自考英語英語閱讀一

㈠ 自考綜合英語一和英語閱讀一那個更難

綜合英語一比較難。
綜合英語是英語裡面的分支，大學英語專業里的綜合英語是跟中文的語文課一樣，學習分析比較出名的作者的文章。本人英語專業，覺得綜英是最難的一科。
英語則是比較籠統的，包含所有學習英語的內容。大學裡面非英專業的英語課統稱英語。

㈡ 高自考 英語閱讀一 SPEED READING的翻譯

首先你應該把文章寫在BAIDU
不然大家不知道要翻譯什麼
是不是這個？Speed Reading
Our reading speed changes as we go through life. Sometimes, we have to read faster e to more time constraints and a much greater amount to read. Speed reading is just a magical way to get through piles of material in one night! By helping you to read and understand text more quickly, it is an essential skill in any environment where you have to master large volumes of information quickly, as is the norm in fast-moving professional environments.

You may think that you read the way young children read - either character-by-character (or letter-by-letter), or at best word-by-word. You may also notice that you do not always proceed from one block of words to the next: sometimes you may move back to a preceding block of words if you are unsure about something. These disruptions to the forward flow of reading are called "skip-backs".

A skilled reader will read many words in each fixation, will only fixate for a very short period of time, and will move on with very few skip-backs. This minimizes the amount of work that the reader's eyes have to do, increases the volume of information that can be examined in a period of time, and maximizes understanding of the material.

A poor reader will become bogged down, spending a lot of time reading small fixations. He or she will skip back often, losing the flow and structure of the text and hence overall understanding of the subject. The increased amount of irregular eye movement will make the reading tiring. A poor reader may therefore find the text significantly less satisfying, and may find it harder to concentrate and understand the text than a good reader.

It is safe to say that almost anyone can double his speed of reading while maintaining equal or even higher comprehension. In other words, anyone can improve the speed with which he gets what he wants from his reading. Speed reading can make reading a much more enjoyable experience, by recing eye strain, increasing understanding of the flow of a document, and by recing the time needed to assimilate it. This will help a reader to hold attention on a long document, extracting information from it that would otherwise be neglected.

You will get the greatest timesavings from speed reading by learning to skim excessively detailed documents. The most important trick about speed reading is to know what information you want from a document before you start reading it: if you only want an outline of the issue that the document discusses, then you can skim the document very quickly and extract only the essential facts. If you need to understand the real detail of the document, then you need to read it slowly enough to fully understand it.

However, speed reading will not help you if you have problems in comprehension and vocabulary. In fact, it may hurt you to try to rush through stuff that you cannot comprehend. You should have the basics down already first. For example, speed reading material in English might not be the best thing if you are still a learner. But there are some things you can do to help you read more quickly and more efficiently - concentrating while you read; thinking about meaning; reading words in groups; trying not to read aloud in your mind; and recapping instead of re-reading.

It should be noted that not all the texts could be skimmed over and read quickly. Some just have to be read slowly, so you need to recognize which is which. Poetry, for example, should never be read in a hurry and neither should complicated study texts. If you try and "speed read" such things, you could miss out some important points.

我給你提供這個，如果是，就有很多人給你翻譯
一定要給文章

㈢ 自考英語閱讀一的考試類型有哪些

作為自學考試英語專業中一門綜合能力的考試，《英語閱讀一》一直以來都是廣大考生最關注的科目之一，因為「英語閱讀一」聽上去僅僅是閱讀理解的考查，其實由書本知識與課外知識兩部分構成，從詞、句、文、譯各個角度對考生進行了全面的測試。因此，不是臨時抱佛腳就能通過這門考試，而是需要正確的學習方法，明確的解題思路，才能取得明顯收效。

梳理課本知識

書本知識涉及句子填空(Discourse Cloze)、選詞填空(Gap Filling)、詞性轉換(Word Formation)和文章翻譯(Translation)四大題型，句子填空題型主要考查文章的整體脈絡，選詞填空則是從句子的邏輯角度進行考查，詞性轉換要求考生掌握詞在句中充當不同成分時的形式轉換，而翻譯要求考生對句子的意思有準確的把握。出題者這種多角度設計考題，也就決定了在學習《英語閱讀一》過程中，應該從多角度出發，運用故事卡片法、觀點羅列法、翻譯實踐法和習題輔助法相結合，緊扣知識點，突破難點。

故事卡片法

《英語閱讀一》課本有16篇文章(共28篇)是故事性質的記敘文，而任何一篇記敘文都有一個共同的特點——故事情節的起因、發展、高潮與結局。人的大腦中左腦主要用於邏輯思維，右腦主要用於形象思維，而實踐證明，一般人的右腦要發達於左腦，直觀形象的材料較之抽象的材料易於記憶，所以考生可以將教材中文字材料轉換成簡單清晰的故事發展框架，這樣不僅有助於文章整體邏輯的記憶，還可以將詞彙融入框架中進行場景記憶。

例如，第六課《自投羅網》(The Wrong House)是一篇關於兩個搶劫犯的故事，考生可以通過故事框架，記憶文章的來龍去脈，同時將在重要生詞掌握下來。

1. Hogan和Burns在東海岸實施了一次重大(magnificent)搶劫(robbery)。

2. 在追捕(chase)過程中，警察擊中(puncture)了他們駕駛的車的油箱，因此不得不棄車(abandon)而逃。

3. 他們來到一間房子，踮著腳尖(tiptoe)，輕輕溜進(slip)屋子，發現家裡人出去度假了。

4.他們把錢箱藏在地下室(basement)沒有用水泥(cement)封好的角落裡後，來到街上准備購置一輛車。

5. 九點鍾，二手車市場開門，他們買了輛噪音低、、速度快不起眼(inconspicuous)的小車，還上了臨時牌照(temporary plates)。

6. 當他們准備回去取回錢箱時，發現那家主人度假回來了，於是他們查(consult)了電話簿(directory)，准備假扮警察破案。

7. 房子主人矮小，非常不起眼(insignificant)，但是很願意配合辦案，他陪同(accompany)Hogan來到地下室(cellar)取出錢箱。

8. 正當他們准備離開時，三個人(trio)走進屋子，穿著制服，原來屋子的主人就是警察局長(chief)。

觀點羅列法

議論文通常是對提出觀點，然後具體的論證，所以文章脈絡比較清晰，因而對於教材中的議論文，考生可以將觀點列出，同時將關鍵句及相關詞彙進行歸類。這樣一來，考生可以系統地掌握作者的脈絡，也熟悉了觀點中所涉及的詞彙。

例如，第三課《撫養孩子》(Bringing Up Children)我們就可以做這樣的掌握過程——

第一部分、孩子培養至關重要

In a society such as ours， both parents and teachers are responsible for the opportunities provided for the development of the child， so that upbringing and ecation are interdependent.

核心詞彙：determine / personality / responsible / interdependent

第二部分、孩子培養的影響因素

1.The ideals and practices of child rearing vary from culture to culture.

2.Early upbringing in the home naturally affected by the cultural pattern of the community and by the parents『 capabilities and their aims and depends not only on upbringing and ecation but also on the innate abilities of the child.

核心詞彙：vary / uniform / naturally / capability / innate / intelligence / temperament

第三部分、孩子培養的方法

方法一：參考書籍或交流經驗

核心詞彙：reliably / unique / defect / backwardness / necessity / secure / emotional

方法二：處理好自由和紀律的關系(文章重點)

核心詞彙：freedom / discipline / tactile / discovery / satisfactory / sufficiently / capture / underlie / psychological / nursery / interval / rhythm / accustom / conform / acquisition / anxiety

方法三：父母和孩子一起學習

核心詞彙：fruitful / punctuality / impose/ happiness

方法四：父母要言行一致

核心詞彙：consistency / morality / confuse / deceive/ ethics

習題輔助法

自考和其他考試有著本質的差異，課本是考試的核心，有些考生習慣於將教材與習題或試卷分離，要麼只看教材，要麼只一味做題，其實這兩種方法都不可取。相反，每看完一課或一章，考生需結合教材的習題進行練習，以加深對教材的熟悉和對學習效果的檢驗。在反復的練習中，自然地掌握了知識。

翻譯實踐法

由於教材中有大量的生詞，很多考生會將重心偏向詞彙，而忽略對文章的理解，而考試中又有對文章脈絡，段落用詞的考查。因此，考生不應只顧及單詞，與其准備一個個孤立的單詞，不如直接將文章作翻譯工作，這樣既解決了詞的理解，也可以很好的應付句子填空和選詞填空，因為翻譯文章的同時一定需要掌握文章的邏輯理解。

備戰課外知識

課外知識的考查主要就是仔細理解(Reading Comprehension)、快速閱讀(Skimming and Scanning)以及簡短回答(Questions)，佔了整個考試的60%，所以重視閱讀訓練和對技巧的掌握，對廣大考生提高英語能力，提高分數至關重要。

掌握基本的閱讀技巧

閱讀理解解題技巧有很多，但要注意這些技巧、思路都是建立在考生閱讀理解能力提高的基礎之上。沒有好的閱讀基礎，解題技巧就是「空中樓閣」。下面簡單地談一下快速閱讀和仔細閱讀的閱讀方法。

(1)快速閱讀的解題

1、理解標題，推測大意：如果文章提供標題，這無疑提前透露出該篇文章的主要信息，即文章中心與主題，考生可以此為據推測文章的大意和脈絡。

2、仔細審題，尋找關鍵詞：考生要仔細閱讀每道題干，確定題干關鍵詞，以便原文定位。

3、跳讀全文，圈定出題點：考生快速瀏覽文章，根據自己閱讀經驗，對一些敏感之處、重點出題點用筆劃出。閱讀中，考生不要特別拘泥於難句和生詞的理解。

4、二審題目，比較選項：考生只閱讀與題目有關系的段落和內容。在跳讀中，考生挑選出與題目選項有關的一些關鍵詞、主題句，作為自己判斷的依據。考生可以運用排除法、推測法、歸納法等確定答案。

5、學會舍棄：少數無法定位或解答的題目可以暫時跳過，待一段時間再回過來補做，切不可花費太多時間。

(2)仔細閱讀的解題

1、快速瀏覽題干，確定題型：通過題干先對問題做一些區分。一般來說，出題者在題目的設置方面，採用順序出題，即題目在文中依次出現。

①詞彙題。需要考生借住上下文語境，嘗試理解文中出現的生詞。文章中出現這個生詞的位置，往往上下文中會出現的內容是對這個詞的解釋、說明、舉例等。

②主旨題。全文主旨答案出現於文首文尾，段落主旨則可將該段的首、尾句加起來考慮。

③態度題。解題的關鍵是要看作者在文中用的口氣，特別是文章結尾部分，一般轉折後面的文段表明了作者的觀點。

④細節題。這類題的特點是，以考查文章中某一個細節問題為入手點。它可能出現與原文中某一句話。

⑤推理題。既然這類題被命名為推理題，所以原文出現的句子就不是正確答案，而應該通過自己的理解去推理答案，要忠實原文內容去推理。

2、精讀原文，劃出關鍵詞，找到出題原則，確定出題范圍：在閱讀的過程中不用過於注重詞句的把握，遇到不認識的單詞不必作太久的停留，以免影響閱讀速度，圈定題干中出現的關鍵詞，同時將文中的出題原則——轉折、因果、舉例、特殊標點(即冒號和破折號)——劃出，這樣就可以基本確定出題者所要考查的范圍。

3、返回題目，尋找正確答案：近些年，《英語閱讀一》的文章幾乎不出現需要綜合跨段的信息。因而，理解之後就可以立即返回題目，閱讀選項進行選擇。

英語閱讀中閱讀題量很大，因而做題速度和准確率在考試中尤為重要。閱讀理解實際上是以單詞為基本元素，擴展成句的集合。也就是說，攻克閱讀的基礎問題還是攻克詞彙。詞彙量達到，閱讀有量的積累，閱讀速度自然就能提高。其次，閱讀方法也是關鍵問題。閱讀過程中不能逐詞理解，而應該採取提綱挈領的讀法。從一句話中的重點詞彙到轉折詞，到主語、謂語的提煉。讀的文章多了，速讀能力就自然達到了。總而言之，如果考生很好的了解《英語閱讀一》的考試模式和規律，通過翻譯牢固的掌握課本知識，同時平日里加強閱讀理解的練習，達到一個量的積累，再結合一些閱讀理解的方法和技巧，相信會讓備考的同學在考試中獲得理想的成績。

㈣ 求自考英語閱讀1 第4篇文章american social relations的翻譯

American Social Relations
Gladys G.Doty Janet Ross

American society is much more informal than that of many other countries and, in some ways, is characterized by less social distinction. The American mixture of pride in achievement and sense of 「』m just as good as anybody else.」 along with lack of importance placed on personal dignity, is difficult for a foreigner to understand. Americans in general do not like to be considered inferior, and they grumble loudly about inconveniences or not getting a 「fair deal.」 Yet they do not make a point of their personal honor. As an illustration of the difference between Europen and American reflection in this respect, John Whyte in American Words and Ways gives the following account.
A…[European] professor [visiting in American] was once sent a bil for hospital services which he had never enjoyed. The bill was accompanied by a strong letter demanding payment. It was obvious that a mistake in names had been made, but the professor, thoroughly aroused by this reflection on his character and financial integrity, wrote a vigorous letter of reply ( which an American might also have done.) But in this letter of reply he demanded that the creditor write him a formal letter of apology… for this reflection on his honor. Since no publicity could possibly have been given to the mistake, for mistake it was, most Americans in that sitution, after getting the matter off their chest ( or without doing that ) would have let the matter rest.
An example of the same thing may be that although Americans like to talk about their accomplishments, it is their custom to show certain modesty in reply to compliments. When someone praises an American upon his achievement or upon his personal appearance, which, incidentally, is a very polite thing to do in America, the American turns it aside. If someone should say, 「Congratulations upon being elected president of the club,」 an American is expected to reply, 「Well, I hope I can do a good job,」 or something of the sort. Or if someone says, 「That』s a pretty blue necktie you are wearing,」 an American is likely to say, 「I』m glad you like it,」 or 「Thank you. My wife gave it to me for my birthday.」 The response to a compliment seldom conveys the idea, 「I, too, think I』m pretty good.」
Likewise, there are fewer social conventions that show social differences in America. Students do not rise when a teacher enters the room. One does not always address a person by his title, such as 「Professor」 or 「Doctor」 (「Doctor」 is always used, however, for a doctor fo medicine). The respectful 「sir」 is not always used in the northern and western parts of the country.
Clothing in America, as in every place in the world, to a certain degree reflects a person』s social position and income, or, at least among the young, his attitudes toward society or toward himself. Yet no person is restricted to a certain uniform or manner of dress because of his occupations or class in society. A bank president may wear overalls to paint his house and is not ashamed of either the job or the clothing, and a common laborer may wear a rented tuxedo at his daughter』s wedding.
Yet in spite of all the informality, America is not completely without customs that show consciousness of social distinction. For example, one is likely to use somewhat more formal language when talking to superiors. While the informal 「Hello」 is an acceptable greeting from employee to employer, the employee is more apt to say, 「Hello, Mr. Ferguson,」 whereas the emplyer may reply, 「Hello, Jim.」 Southerners make a point of saying 「Yes,sir,」 or 「Yes,ma』am,」 or 「No,sir,」 or 「No, ma』am,」 when talking to an older person or a person in position of authority. Although this is a good form all over the United States, 「Yes, Mr. Weston.」 or 「No, Mrs. Baker」 is somewhat more common in a similar situation in the North or West.
Certain other forms of politeness are observed on social occasions. Though people wear hats less now than in the past, women still occasionally wear hats in church and at public social functions ( except those that are in the evening ).
In American there are still customs by which a man may show respect for a woman. He opens the door for her and lets her precede him through it. He walks on the side of the walk nearest the street. He takes her arm when crossing a street or descending a stairway. A younger person also shows respect for an older one in much the same fashion, by helping the older person in things requiring physical exertion or involving possible accident.
American surface informality often confuses the foreigner because he interprets it to mean no formality at all. He does not understand the point at which informality stops. A teacher, though friendly, pleasant, and informal in class, expects students to study hard, and he grades each student』s work critically and carefully. He also expects to be treated with respect. Although students are free to ask questions about statements made by the teacher, and may say that they disagree with what he says, they are not expected to contradict him. Similarly, in boy-girl relationships a foreign student should not mistake the easy relationship and flattery that are part of the dating pattern in the United States, nor presume that it means more than it does.
Also, because an American is perhaps more likely to admit and laugh at his own mistakes than one who stands more on his dignity, a foreigner sometimes does not know how to handle the American』s apparent modesty. The American is quite ready to admit certain weaknesses, such as 「I never was good at mathematics.」 「I』m a rotten tennis player.」 or 「I』m the world』s worst bridge player.」 However, the stranger must not be too quick to agree with him. American think it is all right, even sporting, to admit a defect in themselves, but they feel that it is almost an insult to have someone else agree. A part of American idea of good aportmanship is the point of being generous to a loser. This attitude is carried over into matters that have nothing to do with competition. If a man talks about his weak points, the listener says something in the way of encouragement,or point to other qualities in which the speaker excels. An American student reports that when he was in a foreign country he was completely stunned when he said to a native, 「I don』t speak your language very well.」 and the native replied, 「I should say you don』t.」 In a similar situation an American would have commented, 「Well, you have only been here two months.」 or 「But you』re making progress.」
Although Americans are quite informal, it is best for a foreigner, in case of doubt, to be too formal rather than not formal enough. Consideration for others is the basis of all courtesy.

美國的社會比其他國家的社會更加非正式，在某些方面，美國社會的特徵就是較少的社會差別。美國式的混合物－個人的成就感、不比別人差的優越感以及對個人尊嚴缺乏重要性，這些對一個外國人來說是很難理解的。通常來講美國人不喜歡被別人看成低人一等的，他們也會為自己遭受的不便而抱怨，還會為自己沒有得到公平的待遇而抱怨。然而，他們也不是很重視自己的榮譽。在這一方面，為了更好展示歐洲人和美國人的不同反映，John Whyte 在《美國語言和方式》這本書里給了我們如下的描述。

有位歐洲的教授曾在美國訪問，他有次收到一份在醫院接受治療的賬單，實際上他並沒有接受過任何治療。隨附賬單還有一封措施很強烈的信件。很明顯這是因為把姓名弄錯了，但是這位教授由於對信中對自己人格以及金錢方面的廉潔而提出的質疑感到不舒服，他也寫了一份措辭很激烈的回信。（美國人也會這樣去做）。但是在這份回信中，這位歐洲教授要求他的債權人寫一份正式的道歉信，就因為對他人格的指責。由於這樣的錯誤並沒有被公眾知悉，即使這樣的錯誤已經發生了，但大多數美國人在這種形勢下，只是將其宣洩一番，甚至有的人根本就不用宣洩，就讓這件事情過去了。

同樣的事情我再給你舉一個例子，盡管美國人比較喜歡討論自己的成就，但是他們有個習俗，那就是如果你得到某種贊美時，你的回答要展示某種謙虛。當有人在贊美一個美國人諸如他的成就或外貌的時候，這些話題在美國被認為是很有禮貌的事情，他也不會太在意。如果有人對一個美國人說：「祝賀你當選俱樂部主席」，他會回答「我希望把工作做好」或者諸如詞類的話語。當有人說：「你打的領結很漂亮」，而美國人會說「我很高興你喜歡它」或者「謝謝你，這是我妻子送給我的生日禮物」。所有對這種贊美的回答從來都不會傳達這樣的含義即「我也認為我挺不錯的」 同樣的，在美國也很少有那種社會習俗來表現這種社會差異。當老師進教室的時候，學生是不起立的。也不經常在一個人的名字前面加一些頭銜，比如教授或博士。（DOCTOR 如果從醫葯學方面來稱呼也是可以的）。表示尊敬含義的SIR在美國北部和西部也是很少使用的。

在美國正如在世界上其他地方一樣，從某種意義上，人的穿著會反映其社會地位和收入，或者至少在年輕人當中可以反映這個社會或者自己的態度。但是由於自已的職業或社會地位，沒有任何一個只局限穿一種特定的制服或選擇某種特定的穿衣方式。一個銀行的行長在粉刷自己房子的時候會穿工裝服，而且不會因這種工作和穿衣的方式而感到羞愧。而一個普通勞動者在自己女兒的婚禮上也會租穿一件無尾燕尾服。

盡管有諸如此類非正式的東西，但是美國也並不是完全沒有習俗來展現這種社會差別意識。例如，但一個人跟他的上司說話的時候，他會用更加正式的語言。盡管非正式語言HELLO可以用於雇員和僱主之間，但對於一個雇員來說，他更傾向於使用HELLO,MR FERGUSON，而上司回答時可以直接回答HELLO JIM。當跟一個年長者或者權位更高的人說話時，美國南方人主張說YES SIR 或YES MA』AM 或NO, SIR或NO, MA』MA。盡管這樣的稱謂在全美國被認為是一種很好的稱謂形式，但是在美國北部或西部，人們還更傾向於稱YES,MR WESTON或NO,MRS BAKER。某種表示禮貌的形式可以在社交場合會看到的。盡管現在的人不像過去那麼經常帶帽子，但是女性在教堂或一些公眾慶祝宴會時會帶上帽子的（當然這些場合如果發生在晚上就不用了）

在美國仍然還有些習俗，男士們通過這些習慣來表現對女士的尊敬。他會給女士開門，而且讓女士先進入。男士也會走在更靠近街道的人行道。當穿過一條階段或下樓梯時，男士會扶著女士。一個年輕人同樣也會表示對年長者的尊敬，他們通過幫助他們做一些費體力的活或一些引發事故的活。

美國人這種表面上的非正式性會讓一個外國人迷惑，因為他認為美國人的這種非正式性意味著沒有正式性而言。但是他並不知道美國人的這種非正式性會在哪裡變成了正式性，比如一個老師在課堂上看起來友好、和善，在課堂上也表現的非正式，但老師要求學生努力學習，並且在批改作業時是很嚴格和仔細的。而且這位老師也同樣希望學生能尊敬他。盡管學生對老師的陳述自由提出問題，而且也可以表達對老師觀點的不同意，但是這些學生也不能駁斥老師的觀點。同樣，在男孩和女孩交往的過程中，一個外國學生也不要對美國人在約會里表現的親近關系或奉承的話語而誤會，不要認為他們還有更深層次的含義。同樣，因為比那些經常想保持自己尊嚴的人來說，美國人非常有可能承認和嘲笑他自己的錯誤、缺點。但是有時外國人不知道怎麼處理美國人這種表面的謙虛。美國人很容易承認自己的某些弱點，諸如「我的數學不好」，「我的網球打的很爛」或者說「我的橋牌打的也是出奇的差」，但是，這個時候對於一個陌生人不能隨聲附和。美國人認為，承認自己的一些弱點沒有什麼，即使是運動項目不行，但是如果別人對他們謙虛的話語表示同意，他們認為這是對他們若大的侮辱。美國競技精神的一部分就是對失敗者要賦予同情和慷慨。這種態度從體育競技中被帶入到跟體育競技一點關系都沒有的事情當中了。如果一個人談及自己的弱點時，聽者一般都會以鼓勵來回應或指出失敗者在其他領域是很擅長的。一個美國的學生講到，有次他去國外時，當他對當地人說：「我說你們的語言說的不好」，而對方回應到「我也這么認為」，他被當地人的回答驚呆了。當然，在同樣的情勢下，一個美國人將會回應到「你來這里才剛兩個月而已」 或者說「但是你取得進步了」。

盡管美國人好像十分不正式，但對於一個外國人，尤其在不知道情況下，你最好盡可能正式的對待。總是考慮別人是所以禮儀的基礎。