關於抑鬱症的英語閱讀理解

① 如何緩解抑鬱症英語作文

在平平淡淡的日常中，大家都接觸過作文吧，藉助作文人們可以反映客觀事物、表達思想感情、傳遞知識信息。那麼問題來了，到底應如何寫一篇優秀的作文呢？下面是我整理的如何緩解抑鬱症英語作文，歡迎閱讀，希望大家能夠喜歡。

In recent years,more and more people have suffered from depression.With the increasingly fierce competition,more and more people are bearing great pressure from study,work and life.Under great pressure, many people begin to become sad,hopeless and finally suffer from depression.

Depression has brought great bad influence on one'study, work and life.In fact,depression affects not only one's mind but also his body. Those with severe depression even unable to continue their work or carry out normal activities of depression. The symptoms mainly include feelings of sadness, hopelessness, not wanting food and trouble sleeping.Besides, depression is linked to many other diseases, like heart disease, What's worse, deprssion is one of the main courses of people's suicide.

Considering the bad effects of depression, it must be taken more seriously. For those patients with depression, first of all ,it is important to accept treatment timely instead of covering or ignoring the disease. Besides,people shuold learn to release pressure and keep a pleasant mood. Actually,the best treatment is a combination of medication and psychological help.Only in this way can people rece the chance of suffering from depression.

近年來，越來越多的.人患上了抑鬱症。隨著競爭的日益激烈，越來越多的人所承受的巨大壓力來自學習，工作和生活。在巨大的壓力下，許多人開始變得難過，絕望，最後患上抑鬱症。

抑鬱帶來了巨大的壞的影響，工作和生活。事實上，抑鬱症不僅影響人的心靈，而且他的身體。那些有嚴重的抑鬱症，甚至無法繼續工作，或進行抑鬱症的正常活動。主要的症狀包括悲傷，絕望的感覺，不想食物和睡覺。此外，憂鬱症與許多其他疾病，如心臟病，更糟的是，抑鬱症是人們自殺的主要原因。

考慮到抑鬱的不良影響，必須採取更多的重視。對於抑鬱症患者，首先，就要及時接受治療，而不是覆蓋或忽略的疾病很重要。此外，人們應該學會釋放壓力，保持愉快的心情。其實，最好的治療方法是葯物和心理治療相結合。只有這樣，可以減少人們患抑鬱症的機會。

② 抑鬱症的英文單詞含義及其症狀與治療

抑鬱症患者不僅僅在精神科就診，因為很多疾病都可能伴隨抑鬱。如何快速識別抑鬱症患者及其自殺傾向，對醫務工作者來說尤為重要。以下是我為大家精心整理的抑鬱症的相關內容，歡迎大家閱讀參考!

抑鬱症的英文單詞各字母含義

抑鬱症(重性抑鬱障礙)的症狀表現其實可以用一個英文單詞來概括，即 Depression，其中各個字母代表的含義分別為：

D depression mood 抑鬱心境;

E energy decreased 疲乏或精力不足;

P psychomotor changes 精神運動性改變;

R reced concentration in decision-making 做決定時注意力下降;

E esteem decreased, excessive guilt 自尊心下降和過度自責;

S sleep changes 睡眠情況改變;

S suicidal ideation / behavior 自殺意念/行為;

I interest decreased 興趣減低;

O

N nutritional and weight change 食慾和體重改變。

是不是非常簡單明了?下面我們就逐個字母來看下吧。

D

抑鬱心境

Depression mood.

此處既可以是抑鬱心境，又可以是易激惹(在兒童和青少年中更容易出現)。

因一些患者存在述情障礙(alexthymia，a = 不能，lex = 使用詞彙，thymia = 心境)，在正確描述自己的情緒狀態上有明顯困難，所以需要醫生多次重復詢問：悲傷，低落，郁悶，憂愁，沮喪，興趣下降。多換用這些詞彙，可以使患者的陽性診斷增加三倍。

E

精力不足或疲乏

Energy decreased.

對於精力不足或疲乏，可以通過下面兩個問題進行評估：

1. 過去 2 個月以來，你覺得身體比以前或平時，更加疲勞或精力不足嗎?

2.(如果問題 1 是否定)即使運動量很小，比如逛街，你的身體也比想像中更加疲勞?

P

精神運動性改變

Psychomotor changes.

精神運動性改變即精神運動性激越和遲滯，包括 4 組症狀，抑鬱症患者的 4 組症狀可能以任何組合形式出現。

精神性激越：易怒、內心緊張感，這是激越的內心體驗。

運動性激越：踱步、緊張、雙手出汗，這是激越的運動表現。

精神性遲滯：感覺緩慢、思維遲緩、情感反應慢、無思考能力，這是精神活動緩慢，或情感信息加工緩慢的內在體驗。

運動性遲滯：明顯的活動減少、走路緩慢、反應速度慢、發呆或凝視。

由於這 4 組症狀通常是混合存在的，所以不要去尋找單純的精神性改變或運動性改變。應先逐個詢問 4 組症狀中的每一個症狀，然後再判斷患者是精神性的還是運動性的，是激越還是遲滯。

R

做決定時注意力下降

Reced concentration in decision-making.

下面的 3 個問題，可以評估患者的注意力：

1. 你能坐著看完一場電影嗎?能記住故事的主要情節嗎?

2. 你閱讀報紙的時候，能從文字的開頭讀到結尾嗎?能理解文字的意思嗎?

3. 休息片刻之後，你能繼續原來的話題嗎?還是忘掉了剛才的交談?

兒童注意力下降的表現可能為成績直線下降;而老年人注意力下降的表現可能為記憶困難，需要與痴呆進行鑒別。

E

低自尊，過度自罪感

Esteem decreased, excessive guilt.

除了自殺觀念，自責和自罪感是抑鬱症患者最不愉快和討厭的症狀，85% 的患者都可能存在。即使沒有處於抑鬱發作期，患者依然可以存在持續性的自罪感;當抑鬱發作時，這些感受可能會更加強烈。

評估自責自罪的 3 個問題：

1. 在過去 5 周內，與以往相比，你更加沮喪或自罪嗎?

2. 在過去 5 周內，你感覺自己很沮喪嗎?

3. 在過去 5 周內，你有沒有對自己失去信心?

一些患者認為，由於目前的狀態，不能履行自己的角色職責，讓親人、朋友或同事失望了，這無疑會增加他們的心理負擔。

此外，需要注意，嚴重抑鬱症患者，其自罪感可以達到妄想的程度，以至於患者認為要為與他無關的事情負責。

S

睡眠過多或過少

Sleep changes.

大多數抑鬱症的患者，不管是睡多了還是睡少了，都會精神萎靡。

針對失眠的抑鬱症患者，可以做如下詢問，以判斷失眠的類型：

起始失眠(入睡困難)：在過去幾年裡，當你覺得情緒低落的時候，你入睡有困難嗎?

中段失眠(睡眠維持困難或頻繁覺醒)：在過去幾年裡，你能夠睡熟嗎?你在夜間會經常醒來嗎?

終末失眠(早醒，醒後無法繼續入睡)：在過去的幾年裡，你有沒有發現醒來比預期早?或者是覺得自己應該多睡一會兒，但又睡不著?

S

自殺意念或行為

Suicidal ideation / behavior.

若確定患者存在自殺觀念或行為，應詢問以下 4 個問題：

1. 你想要結束自己的生命有多長時間了?你是每天都在想自殺嗎，還是每周想幾次?——評估患者是否經常考慮自殺問題。

2. 你有做過自殺計劃嗎?若沒有自殺成功，還有其他自殺計劃嗎?——詢問自殺計劃的細節、和自殺的替代計劃。

3. 你自殺的計劃實施得怎麼樣了?——評估進程。

4. 當自殺的意願越來越強的時候，抵制這些想法有難度嗎?——詢問患者如何發現這種想法以及患者的行動意圖。

I

興趣減少或快感缺乏

Interest decreased.

患者並未進行大量的體力活動，但對於體力活動要求很少的任務，依然覺得需要付出很大的勁兒才能完成。

N

食慾和體重變化

Nutritional and weight change.

食慾變化指食慾的減退或增強，有的患者還可能偏愛一些特定的食物，如甜食。對於兒童這一特殊人群，體重變化可以是指體重不能達到預期的標准。

需要特別一提的是，根據 DSM-5 的診斷標准，抑鬱症(重性抑鬱障礙)的診斷必須滿足上述 9 項中的 5 項，且 D(抑鬱心境)和 I(興趣減少或快感缺乏)這兩項中必須具備一項;症狀持續的時間必須要達到 2 周以上;並且需要排除其他原因所致的精神障礙。

抑鬱症的症狀

1.抑鬱心境程度不同，可從輕度心境不佳到憂傷、悲觀、絕望。病人感到心情沉重，生活沒意思，高興不起來，鬱郁寡歡，度日如年，痛苦難熬，不能自拔。有些病人也可出現焦慮、易激動、緊張不安。

2.喪失興趣是抑鬱病人常見症狀之一。喪失既往生活、工作的熱忱和樂趣，對任何事都興趣索然。體驗不出天倫之樂，對既往愛好不屑一顧，常閉門獨居，疏遠親友，迴避社交。病人常主訴「沒有感情了」、「情感麻木了」、「高興不起來了」。

3.精力喪失，疲乏無力，洗漱、著衣等生活小事困難費勁，力不從心。病人常用「精神崩潰」、「泄氣的皮球」來描述自己的狀況。

4.自我評價過低：病人往往過分貶低自己的能力，以批判、消極和否定的態度看待自己的現在、過去和將來，這也不行，那也不對，把自己說得一無是處，前途一片黑暗。強烈的自責、內疚、無用感、無價值感、無助感，嚴重時可出現自罪、疑病觀念。

5.病人呈顯著、持續、普遍抑鬱狀態，注意力困難、記憶力減退、腦子遲鈍、思路閉塞、行動遲緩，但有些病人則表現為不安、焦慮、緊張和激越。

6.消極悲觀：內心十分痛苦、悲觀、絕望，感到生活是負擔，不值得留戀，以死求解脫，可產生強烈的'自殺念頭和行為。

7.軀體或生物學症狀：抑鬱病人常有食慾減退、體重減輕、睡眠障礙、性功能低下和心境晝夜波動等生物學症狀，很常見，但並非每例都出現：

食慾減退、體重減輕：多數病人都有食慾不振，胃納差症狀，美味佳餚不再具有誘惑力，病人不思茶飯或食之無味，常伴有體重減輕。

性功能減退：疾病早期即可出現性慾減低，男性可能出現陽痿，女病人有性感缺失。

睡眠障礙：典型的睡眠障礙是早醒，比平時早2～3小時，醒後不復入睡，陷入悲哀氣氛中。

抑鬱症治療方法

1、代性療法：對於傳統西醫不能治療的抑鬱症，可以使用替代性療法，包含從飲食運動到社會環境生活方式等一系列抑鬱症的治療方法。

2、反射療法：是對患者手腳固定部位施加壓力的一種技術，反射論者認為人體有自身修復功能，手腳中的神經和身體其他部位相聯系。通過刺激手腳一定部位，就可以通過反射原理治療疾病。這也屬於抑鬱症的治療方式。

3、物理療法：是以一種預防、治療、及處理因疾病或傷害所帶來的動作問題的醫療專業。主要是借著自然界中的物理因子、運用人體生理學原理法則等，針對人體局部或全身性的功能障礙或病變，施予適當的非侵入性、非葯物性治療來處理患者身體不適和病痛治療方式，使其盡可能地恢復其原有的生理功能。這些抑鬱症的治療比較常見。

抑鬱症治療

1、在抑鬱症的治療中，葯物發揮著重要而積極的作用，是治療抑鬱症不可缺少的關鍵措施。但是患者決不可單純依靠葯物而忽視生活和心理方面的調理。針對抑鬱症的治療措施應當是綜合性的，包括生活、心理和葯物的共同作用，這樣才能取得事半功倍的良好效果。

2、抑鬱症患者的生活具有規律性，按時作息、進餐，安排好運動、娛樂時間，避免整天呆在家中將自己「封閉」起來。調節心態，使生活充滿情趣，既增強治病信心又提高生活質量。因此，這也是屬於抑鬱症的治療方式的一種。

2、在一般人的潛意識中認為凡屬精神疾病用葯都有很大副作用，用多了會「傷害腦子」。因而有些老年人對抗抑鬱症葯使用也顧慮甚多，以為是輕型抑鬱症最好不用葯，要用也最好是偶爾用用，不可多用，更不可長期服葯。這是一種誤識。老年抑鬱症患者應當與醫生保持密切聯系，在醫生指導下合理使用抗抑鬱葯，堅持足夠抑鬱症的治療的療程。

工作「抑鬱症」青睞職業女性

前幾天，記者在女子醫院健康管理中心采訪時發現，目前職業女性易患工作場所抑鬱症。

前來就診的王娜(化名)30多歲了，從事外貿工作。她在大學畢業進入社會後，由於能力突出，在很短的時間內就做了部門經理，得到了老總的賞識。對於其他人來說，她已經成功了，但她發現自己仍然要再進一步。她的業績越好，老總對她的要求也越高，她更應該快速地步入上層。為此，她把全身心投入到工作中，無暇顧及談朋友。

30多歲的人，她還沒有成家。但她是人，不是機器，更不是創造成功的機器，她也有自己的情感。當然，父母對她的壓力也很大，總說她應該成家了，但由於她已經走到很高的位置了，又不能放下架子，所以總處於彷徨狀態。她說不敢見父母，特別怕看到父母那雙渴望與擔憂的眼神。但由於人的能力是有限的，長期工作的壓力，她說自己真想放棄，無奈之下，她只得求助於健康管理中心的心理醫生。

健康管理中心的大夫說她患的是工作場所抑鬱症。據了解，這種病的症狀是，身體的某個部位疼痛，或是疲勞、睡不著、吃不下……進一步發展就會造成沒有心情進行日常活動。嚴重的還會導致患者脾氣暴躁，甚至還可能產生自殺的念頭。孕婦和為人妻、為人母、為人下屬的職業女性，是工作場所抑鬱症的易患人群。

醫學專家說，科技進步所形成的資訊飽和、工作過量和工作不穩定，都是導致工作場所抑鬱的主要因素。工作場所抑鬱症是繼心臟病之後，第二種最有可能使員工失去工作能力的疾病。如果不採取行動，專家預測，這種疾病蔓延的速度之快，將足以在2020年之前超越公路意外、艾滋病和暴力，成為員工早夭和失去工作能力的主要因素。

如何遠離工作場所抑鬱症呢?醫學專家建議，輕微的抑鬱症，可通過各種放鬆活動、運動來調節，平時也可參加講座，學習自己控制生活中的壓力。如果病症較重，就要盡早接受治療。

抑鬱症調養小常識醫師介紹，抑鬱症主要表現為悲觀、絕望、煩躁、失眠、興趣減少或注意力分散等。若想減少抑鬱症的發病幾率，應注重平時的自我調養。

做最感興趣的事。有計劃地做些能夠獲得快樂和自信的活動，尤其在周末，譬如打掃房間、聽音樂、逛街等。另外，生活正常規律化也很重要。

廣交良友。「朋友是良醫」，交朋友首先是可以傾訴衷腸的知心，還要結交一些饒有風趣、逗人發笑、使人愉快的朋友。養成和朋友經常保持接觸的習慣。

避免服用某些葯物。口服避孕葯、巴比妥類、可的松、磺胺類葯、利血平可引起抑鬱症，應盡量避免使用。

另外，多吃些富含維生素B和氨基酸的食物，如谷類、魚類、綠色蔬菜、蛋類等，對於擺脫抑鬱症也有裨益。

③ 英語閱讀部分翻譯！急急急！！！

劃線的部分意思就是 導致了抑鬱症更加嚴重。
一下是全段翻譯：

當人們變得抑鬱時，往往會因為一些毫無根據的，誇大的想法而是自己煩惱。
他們也許自己並不能意識到，但是這些想法會讓他們的抑鬱更加嚴重。
比如說一個抑鬱的人會這么想「我沒能做成那個工作，所以我一定是人生徹底的失敗者。我永遠都不會得到一個工作許可了。」諸如此類的過分誇大的想法我們就叫做抑鬱。
是不是所有不好的想法都會造成抑鬱症呢？
當然不完全是這樣的。抑鬱症是一個復雜過程形成的結果，包括了遺傳因素，生化因素，環境因素，社會因素以及一些其他因素。
最近LAURA JEAN BIERUT博士和她的同時在華盛頓大學的研究發現了男人和女人在形成抑鬱症的時候，是大不相同的。
男人抑鬱症的產生只有少部分與家庭或遺傳因素相關，但是大部分都是受到環境因素影響。
女人抑鬱症的產生更多的是與家庭和遺傳因素相關。
不論是男人或者女人，環境因素都是產生抑鬱的重要原因。
因此，盡管這是非常重要的一個理論，但僅僅只是抑鬱症的冰山一角。

手翻，採納啊採納啊

④ 誰幫我看篇英語閱讀。求大意！前兩段看不清可跳過。

第一段看來得不是很清楚，大源致講的是作者得了抑鬱症生活的有點壓抑和悲觀，有一個晚上讓他明白了什麼是快樂，二三段講的是作者在去吃晚飯的路上看到了一個很美麗的賣裙子的寮國少女，讓他想起了他的童年等等，四五段講的是作者買裙子以及和少女講價的經過，經過幾次討價還價兩人達成共識之後作者以買第一條的價格又買了另外兩條，在少女本可以給他更優惠的價格之前他就付了錢，之後少女很開心的笑了，讓作者感受到了感動和快樂。後面兩段拍的不全看的不清所以就不翻譯了，另外從文中可以推定作者應該不是寮國本地人，大致上就是這樣，希望能幫到你。

⑤ 高中英語閱讀理解 53題這里的C怎麼翻譯

翻譯:除了電視，其他媒介的長時間應用並沒有增加患抑鬱症的幾率。

⑥ 英語閱讀之抑鬱症

英語閱讀之抑鬱症

最近看到很多關於抑鬱症的文章，大多不是認殲睜為他們心理調節能力差就是大灌心靈雞湯。臨床診斷的抑鬱症一般不是靠“調節”可以解決問叢碼題的!請不要再武斷地對患有抑鬱症的親友說’你要調整心態.......一氏鄭歲時的`生活不順利心情不好不能稱之為抑鬱症。而臨床抑鬱症和遺傳和生理因素都有很多關系。

How Is Biology Related to Depression?

生理和抑鬱症 - 患者大腦的不同

Researchers have noted differences in the brains of people who are depressed as compared to people who are not. For instance, the hippocampus, a small part of the brain that is vital to the storage of memories, appears to be smaller in some people with a history of depression than in those who've never been depressed. A smaller hippocampus has fewer serotonin receptors. Serotonin is one of many brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters that allow communication across circuits that connect different brain regions.

Scientists do not know why the hippocampus may be smaller in some people with depression. Some researchers have found that the stress hormone cortisol is proced in excess in depressed people. These investigators believe that cortisol has a toxic or "shrinking" effect on the development of hippocampus. Some experts theorize that depressed people are simply born with a smaller hippocampus and are therefore inclined to suffer from depression. There are many other brain regions, and pathways between specific regions, thought to be involved with depression, and likely, no single brain structure or pathway fully accounts for clinical depression.

One thing is certain -- depression is a complex illness with many contributing factors. The latest scans and studies of brain chemistry suggest that antidepressants can help sustain nerve cells and allow them to form stronger connections that withstand biological stresses (called "neurotrophic effects"). As scientists gain a better understanding of the causes of depression, health professionals will be able to make better "tailored" diagnoses and, in turn, prescribe more effective treatment plans.

How Is Genetics Linked to the Risk of Depression?

遺傳和抑鬱症 - 家族抑鬱症

We know that depression can sometimes run in families. This suggests that there's at least a partial genetic link to depression. Children, siblings, and parents of people with severe depression are somewhat more likely to suffer from depression than are members of the general population. Multiple genes interacting with one another in special ways probably contribute to the various types of depression that run in families. Yet despite the evidence of a family link to depression, it is unlikely that there is a single "depression" gene, but rather many genes that each contribute small effects toward depression when they interact with the environment.

Can Certain Drugs Cause Depression

葯物和抑鬱症 - 某些葯物可能導致抑鬱症

In certain people, drugs may lead to depression. For example, medications such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and the acne drug Accutane have sometimes been associated with depression, especially in older people. Likewise, medications such as corticosteroids, opioids (codeine, morphine), and anticholinergics taken to relieve stomach cramping can sometimes cause mania, which is a highly elated and energized state that can also be associated with bipolar disorder.

For in depth information, see WebMD's Medicines That Cause Depression.

What’s the Link Between Depression and Chronic Illness?

疾病和抑鬱症 - 有些疾病可能引發抑鬱症

In some people, a chronic illness causes depression. A chronic illness is an illness that lasts for a very long time and usually cannot be cured completely. However, chronic illnesses can often be controlled through diet, exercise, lifestyle habits, and certain medications. Some examples of chronic illnesses that may cause depression are diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, kidney disease, HIV/AIDS, lupus, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Hypothyroidism may also lead to depressed feelings.

Researchers believe that treating the depression may sometimes also help the co-existing illness improve.

Is Depression Linked to Chronic Pain?

生理疼痛和抑鬱症 - 暫時的疼痛一般不會導致抑鬱症

When pain lingers for weeks to months, it's referred to as being "chronic." Not only does chronic pain hurt, it also disturbs your sleep, your ability to exercise and be active, your relationships, and your proctivity at work. Can you see how chronic pain may also leave you feeling sad, isolated, and depressed?

There is help for chronic pain and depression. A multifaceted program of medicine, psychotherapy, support groups, and more can help you manage your pain, ease your depression, and get your life back on track.

For in depth information, see Depression and Chronic Pain.

Does Depression Often Occur With Grief?

悲痛和抑鬱症 - 一時的悲傷不是抑鬱症

Grief is a common response to loss. Losses that may lead to grief include the death or separation of a loved one, loss of a job, death or loss of a beloved pet, or any number of other changes in life, such as divorce, becoming an "empty nester," or retirement.

Anyone can experience grief and loss, but not everyone will experience depression, which differs from grief in that depression involves feelings of low self-worth and suicide, while grief involves feelings of loss and longing for a loved one. Each person is unique in how he or she copes with these feelings.

For in depth information, see Grief and Depression.

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⑦ 了解抑鬱症Depression關注身邊的抑鬱症患者「英語閱讀」

了解抑鬱症Depression關注身邊的抑鬱症患者「英語閱讀」

哈佛健康雜志介紹說抑鬱症的原因並不是大腦中某一種化學物質過低或者過高，而往往是因為多種化學物肢鎮質工作異常。我們大腦中有數以百萬計甚至更多的化學反應，決定了我們的情緒以及我們的生活感受。

What is depression? 什麼畢飢茄是抑鬱症?

手察Feeling sad, or what we may call "depressed", happens to all of us. The sensation usually passes after a while. However, people with a depressive disorder - clinical depression - find that their state interferes with daily life.

任何人都會有感覺不快、郁悶或者悲傷的經歷，但是這些感受都是暫時的。然而，有depressive disorder - clinical depression -抑鬱症的.人，卻終身受到抑鬱的折磨。

For people with clinical depression, their normal functioning is undermined to such an extent that both they and those who care about them are affected by it.

Melancholia - clinical depression is a fairly modern term. Hippocrates, known as the father of Western medicine, described a syndrome of "melancholia". He said melancholia was a distinct disease with specific physical and mental symptoms. Hippocrates characterized it as "(all) fears and despondencies, if they last a long time" as being symptomatic of the illness.

抑鬱症怎麼得的?

Depression is an extremely complex disease. It occurs for a variety of reasons. Some people experience depression ring a serious medical illness. Others may have depression with life changes such as a move or the death of a loved one. Still others have a family history of depression. Those who do may experience depression and feel overwhelmed with sadness and loneliness for no known reason.

What Are the Main Causes of Depression?

誘發抑鬱症的主要原因

There are a number of factors that may increase the chance of depression, including the following:

Abuse. 虐待 Past physical, sexual, or emotional abuse can cause depression later in life.

Certain medications. 某些葯物 Some drugs, such as Accutane (used to treat acne), the antiviral drug interferon-alpha, and corticosteroids, can increase your risk of depression.

Conflict. 爭吵(人際關系困擾) Depression in someone who has the biological vulnerability to develop depression may result from personal conflicts or disputes with family members or friends.

Death or a loss.喪親 Sadness or grief from the death or loss of a loved one, though natural, may increase the risk of depression.

Genetics.遺傳 A family history of depression may increase the risk. It's thought that depression is a complex trait that may be inherited across generations, although the genetics of psychiatric disorders are not as simple or straightforward as in purely genetic diseases such as Huntington's chorea or cystic fibrosis.

Major events.重大事件 Even good events such as starting a new job, graating, or getting married can lead to depression. So can moving, losing a job or income, getting divorced, or retiring.

Other personal problems.其他個人困擾 Problems such as social isolation e to other mental illnesses or being cast out of a family or social group can lead to depression.

Serious illnesses.嚴重疾病 Sometimes depression co-exists with a major illness or is a reaction to the illness.

Substance abuse.濫用葯物等 Nearly 30% of people with substance abuse problems also have major or clinical depression.

What causes depression?

Nobody is sure what causes depression. Experts say depression is caused by a combination of factors, such as the person's genes, their biochemical environment, personal experience and psychological factors.

抑鬱症的起因很復雜，很難有確切的定論。

A study published in Archives of Psychiatry found that MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans showed patients with clinical depression had less brain volume in several regions, including the frontal lobe, basal ganglia and hippocampus. They also found that after treatment the hippocampus returned to normal size.

The Stanford School of Medicine says that genes do play a role in causing depression. By studying cases of major depression among identical twins (whose genes are 100% identical) and non-identical twins (whose genes are 50% identical) they found that heritability is a major contributory factor in the risk of developing depression.

斯坦福醫學院說基因起了很大作用。通過對同卵雙胞胎和異卵雙胞胎的觀察研究，發現遺傳因素可能是導致抑鬱的主要原因。

An article in Harvard Health Publicaitons explains that depression is not caused simply by the level of one chemical being too low and another too high. Rather, several different chemicals are involved, working both within and outside nerve cells. There are "Millions, even billions, of chemical reactions that make up the dynamic system that is responsible for your mood, perceptions, and how you experience life."

An awful experience can trigger a depressive illness. For example, the loss of a family member, a difficult relationship, physical sexual abuse.

哈佛健康雜志介紹說抑鬱症的原因並不是大腦中某一種化學物質過低或者過高，而往往是因為多種化學物質工作異常。大腦中有數以百萬計甚至更多的化學反應，決定了你的情緒以及你的生活體驗。

抑鬱症非常常見，女性患病的幾率大大高於男性。很多抑鬱症患者不會或者不願尋求治療。

According to the National Institutes of Health, a significant percentage of people with depressive illness never seek medical help. This is unfortunate, because the vast majority, even those with very severe symptoms, can improve with treatment.

How common is clinical depression? - Nobody is sure exactly how many people are affected by depression. Health authorities from country to country and even within the same nation publish different figures:

The National Institute of Mental Health estimates that 6.7% of American alts have had depressive illness ring the last 12 months, and 30.4% of these cases (2% of the whole alt population) have severe symptoms.

While the National Institute of Mental Health says women are 70% more likely to develop depressive symptoms ring their lifetime, an article published in JAMA Psychiatry (August 2013 issue) showed thatdepression affects 30.6% of men and 33.3% of women, not a statistically significant difference.

The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) estimates that in the United Kingdom 21 in every 1,000 16-to-65 year olds live with major depression (17/1000 males and 25/1000 females). If "mixed depression and anxiety", a less specific and broader category is included, the prevalence rises to 98 per 1,000.

In Australia only 1 in every five people with clinical depression is accurately diagnosed, according to theState Government of Victoria, "because depression can mask itself as a physical illness like chronic pain, sleeplessness or fatigue."

抑鬱症的種類Types of depression

There are several forms of depression (depressive disorders). Major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder are the most common.

Major depressive disorder (major depression)

Major depressive disorder is also known as major depression. The patients suffer from a combination of symptoms that undermine their ability to sleep, study, work, eat, and enjoy activities they used to find pleasurable.

Experts say that major depressive disorder can be very disabling, preventing the patient from functioning normally. Some people experience only one episode, while others have recurrences.

Dysthymic disorder (dysthymia)

Dysthymic disorder is also known as dysthymia, or mild chronic depression. The patient will suffer symptoms for a long time, perhaps as long as a couple of years, and often longer. The symptoms are not as severe as in major depression - they do not disable the patient. However, people affected with dysthymic disorder may find it hard to function normally and feel well.

Some people experience only one episode ring their lifetime, while others may have recurrences.

A person with dysthymia might also experience major depression, once, twice, or more often ring their lifetime. Dysthymia can sometimes come with other symptoms. When they do, it is possible that other forms of depression are diagnosed.

For a patient to be diagnosed with dysthymia he or she must have experienced a combination of depressive symptoms for at least two years.

Psychotic depression

When severe depressive illness includes hallucinations, delusions, and/or withdrawing from reality, the patient may be diagnosed with psychotic depression. Psychotic depression is also referred to as delusional depression.

Postpartum depression (postnatal depression)

Postpartum depression is also known as postnatal depression or PND. This is not to be confused with 'baby blues' which a mother may feel for a very short period after giving birth.

If a mother develops a major depressive episode within a few weeks of giving birth it is most likely she has developed postpartum depression. Experts believe that about 10% to 15% of all women experience this type of depression after giving birth. Sadly, many of them go undiagnosed and suffer for long periods without treatment and support.

Postpartum depression can start any time within a year of giving birth, according to the National Library of Medicine.

SAD (seasonal affective disorder)

SAD is much more common the further from the equator you go, where the end of summer means the beginning of less sunlight and more dark hours. A person who develops a depressive illness ring the winter months might have SAD.

SAD symptoms go away ring spring and/or summer. In Scandinavia, where winter can be very dark for many months, patients commonly undergo light therapy - they sit in front of a special light. Light therapy works for about half of all SAD patients. In addition to light therapy, some people may needantidepressants, psychotherapy, or both. Light therapy is becoming more popular in other northern countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom.

The National Health Service9, UK, suggest that sunlight may stimulate the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that controls sleep, appetite and mood.

Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness)

Bipolar disorder is also known as manic-depressive illness. It used to be known as manic depression. It is not as common as major depression or dysthymia. A patient with bipolar disorder experiences moments of extreme highs and extreme lows. These extremes are known as manias.

抑鬱症的跡象和症狀

Signs and symptoms

epression is not uniform. Signs and symptoms may be experienced by some sufferers and not by others. How severe the symptoms are, and how long they last depends on the indivial person and his illness. Below is a list of the most common symptoms:

A constant feeling of sadness, anxiety, and emptiness

A general feeling of pessimism sets in (the glass is always half empty)

The person feels hopeless

Indivials can feel restless

The sufferer may experience irritability

Patients may lose interest in activities or hobbies they once enjoyed

He/she may lose interest in sex

Levels of energy feel lower, fatigue sets in

Many people with a depressive illness find it hard to concentrate, remember details, and make decisions

Sleep patterns are disturbed - the person may sleep too little or too much

Eating habits may change - he/she may either eat too much or have no appetite

Suicidal thoughts may occur - some may act on those thoughts

The sufferer may complain more of aches and pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems. These problems do not get better with treatment.

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⑧ 求這篇英語閱讀的大意

這篇還可以