高考英語閱讀理解之詞義猜測
❶ 如何做好英語閱讀理解詞義猜測題
猜測詞義題
在閱讀中我們經常會遇到許多生詞。這時許多同學立即翻閱詞典，查找詞義。這樣做不但費時費力，而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實上，閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前後的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯系。我們可以利用語境（各種已知信息）推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國統一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。
常見的題干有：
1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？
2) The word... could best be replaced by.
3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).
4) According to the passage,... probably means.
5) The author uses the word... to mean.
猜測詞義時，一般可利用以下四個方面的線索：
一是針對性的解釋
針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術語或高深的詞彙等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體，所使用的語言通俗易懂，利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。
1.根據定義（definition）猜測詞義
如果生詞有一個句子（定語從句或是同位語<同位語前常有 that="" is="" to="" in="" other="" or="" i.g.="">或是同位語從句）或段落來定義,或使用破折號，冒號，分號後的內容和引號括弧中的內容加以解釋和定義，那麼理解這個句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例1.Do you know what a territory is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（聲稱）as its own.（2005年湖北卷）
[分析]由定義可推知，這里territory指的是：動物的地盤。
例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．（2005年浙江卷）
[分析]由同位語an endangered wild cat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域：一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。
例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . （2004年福建卷）
According to the passage ,The Pines is a .
A．place in which you can see many mobile homes
B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
[分析]通過whose引導的定語從句，我們可以推測到：The Pines 是一家餐館的名字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：D。
2.根據舉例猜測詞義
恰當的舉例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。
例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.（2004年遼寧卷）
[分析]根據such as 後面列舉的一系列例子，我們應該能推斷出句中的issue 是指議題。
二是內在邏輯關系
根據內在邏輯關系推測詞義是指應用語言知識分析和判斷相關信息之間存在的邏輯關系，然後根據邏輯聯系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。
1.根據對比、比較關系猜測詞義
在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現象進行對比性的描述，我們可以根據生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關系的詞彙和短語主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示對比關系的句子結構：while 引導的並列句。同對比關系相反，比較關系表示意義上的相似關系。表示比較關系的詞和短語主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean? （2002年NMET）
A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests
[分析]根據對比關系，這里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。
例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk和loquacious 之間的比較關系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是健談的。
2.根據因果關系猜測詞義
在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現象之間構成因果關系，我們可以根據這種邏輯關系推測生詞詞義。
例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .
（2005年上海卷）
The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to .
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
[分析]根據since 引導的原因狀語從句的內容（既然你是我的上司），我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：冒失的，放肆的意思，後半句的意思是：我告訴你怎麼做會是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對應的理解題答案為：B。
例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.（2005年江西卷）
根據原因狀語從句的內容，我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是：修剪（樹枝等）的意思。
3.根據說明、並列、同等同義近義、、反義等關系猜測詞義
在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據語言環境所表面的關系猜測詞義。
例9.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線），good and ill together. （2005年江蘇卷）
The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .
A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
[分析]句中good and ill together 更具體地說明了a mingled yarn的意義，據此我們不難推測mingled的意思是：混合的，交織的。
例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. （2004年湖北卷）
[分析]根據and three other medical centers 這種並列關系，我們很容易推斷出：Johns Hopkins是一家醫療中心。
例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.
[分析]根據與insult侮辱的同等關系猜測defame為詆毀 ，中傷或誹謗
例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.
[分析]運用與football的同義關系推斷為足球。
例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.
[分析]運用與The house近義關系可以推斷dwelling與住所有關
例14.Most women in China ---ecated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.
[分析]後面的urban and rural, the young and old之間都有反義關系，運用這個關系可以推斷illiterated為未接受過教育的，即文盲
三是通過構詞法
在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。
1.根據前綴猜測詞義
例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-ecational or single-sex schools?
根據詞根ecational （教育的），結合前綴co-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-ecational的意思是：男女同校教育的意思。（2005年江西卷）
2.根據後綴猜測詞義
例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．（2005年廣東卷）
後綴 -ise/ize意思是使成為；使化，結合詞根commercial（商業的），不難猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：未被商業化的。
3.根據復合詞的各部分猜測詞義
例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（別扭的）hand positions.（2005年北京卷）
Well-designed 或許是個生詞，但我們分析該詞的結構後，就能推測出其含義。它由well （好，優秀）和design （設計）兩部分組成，合在一起便是設計精巧的意思。
例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-proced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手藝) no longer exists. （2004年浙江卷）
根據合成詞中的mass （大量的）和proce （生產），我們可以推測 mass-proce的意思是：大批量生產；規模生產的意思。
4.猜測詞性變換新詞含義
例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. （2004年山東卷）
head本為名詞，表頭。由the bus和home的語境邏輯可以推斷，該句head為動詞，表方向，結合全句可譯為開往、駛向。
例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. （2004全國卷Ⅱ）
cloud本為名詞，表雲。分析語境邏輯可知，憂慮會影響一個人的判斷，因此該句clouded應譯為使難以。
❷ 高考英語閱讀理解:高考英語閱讀理解九大猜詞技巧
《高考英語閱讀理解九大猜詞技巧》由liuxue86.com我整理。本內容整理時間為05月12日，如有任何問題請聯系我們。 1.利用定義或解察指慶釋(definition or explanation)
Signal words: means, refers to, be called, be known as ,can be defined as, in other words,that is , that is to say, 定語從句…..etc.
舉例：
Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽）, or young leaves of trees.(B)
The word “pruning” means______
A. Regular cutting（修剪） of the plants
B. Frequent watering
C. Regular use of chemicals
D. Growing the plants high in the mountain
2.利用普通常識和經驗(common sense or experience)
舉例敗握：
1. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．
“ocelot” means _________________(an endangered wild cat)
2.The period of adolescence, the period between childhood and althood ,may be long or short.
“adolescence” means___________(The period between childhood and althood)
3.利用同義/同位語(similarity/appositive)
Signal words：for example ，for instance，such as ，like，as---as，etc.
舉例：
The largest player – Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices, such as deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite of the tourists. (C)
The words “deluxe sedans,” “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refer to ____.
A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers
4.利用舉例(from examples)
Signal words: as, like, the same as，unlike, but，however, on the contrary, while,instead…逗搏ect.
舉例：
1. The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted(飄） with the wind like feathers.
2. Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends.
5.利用比較或對比(comparison or contrast)
(1)Overwork may cause diseases.
over（過分的、過量的）＋work＝overwork“工作過度”。
(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
dis “不” + satisfied“滿意的=dissatisfied “不滿意的”。
6.利用構詞法(Word formation)：前綴、後綴、復合、派生等
舉例：
1. Is he intelligent or stupid?
2. Most women in Ghana--- the ecated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old--- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved.(C)
The underlined word “illiterate” in the passage means ____.
A. Repeated B. reiterated. C unecated D. sick
7.利用同義詞或反義詞(Synonym or Antonym)
舉例：
Signal words:because，since ,so, such…that,so…that, ect
I feel that since you are my superior（上司）, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”(B)
The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “____” .
A．full of respect B． rude and too confident
C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
8.利用原因與結果關系猜詞(from Cause and Result)
The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.(A)
A. work B. study C. name D. interest
9.利用上下文的語境(context or related information)
更多練習：
1. A good teacher works in quite a different way. His audience take an active part in his play: they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they don’t understand something, they say so.
The word “audience” in the paragraph means ____.
A. students
B. people who watch a play
C. people who act on the stage
D. people who listen to something
答案：A
解題關鍵：常識 teacher-----students
2. When some kind of pain killer(止痛葯） was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the proct look weak and ineffective（無效的）.
The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours_______
Attracted the customers strongly
Had weak effects on the customers
Tricked the customers into shopping
Caused the customers to lose interest
答案：D
解題關鍵：因果關系 because
3. Collins decided that she must go, although the hazards of the trip were many, for example, the unbearable heat , the possibility of getting lost , the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes .
“hazard” means ___________________
A. pleasure, B. problem, C. danger, D. attraction
答案：C
解題關鍵：舉例for example
4. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society
The underlined phrase “the most vocal” means______
A. Those who try their best to win
B. Those who value competition most highly
C.Those who are against competition most strongly
D. Those who rely on others most for success
答案：C
解題關鍵：上下文語境 context or related information
5.Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them－a form of favoritism will replace equality.
The word “favoritism" is used to describe the phenomenon that ________.
A. bright children also need certificates to get satisfying jobs
B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobs
C. poor children with certificates are favored in job markets
D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success
答案：B
解題關鍵：破折號（定義或同位語）
6. Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. That is to say, if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back.
“Object permanence” means that when out of sight, an object ______
A. Still exists B. keeps its shape
C. Still stays solid D. is beyond reach
答案：A
解題關鍵：
1.定義：definition that is to say也就是說
2.構詞法：permanent—permanence
7. A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
What does the underlined word "hassle“ probably mean?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests
答案：C
解題關鍵：比較comparison(instead—相反,反而)
8. William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線），good and ill together.”
The underlined word “mingled” most probably means? ? .
A．simple????B．mixed????C．sad???D．happy
答案：B
解題關鍵：definition or explanation 定義或解釋猜測詞義
9. The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a god came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him, licking his outstretched hand. “Good boy,” Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you are --- trying to lick me to death.”
Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” ?
A Messy and untidy.
B. Rich and expensive.
C. Comfortable and calming
D. Unusual and foreign.
答案：D
解題關鍵：對比contrast，normal—but---unusual
10. Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. When resting in the shade, they are also watching the sky to see what is flying by, and even in the heat of the day they will suddenly start up and run a mile across the plains to find out what is going on. If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves.
By describing lions as “opportunists”, the author means to say that lions ____.
A. are cruel animals
B. are clever animals
C. Like to take advantage of（利用） other animals
D. Like to take every chance to eat
答案：C
解題關鍵：構詞法及下文解釋opportunity---ist
❸ 高中英語閱讀理解的詞義猜測題怎麼做
閱讀理解能力測試的主要要求及應試策略 王俊 高中英語閱讀理解能力測試的主要要求： 1．讀材料的主旨和大意，以及用以說明主旨和大意的事實和細節。 2．既理解具體的事實，也理解抽象的概念。 3．既理解字面的意思，也理解深層的含義，包括作者的態度，意圖等。 4．既理解某句，某段的含義，也理解全篇的邏輯關系，並據此進行推理和判斷。 5．既能根據所提供的信息去理解，也能結合中學生應有的常識去理解。根據這五項要求，我們可將閱讀理解多項選擇題歸納為以下幾種題型：細節理解題，詞句理解題，主題、主旨題，猜測詞義題，推理判斷題。下面作者結合平時教學中的經驗體會，談一談做英語 閱讀理解題的技巧與策略。 一、 先看題干，帶著問題讀文章。 即先看試題，再讀文章。閱讀題干，首先要掌握問題的類型，分清是客觀信息題還是主觀判斷題。客觀信息題可以從文章中直接找到答案；而主觀判斷題考查的是對文章的感情基調，作者未加陳述的觀點以及貫穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，這類題必須經過對作者的態度、意圖以及對整篇文章進行深一層的推理等。其次，了解試題題干以及各個選項所包含的信息，然後有針對性地對文章進行掃讀，對有關信息進行快速定位，再將相關信息進行整合、甄別、分析、對比，有根有據地排除干擾項，選出正確答案。此法加強了閱讀的針對性，提高了做題的准確率，節省了寶貴的時間。特別適用於對 圖形表格類題材的理解。 二、 速讀全文，了解大意知主題。 閱讀的目的是獲取信息。一個人的閱讀能力的高低決定了他能否快速高效吸收有用信息。閱讀能力一般指閱讀速度和理解能力兩個方面。閱讀速度是閱讀最基本的能力。沒有一定的閱讀速度就不能順利地輸入信息，更談不上運用英語。近幾年的高考閱讀速度大約是每分鍾40個詞左右。考生必須在十分有限的時間內運用略讀、掃讀、跳讀等技巧快速閱讀，搜尋關鍵詞、主題句，捕捉時空、順序、情 節、人物、觀點，並且理清文章脈絡，把握語篇實質。 抓主題句這是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現在文章的開頭和結尾。用歸納法撰寫的文章，都是表述細節的句子在前，概述性的句子居後。此時主題句就是文章的最後一句。通常用演繹法撰寫的文章，大都遵循從一般到個別的寫作程序，即從概述開始，隨之輔以細說。這時，主題句就是文章的第一句。當然也有些文章沒有主題句，需要讀者自己去歸納。主題句往往對全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用，主旨大意題，歸納概括題，中心思想題往 往直接可從主題句中找到答案。 試試看，你能找出下面一段文章的主題句嗎？ The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. 不難看出，文章的第一句是主題句，後面的句子都圍繞這個句子展 開。 三、 詳讀細節，理順思路與文章脈絡。 文章絕不是互不相乾的句子雜亂無章的堆砌。作者為文，有脈可循。如記敘文多以人物為中心，以時間或空間為線索，按事件的發生、發展、結局展開故事；論述體則包含論點、論據、結論三大要素，通過解釋、舉例來闡述觀點。你可根據文章的特點，詳讀細節，以動詞、時間、地點、事件、因果等為線索，找出關鍵詞語，運用"畫 圖列表法"，勾畫出一幅完整清晰的文章主題和細節的認知圖。 例如：SEFC 3A Feed the World(2) 本文通過四個不同的國家和地區，總結了世界飢荒的主要原因。運 用圖表，文章的結構和思路就一目瞭然了。 Reasons for world hunger In EU: 1) Food is bought from farmers and thrown away. 2) Farmers are paid not to grow crops. In India: Most land is owned by rich land owners. In less developed countries: Farmers are forced to plant cash crops. In western countries: Grain is fed to beef cattle. 四、 邏輯推理，做好深層理解題。 在實際閱讀中，有時作者並未把意圖說出來，閱讀者要根據字面意思，通過語篇邏輯關系，研究細節的暗示，推敲作者的態度，理解文章的寓義。這就是通常所說的深層理解。深層理解主要包括歸納概括題（中心思想，加標題等）和推理判斷題，是閱讀理解中的難點。深層理解是一種創造性的思維活動。它必須忠實於原文；要以文章提供的事實和線索為依據，立足已知推斷未知，不能憑空想像，隨意揣測；它要求讀者對文字的表面信息進行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理，不能就事論事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才 有前提和基礎。推理題在提問中常用的詞有： infer, imply, suggest, indicate等。例如高考題： Annealing Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping (浸) it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other material, such as glass. 1. Why do people put hot metal in water? A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. D. To make it brittle. 2. In annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on __. A. the quantity of water used B. the temperature of the metal C. the softness of the metal D. the timing of the operation 3. As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle? A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly. B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly. C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly. D. It can be cooled and then heated quickly. 1、答案為A，此題屬推斷歸納題。文中第二句說如果把金屬加熱，然後迅速放到水裡冷卻，也就會變得非常硬，但也變得脆。hard 是工藝的主觀目的。brittle是伴隨的客觀結果，故選A而不選D。B 項明顯錯誤；C項是手段不是目的，因此，都可排除。 2、答案為D,此題屬概括歸納題。timing 是時間的選擇。本答案的依據是5和6兩句，"The metal is heated,…length of time.","The longer…the softer it becomes."cool 的時間是可以控制的，時間越長越 soft,即硬度就越低。由此我們可得出結論：在退火過程 中，金屬的硬度是受到冷卻的時間長短影響的。 3、答案為C此題屬推理判斷題。文中提到"metal"。最後一句說退 火工藝同樣可用於象玻璃一類的其他材料。文中我們已知"annealing"就是先"heat"後"cool slowly"。由此推斷C是正確的。 五、 猜詞悟義，掃除閱讀攔路虎。 猜詞是應用英語的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要准確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞彙。我們要學會"順藤摸瓜"，通過構詞，語法，定義，同 位，對比，因果，常識，上下文等線索確定詞義。 a. 定義法 如：Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子給予annealing 以明確的定義，即"退火"。 It will be very hard but also very brittle------that is , it will break easily.從後面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle 是"脆"的意思。 The herdsman , who looks after sheep,earns about 650yuan a year.定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的詞義為"牧人"。 b 同位法 如:They traveled a long way , at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了 castle 的確切詞義，即"城堡"。 We are on the night shift----from midnight to 8 a.m.---this week.兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift 是"夜班"的意思。 c. 對比法 如:She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but 一詞表轉折，因此but 前後的意思正相反。後半句的意思是她今天"第一節上了一半才來"，因此反向推理，可得出她平時一向"准時"的結論。 d. 構詞法（前綴、後綴、復合、派生等） Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? possibility 是 possible 的同根名詞， 據此可以判斷定 possibility 意思是"可能性"。 e. 因果法 如:The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken。Sometimes the weakness was permanent。So the player could never play the sport again.從後面的結果"永遠不能再運動"中，可以推測 permanent 的意思為"永遠的，永久的"。 六、 養成習慣，潛移默化結碩果。 1、養成默讀習慣，使注意力集中的文字元號上，糾正唇讀，心讀，喉讀等做法，以免分散精力，影響閱讀速度。 2、克服指讀、回視、重讀等不良習慣，因為這樣容易使理解只停留在某個詞或句子上，使獲得的信息支離破碎。要善於抓住句子中的核心詞，從一個句子快速地掃視到另一個句子，進行連貫性理解。 如:"Would you like to do some shopping together with me? If you are free, please ring me back to tell me about it."這個句子，只要掃視劃線的核心詞，其語義就基本上清楚了。 英語閱讀能力的培養是一個漸進的復雜過程，要養成每天閱讀英語的習慣，循序漸進，持之以恆，精泛結合，廣泛獵奇。在潛移默化 中你會感覺到你的閱讀能力又有了長足的提高。
參考資料： http://jspd.ew.com.cn/Article_Show.asp?Pay=yes&ArticleID=33110
❹ 詞義猜測八法
詞義猜測八法
猜測生詞詞義是高考英語閱讀理解中的一個重要帆搭物考點，要想做好閱讀理解猜測詞義題，就必須要掌握一些猜詞方法，具備一定的猜詞能力。下面以2005年高考試題為例枝銷，介紹幾種行之有效的猜測生詞詞義的方法。
一、 同義解釋法
同義解釋形式多樣，有的利用or, that is (to say), in other words, namely等進行解釋，有的利用破折號，同位語（從句），定語從句或同義詞、近義詞等進行解釋。例如：
1. （湖北，A篇）A territory is an area that an animal, usually the male, claims as its own.
由定義可知territory的意思是「領域」、 「領土」。
2. （江蘇，E篇）The web of our life is of a min-gled yarn (紗線), good and ill together.
根據其後的同位語good and ill together可判斷，mingled的意思是mixed。
3. （北京，C篇）This results in unusual and self- destructive behavior called zoochosis.
既然不正常的、自我毀滅的行為叫做zoochosis，那麼可推斷zoochosis的意思為：「行為古怪」。
二、前後對比法
有時作者對文章中的生詞給出了一定的對比背景，以反義或對照方式出現態液。例如：
1. （廣東，C篇）Waves are one of nature』s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.
下文的sending off應與picking up意思相反，所以picking up應為collecting（聚積）。
2. （重慶，D篇）It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-the-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience.
根據But 後的內容可知，out-of-the-way與isola-tion意義相近，所以其義為faraway 或isolated。
3. （北京，D篇）However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except we take special pains to think about this subject.
由上文的they are actually not so obvious as they seem 及文中的except可知，take special pains應與該句意思相反，據此可推斷它與try very hard意義相近。
三、 舉例說明法
根據生詞後舉出的有關例子進行適當歸納，即使不能完全猜測生詞的詞義，也能猜出大致意義。例如：
1. （湖南，A篇）More American people take their troubles with them on holiday, according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said....
根據下文舉出的數字可知，survey是research（調查）之意。
2. （廣東，B篇）Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can』t be easily swallowed down. They must be care-fully cultivated.
下文從三個方面論述了如何培養領導才能，所以cultivate的意思應與develop相似。
四、 上下文暗示法
根據上下文與生詞密切相關的句子，對生詞進行合情合理同時合乎上下文語境的推測。例如：
1. （湖南，B篇）「We』ve collected foreign coins for years—since our families went on holiday to Tenerife.」 she explains. 「That was before the Euro, so we put pe－setas in」. Lauren continues: 「I find a coin in the road, go to get it and get run over...」
根據上下文可知pesetas是一種硬幣。
2. （上海，D篇）Devoted birdwatchers are fast be-ing joined by a new breed of follower whose interest is satiated by watching a few finches（雀科鳴鳥） on a Sunday walk or putting up a bird-box in the back garden.
根據whose interest is satiated by watching...in the back garden.可知, satiated應該是「使……滿足(satisfied)」之意。
3. （天津，B篇）Lack of parent willpower may contribute more to juvenile obesity than under-exercis-ing or overeating.
Research suggests that having overweight parents is a big influence upon a child』s weight...
由下文可知這一句的意思是「缺乏父母的意志力可能比缺乏鍛煉或過量飲食更容易導致兒童時期的超重。」所以juvenile obesity意思是childhood overweight。
五、 因果推斷法
有時對生詞的詞義需要結合上下文的因果關系進行推斷，既可根據原因推測結果，也可根據結果推測原因。例如：
1. （江西，D篇）The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high.
由so that後的句意,可推斷prune意為「剪枝、修剪」。
2. （上海，B篇）「But,」 said Kim, 「I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.」
因為對方是上級，所以如果告訴對方做什麼，自己會認為是冒犯了對方，是自以為是，所以presump-tuous與too confident and rude意義相近。
六、 經驗常識法
有的生詞的猜測要求利用自身的生活經驗及科學常識進行分析推斷。例如：
1. （福建，C篇）Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.
結合下文helping to slow global warming與科學常識，不難知道mop up意為「吸收(take in)」。
2. （江蘇，C篇）Towards the evening, there comes the grand finale of the opening day, an extremely ex-citing horserace.
根據生活常識及上文Towards the evening可知the horserace是這一天的最後一項活動，所以finale應為「last part」。
七、 基本構詞法
根據基本的構詞法知識（前綴、後綴、復合等）來推測生詞的詞義。例如：
（上海，B篇）But what I expect is for you to think independently and introce new ideas. I need more input from you—more feedback on how things are going.
初看起來，independently，input和feedback非常生疏，但利用構詞法知識不難猜測它們的詞義。in-dependently是depend加後綴-ent，加前綴in-，再加後綴-ly而成的，那就是「獨立地」。input=in（進入）+put（放）, 故input的意思為「輸入」。feedback=feed（輸入）+back（回）, 由此可知feedback意為「反饋，反應」。
八、 音譯法
對文章中的人名、地名、動物名、建築物名以及山脈、河流、島嶼、海洋等專用名詞及漢語中的外來詞等，常可通過音譯來解決。當然有的詞甚至不需要音譯，明白是人名、地名，並能理清之間的關系即可。
❺ 英語閱讀時如何推測生詞詞義
實踐證明，根據自己的英語基礎和興趣愛好選擇恰當的材料，進行大量的閱讀是學好英語的有效途徑。但是，閱讀中不免會遇到生詞或熟詞生義，不可能也沒有必要每個生詞都去插詞典，這就需要掌握猜測詞義的方法和技巧了。這里總結了17種詞義推測的方法或技巧，但願能對你有所幫助。
1. 根據轉折關系 ：表示轉折關系的有though, but、however等。例如：
Any fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it. (廣東卷)
由but可知genius是與fool(蠢才)相對的，由此推測其意為「有才能的人」、「天才」。
2. 根據對比關系 ：表示對比關系的有標志詞有unlike、not、while、on the other hand, in spite of、in contrast等。例如：
If you agree, say 「Yes」; if you dissent, say 「No」.
根據前後的對比關系，不難猜出dissent是意思與agree相反，即：「不同意」。
3. 根據同類關系 ：比較關系表示意義上的相似關系。表示比較關系的詞和短語有similarly，like，just as，also等。例如：
Mr. Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
句中similarly表明loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間是同類關系。由此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為「健談的」。
4. 根據因果關系 ：表示因果關系的有because, so that, so/such…that…等。例如：
The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.
由「無雨水」之因，可推知花會「枯萎、凋謝」之果。因此，wither意為「枯萎、凋謝」。
5. 根據同位關系 : 因為同位語是對前面的名詞的進一步補充說明，提供更為詳細的情況，所以根據同位語也可推測前面名詞的意思。例如：
Yes, that is the Tai Mahal, one of the most famous buildings in the world. (全國卷)
由後面的同位語的解釋我們清楚地知道Tai Mahal就是一著名的建築物。
6. 根據並列關系 ：一般由and, or等表示並列關系。例如：
In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, battle site, theatre and other public halls.
因為mansion與「戰場遺址」、「劇院」、「其它公眾廳」並列，所以mansion也應該屬於建築物或場所。
7. 根據比喻關系 ：一般由as…as, like等表示。例如：
The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in the air as a rose leaf in water.
根據「就像水中的玫瑰葉」這樣的比喻可知，buoyant是「飄浮的」之意。
8. 根據定義關系 ：定義句的謂語動詞多為be, mean, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as等。
Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.
根據「是用來描述人類社會的科學研究的術語」的定義，可知sociology是「社會學」之意。
9. 根據所舉實例 ：一般由for example, such as, like等來表示舉例。例如：
Many United Nations employees are polyglot. Ms White, for example, speaks six languages.
由所舉實例,不難推出polyglot的意思是「懂多種語言的」。
10. 根據同義關系 ：根據生詞所處語境中的同義或近義詞的.意思來推測它的意思。
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
由語境可知， detrimental與harmful同義，意為「不利的，有害的」。
11. 根據轉換說法 ：插入語that is, that is to say, in other words以及namely, i.e., or等都可以用來對前面的內容進行解釋，意為「也就是說、即」。
The cinema is only open to alts, i.e. people over 18.
根據people over 18可知，alt是「成年人」之意。
12. 根據標點符號 ：冒號、破折號、括弧等都可表示對前文的解釋或說明。例如：
New houses, large schools, modern factories, more horses and sheep — everywhere we saw signs of prosperity.
根據破折號前面的具體描述，可猜測prosperity 意為「繁榮」。
13. 根據定語從句 ：由生詞後起修飾限制或起補充說明的定語從句推測其意思。例如：
Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.
由後面起補充作用的非限制性定語從句可推知生詞florist是「花店主」之意。
14. 根據邏輯推理 ：根據生詞前後的搭配關系和上下文的意思等來推測其意思。
Although the fisherman was wearing sou』wester, the storm was so heavy that he was wet through.
因生詞sou』wester是wear的賓語，應當是一種「衣」或「帽」，又由although和後面一個分句，可以推知它是指「防雨的衣」。
15. 根據單詞發音 ：有的英語詞彙是通過音譯進入漢語詞彙中的，我們可以根據其讀音來理解其意思。如：aspirin(阿斯匹林), nylon(尼龍), Olympic(奧林匹克), sofa(沙發), typhoon (台風)等。
16. 根據生活常識 ：有時根據生活經驗和基本常識可以推測出生詞的意思。
The snake slithered through the grass.
根據有關蛇的生活習性的知識，我們可以推斷出slither的詞義為「爬行」。
17. 根據構詞方法 ：根據前綴、後綴、合成、轉換等構詞法來推測生詞的意思。
After just a few days on the job, I began noticing that the other fellows were overcharging pas-sengers. (廣東卷)
因同學們學過charge(收費、要價)，根據前綴over-的意思「過多、過分」，可推知overcharge是「索價太高」之意。
盡管我們介紹了這么多的生詞猜測方法，但是，值得一提的是，我們閱讀的目的在於理解文章的意思，從中享受快樂或者獲取信息。那些並不影響對整篇文章的理解的生詞，我們大可不必費太多的時間去猜測它們的意思，以免影響閱讀的興致。
❻ 英語閱讀中如何根據上下文猜測詞義
猜測詞義也是一種英語閱讀能力。英語閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。 任何一個實詞，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個確定的詞義。所謂上下文(context),正如英語辭典所解釋的，其作用就是幫助確定上下文中的詞、短語或句子的意義。據此，我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來猜測詞義，即從已知推求未知，也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語來猜測我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。猜測詞義時，我們可以從三個方面來考慮：1）根據上下文已知部分進行邏輯上的推理。2）運用語法知識進行語法分析。3）依靠常識和經驗做出判斷。根據上下文猜測詞義的方法有下列幾種： (1)根據定義或解釋猜測詞義。例如下面的閱讀材料： a bag is useful and the word 「bag」 is useful. it gives us some interesting phrases(短語). one is 「 to let the cat out of the bag.」 it is the same as 「to tell a secret」…. now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he 「lets the cat out of the bag.」 短文後面有一個理解題目： john 「lets the cat out of the bag」 means he ________. a. makes everyone know a secret b. the woman bout a cat c. buys a cat in the bag d. sells the cat in the bag 在這篇文章里，「let the cat out of the bag」雖然是一個新出現的短語，但緊接著後面就給出解釋it is the same as 「to tell a secret.根據這一解釋，我們就可判斷出正確答案應為a。 (2)根據情景和邏輯進行判斷。例如：2004年北京市海淀區中考試題閱讀材料a。其中第三段是這樣的： as they go around town, the police help people. sometimes they find lost children. they take the children home. if the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. the police can always tell the people which way to go. they know all the streets and roads well. 文章後面有這樣一道題： 53. in the text, 「put an end to」 means 「___________」. a. stop b. cut c. kill d. fly 根據文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他們肯定會去制止。因為制止打架斗毆是警察的職責。根據這一推理，答案應該是a。 (3)根據並列、同位關系猜測詞義。例如下面的閱讀材料： there is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. it is on a large island in the pacific ocean. the island is north island in new zealand. 101. what does the word 「steam」 mean in chinese? a. 自來水b. 大氣c. 冰川d. 蒸汽 從語法上看，steam和hot water是並列關系，我們就以斷定這兩種東西是相關的，是同一類第物質。在所給第四個選項中只有「蒸汽」有這種可能。 (4)根據背景和常識判斷。請看2004年北京市海淀區中考試題的閱讀材料c: watching some children trying to catch butterflies one august afternoon, i was reminded of an incident in my own childhood. when i was a boy of twelve in south carolina, something happened to me that made me never put any wild creature (living thing) in a cage(籠子). we lived on the edge of a forest, and every evening at sk the mockingbirds would come and rest in the trees and sing. there isn』t a musical instrument made by man that can proce a more beautiful sound than the song of the mockingbird. i decided that i would catch a young bird and keep it in a cage and in that way, i would have my own private musician. i finally succeeded in catching one and put it in a cage. at first, being scared, the bird fluttered(撲騰) about the cage, but finally it settled down in its new home. i felt very pleased with myself and looked forward to some beautiful singing from my little musician. on the second day of the bird』s captivity, my new pet』s mother flew to the cage with food in her mouth. the baby bird ate everything she brought to it. i was pleased to see this. certainly the mother knew better than i how to feed her baby. the following morning when i went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, i discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. i was terribly surprised! what had happened! i had taken extremely care of my little bird, or so i thought. arthur wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. 「a mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). she thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.」 never since then have i caught any living creature and put it in a cage. all living creatures have a right to live free. 60. an ornithologist is probably a person who ____________ . a. studies birds b. loves creatures c. majors in habits d. takes care of trees ornithologist這個詞從來沒有見到過，但是通過他的語言我們可以判斷出這是一個對鳥很有研究的人。我很愛鳥，把鳥裝在籠子里，並細心照料，而且鳥的母親也飛過來喂這只鳥，但這只鳥卻死了，我很不理解。到我家來的這個人給我詳細解釋了鳥死的原因，說明這個人非常懂鳥。據此，我們可以斷定答案影視a。
❼ 英語閱讀猜測詞義解題技巧
在高考閱讀題中，考生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個：一是被已認識的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導;二是被完全不認識的單詞的意思所阻礙，從而出現理解偏差或理解困難，影響閱讀的速度。其實解決這兩個困難的一個重要法寶是考生在心目中樹立起上下文觀念，要學會「順藤摸瓜」，通過構詞，語法，定義，同位，對比，因果，常識，上下文等線索確定詞義。
在閱讀解題時要注意從以下七個方面著手：
1)根據定義或解釋、說明猜測生詞的詞義，在be,be called,call等判斷詞出現的判斷句中，或定語從句及標點符號，可以根據已知部分，猜測生詞的含義。例如：
The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通過理解定語從句的意思，能猜出herdsman是「牧人」。
2)根據對比關系猜測生詞的詞義 在but,however,yet,otherwise,though這些表示意義轉折的連詞出現的句子中，其前後的詞有明顯對比關系，根據已知的內容，通過這種對比關系，就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。例如：Though Tom』s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.和clean意思相對的便是「骯臟的」了，因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是「骯臟的」。
3)通過因果關系猜測詞義 because, since與as是連接原因狀語從句的從屬連詞，so是連接表示結果的狀語從句的連詞，so……that與such……that中的that是連接結果狀語從句的.。當這些信息詞出現在有生詞的句子中，通過因果關系，依據已知部分就能猜出生詞的詞義。例如：She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.根據because從句所講的意思，我們就可推測trim就是「修剪」之意。
4)根據生活常識猜測詞義
運用邏輯推理能力，自身的生活經驗及生活常識。再聯繫上下文能讀懂的部分，可以正確猜出詞義。例如：Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold.根據句子意思及生活經驗，wither表示「枯萎」。
5)根據同等關系猜測詞義 同等關系，指的是一個詞，一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分，而且它們的詞義都屬於同一范疇。明顯的標志是，這樣的片語或短語中間常常用並列連詞and或or來連接。例如：At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy.從「年齡42歲」以及與prime具有同等關系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是「盛年時期」。
6)根據列舉的事例猜測詞義You can take any of the periodicals: "The World of English". "Foreign Language Teaching in Schools", or "English Learning".從後面列舉的例子中，可以猜出periodical是「期刊，雜志」的意思。
7)根據構詞法知識猜測詞義 根據學過的構詞法知識，知道詞根和前綴或後綴的意義，就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。例如在2006年福建的高考題文章中有這樣一句：
The schools are reluctant to take off — even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off. A.kind B.unwilling C. free D.careless.