?
[D]Did you really drive all night?
答案為D。
5.有些一般疑問句的句式讀作降調,實際上表示感嘆。如:Hasn't she grown!(↙)這句話實則表示:她長得多快!
請看下面的試題:
13)M:Wasn't Sam's speech great!(↙)
W:Are you serious?
Q:What does the man say about Sam's speech?
[A]Sam's speech wasn't great,was it?
[B]Sam's speech was great,wasn't it?
[C]Sam gave a serious speech.
[D]Sam was not serious.
答案為B。
這里順便說一下,問句不表示疑問的另一種情況:當一方提出一個問題,而另一方用問句作為回答時,這個問句有時是不需要回答的,而實際上相當於陳述句,但別有意味。如:
14)A:Are you going to watch TV again?
B:What else is there to do?(↗)
B反問A一個問題「What else is there to do?」,意思是:(除了看電視)還有什麼好乾的呢?
因此,對下面的問題就不難回答了。
15)M:Do you think Petty is qualified to do the job?
W:If Petty is not,who is?(↗)
Q:What does the woman mean?(C)
[A]Petty is not qualified for the job.
[B]Nobody is qualified for the job.
㈢ 英語單詞發音規則
英語單詞發音規則
一、母音字母在重讀音節中的讀音
母音字母 讀 音 例 詞
a 在開音節中 [ei] name plane Jane baby cake
在閉音節中 [æ] bag dad hat map black back
e 在開音節中 [i:] he these me Chinese
在閉音節中 [e] bed let pen desk yes egg
i 在開音節中 [ai] bike fly drive time nice kite
在閉音節中 fish big drink sit milk swim
o 在開音節中 [ou] those close go hoe home no
在閉音節中 [C] clock not box shop sock
u 在開音節中 [ju:] student excuse ty Tuesday
在閉音節中 [∧] bus cup jump much lunch
在開音節中,母音字母u在輔音字母j l r s後面時讀[u:]音,例如:June blue ruler super
二、母音字母在重讀音節中的特殊讀音
母音字母 讀 音 例 詞
a在[w]音後面 [C] want what watch wash quality
a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前 [α:] after plant graph ask grasp glass fast father
i在-nd -ld和gh前 [ai] find child light high
o在-st -ld前 [ou] most postcard old cold
o在m n v th前 [∧] come monkey love mother
三、母音字母在非重讀音節中的讀音
母音字母 讀 音 例 詞
a [E]E China another woman breakfast
orange comrade village cabbage
e [E] hundred student open weekend
chicken pocket begin children
i [E]/ holiday beautiful family animal
[ai] exercise satellite
o [E] second tonight somebody welcome
[Eu] also zero photo
u [E] autumn difficult
[ju:] popular congratulation January
動詞中的a如果處在開音節位置,a讀[ei]音,例如:operate
u處在開音節位置,又在輔音字母j l r s後面時,讀[u(:)]音,例如:July influence February issue
在非重讀音節中,許多單詞中的母音字母a e i 即可以讀作[E]音,也可以讀作音。
四、-r音節母音字組在重讀音節中的讀音
母音字組 讀 音 例 詞
arar在[w]音後面 [α:] car farm dark sharpener
[C:] warm quarter towards
oror在[w]音後面 [C:] forty morning short
[E:] word worker worse
er ir ur [E:] certainly bird Thursday
輔音字母r雙寫時,前面的母音字母不能與r構成-r音節,而是按重讀閉音節的拼讀規則發音。例如: carry sorry hurry
-r音節在非重讀音節中通常讀[E]音,例如:dollar teacher martyr forget Saturday
五、-re音節母音字組在重讀音節中的讀音
母音字組 讀 音 例 詞
are [εE] care dare hare
ere [iE] here mere
ire [aiE] fire hire wire
ore [C:] more score before
ure [juE] pure cure
are ere ire ore很少出現在非重讀音節中,ure在非重讀音節中讀[E]音,例如:picture pleasure
重讀母音字母加Rr,再加非重讀元字組時,重讀母音字母應按-re音節拼讀規則拼讀,字母Rr讀[r]音。例如:parent zero story ring inspiring
某些常用詞及多音節詞經常出現長音短化現象。例如:orange very American paragraph
六、母音字組在重讀音節中的讀音
母音字組 讀 音 例 詞
ai/ay [ei] afraid rain wait day play
air [εE] air hair chair pair repair
alal在f m前 [C] small ball talk wall all
[C:l] always also salt almost
[α:] half calm
au/aw [C:] autumn daughter draw
ea [i:] teach easy cheap please
[e] heavy bread sweater weather
[ei] break great
ear [iE] hear dear near clear year
[εE] bear pear wear swear
[E:] earth learn early
ee [i:] jeep week green three
eer [iE] pioneer deer beer
ei/ey [ei] eight neighbour they
[i:] either key
eu/ew在j l r s後 [ju:] new few newspaper
[u:] flew brew jewelry
ie/ei[s]音之後 [i:] piece field receive
oa [ou] coat Joan boat goal
oar/oor [C:] roar board door floor
oi/oy [Ci] noise point boy toilet
oo [u:] broom food tooth school
book look cook foot good
ou/ow [au] flower house count down
[ou] know row throw though
[∧] young country enough
[u:] group you soup
our [C:] course your four
[auE] our hour ours
[E:] journey
ui在j l r s後 [ju:i] fluid suicide tuition
[u:] juice fruit suit
七、非重讀音節中母音字組和字群的讀音
母音字組或字群 讀 音 例 詞
ai/ay ei/ey Sunday foreign monkey
ow [ou] yellow sparrow tomorrow
母音字組在非重讀音節中讀[E]音或。例如:neighbour serious famous biscuit coffee
-sion -tion [Fn] impression nation
-sion在母音字母後 [Vn] vision decision occasion
-tion在s後 [tFEn] question suggestion
-sten [sn] listen
-stle [sl] whistle
-sure [VE] pleasure measure
-ture [tFE] picture culture
八、元字組在復合詞非重讀音節中的讀音
復合詞中的第二部分不標注重音符號,但其中的母音字母或母音字組仍按重讀音節拼讀規則拼讀。例如: everyday[ei] handbag[æ] blackboard[C:]
有些詞隨著語言的發展,前後兩部分已失去其單獨存在的意義,融合成為一個詞。其中的非重讀部分要按非重讀音節的讀音規則發音。例如: sun太陽 + day[ei]日子 > Sunday 星期天 holy神聖 + day[ei]日子 > holiday 假日 break中斷 + fast[α:]齋戒 > breakfast[E] 早餐 cup茶杯 + board木板[C:] > cupboard[E] 碗櫃
九、輔字組的讀音
輔字組 讀 音 例 詞
b bike bus bag
[/] bomb tomb
cc在e前或在i/y前 [k] cake picture coat music
[s] face decide cinema
ch [tF] much chick rich teacher
[k] school headache chemistry
[F] machine
-ck [k] cock pocket black knock
d [d] doctor bread hand day
-dge [dV] bridge fridge
dr- [dr] children driver drink
f [f] five four breakfast
gg在e i/y前 [^] bag garden go
[dV] orange large German
gh [f] cough enough
[/] light daughter high
gu- -guegu在非重讀音節中 [^] guess league dialogue
[^w] language anguish
h [h] hot head house hand
[/] hour honest
j [dV] jeep jar joke join July
k [k] kind bike skate make week
kn- [n] knife know knock
l [l] life milk school tall
m [m] monkey come autumn
-mn [m] autumn column solemn
nn在[k] [g]音前 [n] not shine ten note
[N] uncle thank hungry
-ng [N] morning young wrong
p [p] paper plane pig ship pen
ph [f] elephant photo telephone
q [k] Iraq
qu- [kw] quality quite
r [r] red rubber ruler
s在詞首或清輔音前母音字母間或濁輔音前 [s] sit sleep desk
[z] music husband
sc- [sk] scarlet
[s] muscle science
sh [F] she fish shirt wash
t在通常情況下在弱讀字母ia ie io前 [t] ten letter meet
[F] patient nation
tch [tF] watch
th在通常情況下在冠詞 代詞 介詞 連詞中在詞尾-the -ther中 [θ] thin thirty method
[T] the these with than
[T] clothe fathe r weather
tr- [tr] tree train country truck
v [v] very voice love leave
w [w] week win wake sweet wait
[/] Answer two
wh-wh-在字母o前 [w] what when white why
[h] who whose whole
x在重讀母音前 [ks] box text exercise
[gz] example exist exact
wr- [r] write
y- [j] yes yard yellow young
z [z] puzzle zero zoo