一篇論文的英語單詞怎麼

㈠ 學術論文的參考文獻中，Z 代表哪個英語單詞

不是高手，復制粘貼來的……
M——專著，C——論文集，N——報紙文章，J——期刊文章，D——學位論文，R——報告，S——標准，P——專利；對於不屬於上述的文獻類型，採用字母「Z」標識。

㈡ 寫論文英語摘要的時候有個小題目-結論，結論這個單詞要加s嗎

英語論文一般涉及的段落是：
Title;
Authors
Correspondence;
Introction;
Results and Discussion;
(Experiments)
Conclusion
References.

㈢ 如何把一篇中文的論文翻譯成英文

3.含蓄條件句在商務英語中的作用 3. Implicitly conditional on the role of Business English
Implicitly refers to non-conditional conditions IF sentence guide. The most common verbs or other parts of speech have come from changes in terms of sentence structure. Terms of the structure of the sentence often contains conditions, reasons, such as semantic purpose. This is the English meaning of a sentence together. Of the structure of English noun phrases commonly used in English letters, documents in a formal style. Business English the official language, refining, strict terms, standardization, and often a certain format and cliches. This is the practical business of English foreign trade in the inquiry message, one of commonly used sentence: "Your early reply to our specific inquiry will be highly appreciated. As soon as possible if you reply to our specific inquiry, would be grateful." Sentence subject reply comes from the verb changes in the term part of the whole subject with the semantic conditions.
4. The conditions in question the role of business negotiations
Question conditions (conditional question) is "a condition of a question sentence +" component, this question can be a special question or general questions. There are two typical sentence: "What + ... if ...?" And "If ... + then?".
In international business activities, the use of the conditions of the particular question with a lot of advantages:
(1) to obtain other information. Offer in the negotiations and offer stage, the question can be used to test conditions for a better understanding of the specific circumstances of each other in order to modify their offers or offer. For example:
Our side asked: What would you do if we agree to a two-year contract?
Answer each other: What if we modify our specifications, would you consider a large order?
Answer from the other side, we can determine the other concern is the long-term cooperation. Well, after this new information will help the negotiations.
(2) mutual concessions. Questions posed by the conditions of offer and acceptance of our proposal is based on the premise of the conditions, in other words, only when the other side to accept our offer when we set up the offer. Therefore, we will not be made unilaterally by the binding site, nor will any party to make unilateral concessions, and only each other concessions in order to be successful transaction.
(3) (the search for common ground. If the other party refused the conditions we have, we can pose other conditions of the conditions of the new questions, a new round of offers, the other conditions may also be used to question our offer. Both sides are doing mutual concession after concession, until they reached important common ground.
(4) instead of the negative No. In international business negotiations, as far as possible to avoid direct use of "No" to refuse such a blunt tone, it would seem impolite to make negotiations easier, resulting in the failure of negotiations. Such as when we can not agree with the other party's request can be made in the form of question conditions. For example:
Large quantities of home-made washing machines have been popular on the local market. The quality is good, and the price per set is just 190 yuan.How can the wshing machining be salable if we import yours at 380 yuan per set? Recently, in the local market a large number of domestic washing machines are very popular. Their quality good, price is only 190 yuan each. If we take the price of 380 each import your procts, how can it sell? (Solon, 2001)
Do not ask each other because they refuse to lose each other's cooperation, but refused to allow the other their own requirements. This will continue to cooperate to retain the future possibility.
(5) to avoid foreign exchange arising from different cultural misunderstanding ambiguity. The culture of countries around the world is not the same. Therefore, in the international business activities, often in different countries e to cultural misunderstanding ambiguous. Therefore, in order to avoid misunderstanding, and often the use of the Interpretation Act. Question the use of conditions is a very tactful way.
III Conclusion
English sentence in terms of business negotiations, and its language features and frequency of use appears that we are worthy of careful study. Business English English as a branch, it is increasingly in the international business activities of its importance.
References:
[1] Solon: "business English" [M]. Beijing: China Textile Press, 2001, 54,57,58,555
[2] Liu Central: Business English language translation of the characteristics and [J]. Shanghai: foreign language study in June 2006 published in the second half of its
[3] Cao Ling Zhao Lei Zhao Xuemei Zhang: Business English negotiation [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001,41
[4] Park, LI Kui Liu Zheng: "International Business Negotiation" (second edition) [M]. Beijing: Foreign Trade and Economic University Press, 2006, 174 ~ 176

㈣ 學士論文的英語單詞是

學士論文：thesis
開題報告：broach