自發反應英語怎麼說及英語單詞

A. 英語四級 高頻詞彙

cet4 詞彙總結(歷年常考)----介詞\\動詞
beyond prep. (在某方面)非……可及 abandon v. 拋棄，放棄
acknowledge v. 對……表示謝忱，報償 acquaint v. 熟悉，認識
acquire v. （靠自己的能力、努力或行為）獲得，
afford v. 付得起 allege v. 斷言，宣稱
alternate v. 交替，輪流 anticipate v. 預期
applaud v. 贊揚，稱贊 ascend v. 上升，攀登
ascribe v. 歸因於，歸功於 assemble v. 集合，聚集
assign v. 分派，指派（職務，任務） attribute v. 歸因於
base v. 建立在……的基礎上 bewilder v. 迷惑，弄糊塗
breed v. 培育，養育 cling v. 堅守，抱緊
coincide v. 相同，相一致 collaborate v. 合著，合作
collide v. 互撞，碰撞 commence v. 開始 95-1-57
compensate v. 補償，賠償 complement v. 與……結合，補充
comply v. 遵守 conceive v. 想出，設想
concern v. 涉及 condense v. 壓縮，濃縮 97-1-62
conflict v. 沖突，戰爭 conform v. 符合，遵守，適應 98-1-46
confront v. 面對，面臨 conserve v. 保護，保存 01-1-58
consolidate v. 鞏固 convey v. 表達，傳達
crash v. （飛機）墜毀 cruise v. 航行，漫遊
dazzle v. 使眩目，耀眼 deceive v. 欺騙，哄騙
decline v. 下降，減少 dedicate v. 奉獻，獻身，致力於
defend v. 為……辯護 defy v. 違抗，藐視
deny v. 否認 deprive v. 剝奪
derive v. 得來，得到 descend v. 下落
descend v. 下來，下去 deserve v. 值得
deviate v. （使）背離，（使）偏離 disguise v. 假扮，偽裝
dominate v. 統治，占據 drain v. 漸漸耗盡
plicate v. 復制，重復 eliminate v. 消除
enre v. 忍受，忍耐 enhance v. 提高，增加
enhance v. 提高 enroll v. 使成為……的成員，注冊
evoke v. 引起，喚起 exclaim v. 呼喊，歡呼
expire v. 到期，期滿 explore v. 探險，探索
flap v. （鳥）振翅（飛行） follow v. 遵從
furnish v. 配備，裝飾 gaze v. 凝視，注視
gear v. 使適應，使適合 grieve v. 使傷心，使悲傷
hamper v. 妨礙，限制 haul v. 拖，拉
hinder v. 阻礙，妨害 hoist v. 舉起，升起，吊起
identify v. 認出，確認 ignite v. 引燃
immerse v. 使浸沒 impose v. 把……強加於 89-1- ince v. 勸誘，誘導 inlge v. 縱容，放任
intend v. 意欲 interpret v. 解釋，說明
jeopardize v. 危及，損壞 linger v. 逗留，徘徊，留戀；遲緩，拖延
locate v. 位於 magnify v. 放大
mean v. 打算，意欲 mingle v. 混合起來，相混合
minimize v. 對……做最低估計 monitor v. 檢測，監測
neglect v. 忽視 occupy v. 佔領，使忙碌
oppress v. 壓迫 originate v. 首創，起源
overlap v. 部分重疊 overwhelm v. 壓倒，浸沒，使不安
parade v. 遊行 permeate v. 滲入，滲透 99-1-68
prescribe v. 處方，開葯 preside v. 主持
prolong v. 延長，拖延 promise v. 許諾
propel v. 推進，推動 protest v. 抗議，反對
provoke v. 引起，激起 radiate v. 輻射狀發出，從中心向各方伸展出
reconcile v. 使和好，調解 refresh v. 提神，使清新
refute v. 證明……不對（是錯誤的），駁訴remain v. 停留，依舊是
repel v. 抗禦，抵拒 rescue v. 營救，救援
resign v. 辭職 resort v. 求助，憑借，訴諸
resume v. 重新開始，繼續 revenge v. 報仇，報復
scan v. 細察，審視 scrape v. 剝下，刮下
scratch v. 抓，搔 shrink v. 收縮，減少
standardize v. 使標准化 steer v. 駕駛，引導
strengthen v. 加強，使更強壯 stretch v. 伸展
subscribe v. 預訂，訂閱 suck v. （用嘴）吸，吞噬，捲入
suppress v. 鎮壓 sustain v. 承受
tackle v. 解決，處理 tempt v. 引誘，勸誘
tempt v. 引誘，勸誘 terminate v. 終止，結束
transmit v. 傳播，傳遞 verify v. 證實，證明
view v. 視為，看做 wreck v. （船隻）失事
cet4 詞彙總結(歷年常考)----副詞篇
deliberately ad. 故意，有意地 deliberately ad. 深思熟慮地，審慎地
exclusively ad. 僅僅地 explicitly ad. 明確地
forcibly ad. 強行地，有力地 formerly ad. 原先地，以前，從前
increasingly ad. 日益，越來越多地 inevitably ad. 必然地，不可避免地
intentionally ad. 有意地，故意地 optimistically ad. 樂觀地
outwardly ad. 表面上，外表上地 presumably ad. 大概，可能，據推測
simultaneously ad. 同時發生地 somewhat ad. 頗為，稍稍，有幾分
spontaneously ad. 自發地，自然產生地 startlingly ad. 驚人地
triumphantly ad. （欣喜）勝利地，成功地 unexpectedly ad. 意外地
virtually ad. 事實上，實際地
cet4 詞彙總結(歷年常考)----短語篇
adhere to 忠於 after all 畢竟，歸根結底
at random 隨機地，任意地 break out 突然發生，爆發
break up 打碎 but for 要不是
by far 最，……得多 by no means 決不，一點也不
catch on 理解，明白 catch up with 趕上
collide with 碰撞，沖突 come up with 想出，提出
come up with 追及，趕上 comment on 評論
contrary to 與……相反 contribute to 有助於，促成
cope with 應付，妥善處理 cut short 打斷，制止
do away with 消滅，廢除，去掉 do credit to 為……帶來光榮
e to 因為 go in for 從事，致力於 94-1-41 go off 爆炸 hang by a thread 千鈞一發，岌岌可危
heap praise upon 對……大加稱贊 in accordance with 與……一致，按照，根據
in between 在兩者之間 in case of 防備，以防
in honour of 為紀念 in response to 響應，反應
in terms of 根據，從……方面來說 in that 因為
in the vicinity of 在附近 keep off 遠離，抑制
lay off （暫時）解僱 let alone 更不必說
look into 調查 look on 看待
lose no time 立即 make sense of sth. 講得通，言之有理
of no avail 無用，無效 on file 存檔
on no account 決不，絕對不 on the decline 衰落中，衰退中
out of stock 無現貨的，脫銷的 provided that 假如，若是
pull up 使停下 put away 放好，放起來
regardless of 不管，不顧 result in 導致，結果是
result in 發生，導致 see to 照料，注意
show to 引導，引領 stand for 容忍，接受
take on 承擔，接受 take over 接管，接收
take to 對……產生好感，開始喜歡 talk into 說服 96-6-68 that is 即，也就是 turn in 上交
turn out 生產出 turn to 求助於
ward off 防止，避開 with reference to 關於，有關 89-1-64 work out 想出，制訂出 worth one』s while 值得

B. 請英語專業的高手幫我分別舉例說明語言學的五個特徵(design)

把我電腦里的資料整理了一下，把這個好好看一下，相信你會理解的，我期末考也看這個。希望對你有幫助呵呵。

(i)Creativity\proctivity
Creativity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language. It refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages. The grammatical rules and the words of a language are finite, but the sentences are infinite. Every speaker uses language creatively. Even a child acquiring his\her mother tongue can put speech sound and words into novel combinations to express meanings. This feature is not found in animal communication systems. Talking birds such as parrots can imitate human utterances, but they cannot segment the sounds and words in the phrases they imitate and put them in a different sequence.
（i）創造性
創造性是人類語言第一、最顯著的特徵。它涉及了語言為傳送以前從來沒有傳送過的信息和理解新信息提供了機會。一種語言的語法規則和單詞是有限的，但是句子是無限的。每個演說者創造性地使用語言。甚至一個學到他（她）母語的小孩也能把語音和單詞放在一起，形成新的組合去表達意思。這個特徵在動物交際系統里是找不到的。就拿鳥類來說，如鸚鵡能模仿人類的言語，但是它們不能分割它們所模仿的短語的語音部分和單詞部分，然後把它們放進一個不同的次序里。
Results of experiments shows that even animals closet in kin to human beings cannot match children in learning and using language. In the 1930s, Winthrop and Luella Kellogg raised their infant son together with an infant chimpanzee named Gua. When the boy could understand I say what I mean and I mean what I say, Gua could understand neither, although it understood some words. Several decades later, another chimpanzee, named Nim Chimsky(after the famous American linguist Noam Chomsky, who states that language is unique to human beings)was taughtSign Language under careful experimentalcondition
實驗的結果表明了盡管是和人類關系最親密的動物，在學習和使用語言上，也趕不上小孩子。在十九世紀三十年代，Winthrop和Luella Kellogg把他們的男嬰兒和一個叫Dua的幼兒猩猩一起撫養。當這個小男孩能夠理解I say what I mean 和I mean what I say兩個句子的含義時，而Gua卻一個都不懂，盡管它知道一些單詞。幾十年後，又一個叫Nim Chimsky的大猩猩（在著名的美國語言學家Noam Chomsky敘述了「語言是人類特有的」論述後）在細心照顧的實驗環境下，包括保持記錄和錄像，被傳授美國標記語言。在分析Nim的語言錄音後，研究者發現，在Nim的言語中，只有12%是自發的，在剩下的88%老師傳授的標記中，一半Nim的反應是模仿老師的言語。隨著小孩們長得越大，他們進行對話交流越來頻繁。孩子們在對話中，幾乎不模仿。孩子們在語言使用中變得更加創新。但是，在類似的實驗里，Nim和其他猩猩表明了幾乎沒有這種創新的趨勢。（Frokin 和Rodman，1998）這些事實似乎表明了創新性是區分人類語言和其他動物交際系統的一個特徵。

(ii)Duality二元性
Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meanings. If you are given the four English speech sounds,[p][l][i][d] and asked to combine them into sequences that sound like English words, you will find [plid][pild]are permissible ,while *[pdli]*[dpli]*[lipd]*[idlp], etc. are not. The permissible sequences sound like English words, and yet they are not, because they do not stand foe anything. On the other hand, meanings are conveyed by certain speech sounds or sequences of speech sounds. In English, [DEAD BODY OF A PERSON] is expressed by the word corpse. In this case, we say the concept or the meaning is lexicalized. In English there is no word to stand for the concept [DEAD PLANT]. When certain speech sounds correspond to a certain meaning, a unit of language arises. The same sounds can be recombined to mean something else. In some cases, the same sequence od sounds can mean different things (such ashomophones, and polysemes). This shows that meanings and sounds make up two subsystems of language. No systems of animal communication possess this feature. The barks of a dog are not analyzable.Animal communic ation systems cannot be cut into segments and then be reorganizes into meaningful sequences. In other words, human languages are discrete while animal communication systems are non-discrete.

（ii）二元性
語言包括兩個子系統：一個是語音系統，一個是語義系統。假如給你四個語音[p]、[l]、[i]、[d]，並叫你把它們組合成聽起來像英語單詞的次序，你會發現[plid]和[pild]是行得通的，而其他的卻行不通。行得通的次序聽起來像英語，否則就不是，因為它們不代表任何東西。從另一方面來手，語義是通過一定的語音或者是語音的次序來傳達的。在英語里，（DEAD BODY OF A PERSON）用來表達單詞corpse（屍體），在這種情況下，我們說這個概念或語義被編進了詞彙。在英語里，沒有一個單詞代表（DEAD PLANT）的概念。當特定的語音和特定的意思一致時，一個語言的單位產生了。相同的語音能夠重組來表達其他的事物。在某些情況下，相同語音的次序能表達不同的事物（比如同音字和多音詞），這表明了語音和語義構成了語言的兩個子系統。動物交際系統里就沒有這個特徵，狗的犬叫聲是不可被分析的。動物的交際系統不能被分割為幾部分，也不能把它們重新組成有意義的次序。換句話來說，人類語言是離散的，而動物交際系統是連續的。

(iii)Arbitrariness
The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent in the languages of the world is , for the most part, an arbitrary one, The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of signifier(sound image)and signified(referent). In his view, there is no inherent relation between the two. A building we live in with our family is called house in English, maison in French, dom in Russian, casa in Spanish. If the relationship between speech sounds and meanings were motivated (i.e. not arbitrary), the words in these languages that stand for the same thing would sound the same or similar, then people would not need to learn foreign languages. Admittedly, there are a few words in most languages that are onomatopoetic ---words od which the sounds supposedly imitate the sounds of nature. This seems to contradict arbitrariness. Nevertheless, when these words of different languages are compares, it is found that they still sound different. The English word tick tock is equivalent to Chinese word dida, buzz to wengweng. In English, cockadoodledoo represents the rooster』crow, but in Russian, kukareku, both are differert from the Chinese expression. Based on these observations, we can say that for example, rather directly represents its subject matter, because a direct connection exists between the number and direction of the gyrations and the sources of nectar.
（iii）任意性
在語言世界裡，它們所代表的語音和語義之間的關系，從大部分來講，是任意的。瑞士語言學家de Saussure認為語言是有所指部分（語音）和受指部分（上面提到的語義）組成。在他的觀點里， 兩者是沒有固定關系的。我們和家人住的建築物在英語被叫house，法語叫maison，俄羅斯叫dom，西班牙叫casa。如果語音和語義的關系被激發了，代表相同事物的這些語言將會發相同或相似的音，那麼人們就沒有必要學習外語了。
無可否認地，在大部分語言中，有些單詞是聲喻的——按推測，發音是模仿大自然聲音的單詞。這似乎和任意性矛盾。然而，當不同語言的單詞被比較時，人們會發現它們發音是不同的。英語單詞ticktock 等同於漢字dida，buzz 等同於wengweng。在英語里，cockadooledoo代表公雞的叫聲，但在俄羅斯語里，卻是kukareku， 兩者和中文表達不同。根據這些觀察，我們可以說，所有人類語言都是傳統的，大部分動物交際系統是圖標性的。例如：蜜蜂飛舞，非常直接地表達了它的主要問題，因為一個直接的結合點存在於旋轉的次數和方向和花蜜的來源之間。

(iv)Displacement
Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present, or future. When we listen to news broadcast, we know What can be spoken is not limited by time and space, while animals can merely communication about what happens here and now. The cleverest dog cannot bark to tell others how badly its parents were treated by their owner. This feature of language id e to the fact that the human brain is specially structures for language and that the brains of other species are not comparable in terms of the capacities of memory and abstraction.
（iv）超時空性/移位性
語言可以用於涉及真實的或者想像的、過去的、現在的或將來的失去。當我們聽新聞廣播的時候，我們知道這個世界上遙遠地方發生了什麼事。至於談什麼，則不受時間和空間的限制，而動物卻只能交流這里及現在發生了什麼。連最聰明的狗也不能犬叫告訴別人它的父母親被主任虐待。語言的這個特徵是因為從記憶力和信息提取量的角度來看，人腦是專門為語言組織的， 和其他物種頭腦是無法比較的事實。

(V)Culture transmission
Language is not merely genetically transmitted from generation to generation. Children pick up their mother tongue in the process of socialization. Animal communication systems are genetically transmitted. Admittedly, the capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the particular language a person acquires or learns is a cultural fact, not a biological fact. As lang
uage is arbitrary and conventional , a child can only acquires his mother tongue through interacting with people around him.

（v）文化傳遞性
語言不僅僅是遺傳地從一代傳遞給下一代。兒童在他們社會化的過程中學會了母語。動物交際系統是遺傳傳遞的。無可否認，語言的容量有一個基因原理，但一個人掌握或學習是一個文化的事實，而不是生物事實。由於語言是任意的、傳統的，所以一個小孩只能通過和他周圍的人們相互作用學習母語。

C. 請舉例說明化學專業英語和日常英語的區別和聯系

區別：化學英語會有專業術語，日常英語比較簡單不會涉及到一些高難度專業詞彙。
例：1.Theldeal-GasEquation 理想氣體狀態方程
2.ReactionMechanisms反應機理
3.PartialPressures 分壓
4.Homogeneousatalysis均相催化劑
5.RealGases:DeviationfromldealBehavior真實氣體:對理想氣體行為的偏離
6. HeterogeneousCatalysis非均相催化劑
7. Enzymes酶
8.ThevanderWaalsEquation范德華方程
9.TheEquilibrumConstant平衡常數

10.SystermandSurroundings系統與環境

11.theDirectionofReaction 反應方向

12.StateandStateFunctions狀態與狀態函數

13.LeChatelier'sPrinciple列沙特列原理

14.Process過程

15.ffectsofVolume,Pressure, 體積，壓力，溫度變化以及催化劑的影響
16.Phase相

17.TheFirstL awofThermodynamics熱力學第一定律

18.SpontneoupProcesses 自發過程

19.HeatandWork熱與功

20.EntropyStandardEntropy熵標准熵

21.吸熱與發熱過程
22.TheSecondL awofThermodynamics熱力學第二定律

23.EnthalpiesofReactions反應熱

24. EntropyChanges熵變

25.Hess'sLaw 蓋斯定律

26.StandardFree -EnergyChanges標准自由能變
27.EnthalpiesofFormation生成焓

28.ReactionRates反應速率

29.Acid酸

30.ReactionOrder反應級數

31.Bases鹼

32.RateConstants速率常數

33.TheProtoninWater水合質子

34.ActivationEnergy活化能

35.ThepHSealespH值

36.ThArtheniusEquation阿累尼烏斯方程

37.TheDissociationofWater水離解
這些都是化學專業英語中的詞彙，我們在日常英語中是不會學也不會接觸的。
聯系：都屬於英語僅僅是適用范圍和情景不同。本質的詞彙構成原理及語法知識使用規則都是相同的。
例：水 water 這是一個很常見的日常單詞，化學英語中需要用到水日常英語中也需要用到水。