高考英語閱讀理解題目設置
⑴ 高考英語閱讀理解類型
高考英語閱讀理解類型
閱讀理解是高考英語試卷中卷面分值最高的,為了方便考生們更好地復習英語,我在這里整理了高考英語閱讀理解類型及答題技巧,希望能對考生們有所幫助!
【英語閱讀文體類型簡析】
高考英語閱讀常見的文體類型有:記敘文、議論文、說明文和應用文。
[1]、記敘文。
英語記敘文以描寫敘述為主,主要描寫人物、事件、地點、或過程。特點是,其主題往往潛伏在字里行間,沒有直接地表白出來;文章主旨要透過體察所揭示的人物、事件來進行提煉。描寫手法大多按時間跨度、空間順序、上下順序來展開。閱讀記敘文體應採取略讀和掃讀的方法,快速抓住文中描寫的主要內容,從整體上去把握文章的連貫性,進而大體上揣測出作者的寫作意圖及情感主線。高考閱讀就記敘文設題大多以細節理解為主。
[2]、議論文。
英語議論文通常為三段式,即“論點、論據、結論”三部份組成。首先藉助某一現象引出論點,然後通過一定論據從各個層面上加以推理論證,最後得出結論。議論文體主要考查學生對論點及論據的把握。因此,遇到議論文體時,應採取抓主題句的方法來把握文章主旨,弄清作者的觀點。一般來說,作者的論點通常在文章首段被引出,接著是對這一論點的邏輯推理和論證,最後為結論。還應注意的是:在對論點論證的過程中,每一段的首句都是該段的主題句。把握全文論點、弄清論證各段的主題句、理解文章層次、找出中心論點的.位置是理解議論文的關鍵。
就議論文而言,其論證的常見結構方式有:
1,總分式 總---分;分----總;總----分---總;
2,並列式 幾個論據之間屬於平等關系;
3,遞進式 幾個論據之間屬於遞進關系;
4,對照式 把兩種事物加以對比,以彰顯其中一種。
[3]、說明文。
英語說明文的總體結構通常為三部份,說明對象、說明過程和歸納總結。常見的說明方法:
1,定義與詮釋說明;
2,舉例與引用說明;
3,分類與圖表說明;
4,比較與比喻說明;
5,分析與綜合說明;
就高考英語說明文的閱讀而言,首先要抓住文章說明的要點,也就是要抓住被說明對象的實質性特徵;弄清作者從哪個角度、哪個層面開始說明;並明白文章最後的說明結論。高考說明文閱讀材料通常介紹最新科技、重大成就、生活時尚、流行現象等。了解說明文的寫作手法、說明方法,理清短文結構及段落中心思想是答題關鍵。
[4]、應用文。
英語應用文屬於實用型文體,如書信、通知、日記、廣告等。應用文閱讀要注意文中具體細節的把握與理解,弄清作者所傳達的實際信息及表達的具體內容。閱讀時採取速讀與精讀相結合的方法,力求快速精確地查出試題所設置的關鍵內容。
【英語閱讀理解答題技巧】
高考閱讀理解常見的設題形式有:詞義猜測題、主旨大意題、細節理解題、推理題和推斷題。題型不同,答題技巧也就有差異。下面就不同題型的答題技巧作一點簡分析。
1、詞義猜測技巧。
這種題型要求對文章中的劃線生詞進行詞義猜測。這類題型不僅要求具備一定構詞法,而且也要求對上下文具有比較全面的理解。做詞意猜測時,應注意劃線生詞後面的定語從句、同位語從句。定語從句、同位語從句通常用來解釋生詞的詞意。另外,還要應注意生詞後的標點符號,如逗號、破折號、引號、括弧都可用於提示詞意。有時,詞意隱藏在全文或某一段中,這就需要把握文段的意境來加以透知該詞的含義。
To argue that zoos imprison animals is to misunderstand what zoos are about. Without zoos many of the creatures we love and admire would no longer exist. Every single day,over one hundred animal species vanish. Scientists predict that as early as 2050 one quarter of the Earth’s species will become extinct.
27.The underlined word “vanish” in Paragraph 2 most probably means _____.
A. remain B. disappear C. become rarer D. get killed
2、抓主旨大意的技巧。
一般來說,議論文的主旨大意要麼在首段,要麼在尾段。文章主旨位於首段時,其後的段落通常是演繹論證的過程;在段尾時,其前的段落通常是在擺事實、講道理,最後歸納出全文主旨。說明文的主旨也通常位於首段;記敘文的主旨有的位於開首段(如新聞報道、時事經緯等文章的主旨均置於開場白的位置,達到開門見山、直奔主題的效果),但大多數記敘文的主旨隱藏在文章之中,需理清文章脈絡,挖掘文章內涵,把握作者意圖。
Zoos divide opinion:there are those who think it is cruel to keep animals locked up while others believe zoos are essential for the survival of endangered species.
29. According to the passage some people do not agree with zoos because they _____.
A. are too expensive to run B. put animals in danger
C. do not provide enough food D. keep animals locked up
3、推斷題型答題技巧。
推理是在既有信息的基礎上得出合乎文章內容的內涵意義,即某一問題、某一觀點沒有直接表述,而寓意在文章的字里行間,要求通過文中信息分析推出某種符合作者思想、符合文章邏輯的內涵意義。推斷則是指通過對文章進行符合邏輯的綜合分析,推出文章未直接陳述的言外之意。推斷題推斷得正確與否,很大程度上取決於是否能正確把握作者潛隱在字里行間的語氣及觀點。
To argue that zoos imprison animals is to misunderstand what zoos are about. Without zoos many of the creatures we love and admire would no longer exist. Every single day,over one hundred animal species vanish. Scientists predict that as early as 2050 one quarter of the Earth’s species will become extinct.
26. What’s the writer’s attitude towards zoos?
A. He shows no opinion either for or against them.
B. He thinks that they are unnecessary and cruel.
C. He believes they play an important environmental role.
D. He expresses a desire that more of them be built.
4、細節題型的答題技巧。
細節題型的解答通常是藉助對文中的具體信息的查尋來解決。答題時要採取略讀、掃讀、析讀和精讀的辦法從文中找出問題答案。細節題型多問及時間、地點、人物、數量和特徵等。
Some animals are in danger because they are hunted. Alarmingly, the population of tigers has already fallen by ninety-five percent. Other species are in danger because of a lack of food. For example, there are fewer than 1300 giant pandas left in the wild.
28. According to the passage the world’s tiger population _____.
A. will rise by 5% next year B. is relatively stable
C/ is 95% smaller than in the past D. has fallen to 95%
;⑵ 浙江省高考英語的分值分布是怎樣的
第一部分 聽力(共兩節,滿分30分)
第一節 (共5小題,每小題1.5分,共7.5分)
第二節 (共15小題,每小題1.5分,共22.5分)
第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節,滿分40分)
第一節 (共15小題,每小題2分,共30分)
第二節 (共5小題,每小題2分,共10分)
第三部分 英語知識運用(共兩節,滿分45分)
第一節 完形填空(共20小題,每小題1.5分,共30分)
第II卷
第三部分 英語知識運用(共兩節,滿分45分)
第二節 (共10小題,每小題1.5分,共15分)
第四部分 寫作(共兩節,滿分35分)
第一節 短文改錯(滿分10分)
第二節 書面表達(滿分25分)
(2)高考英語閱讀理解題目設置擴展閱讀
技巧
高考英語聽力測試部分在整套試題中佔有重要地位。它要求考生從頭到尾按順序往下聽,在有限的時間內做出選擇,沒有「回頭看」的餘地。
閱讀理解文章多是議論文和說明文,這兩種文體的結構可歸納為:提出問題——論述問題——得出結論或者闡明觀點。對於這類文章,抓主題句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現在文章的開頭或結尾。
推斷題是考查學生透過文章表面的文字信息進行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。推理和判斷必須以事實為依據,切莫主觀臆斷。
①那些文章中直接陳述的內容不能選,要選擇根據文章推理出來的選項;
②推理不是憑空猜測,而是立足已知推斷未知;作出正確答案時一定要在文中找到依據或理由。
⑶ 高考英語閱讀理解題解題技巧詳解
高考英語閱讀理解題解題技巧詳解
英語閱讀理解題的難度在不斷增大,考生們也大多知難而進。下面是我為大家帶來的高考英語閱讀理解題解題技巧,歡迎閱讀。
一、四選一型閱讀
高考閱讀不同文體按照題型分類主要分為五大類:細節題、推理題、主旨大意題、詞義句意猜測題、結構順序題。
1、細節題解題技巧
細節題,顧名思義,就是指針對文章的某個細節而設置的試題。細節題的命題方法很多,如可能是對某個細節用同義結構轉換後進行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個細節(通常是四個)放在一起要求考生判斷是非(選出正確的一項或選出錯誤的一項)或對幾個細節進行排序等。解答這類試題時,一個常用的方法就是運用定位法,即根據題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關的句子,與選項進行比較從而確定答案(此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉換)。
現在圍繞上述的定位理論,引申出幾個小的技巧:
(1) 關鍵信息定位法。這個主要是細節題,如涉及到數字(日期、時間、價格等),就可以在文章中快速圈出數字,再找出目標數字及相對應的細節作息,還有人物姓名、地點名詞等等,其他的還包括一些提示情節發展,或條綱性關鍵字眼,如First, Next, Finally等等。
As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 2011,when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. (2011年高考英語北京A篇)
What happened to the author in 2011?
A. She flew an airplane
B. She entered a competition
C. She went on a hot air balloon ride
D. She moved into a retirement community
解析:此題屬典型細節題,通過題干中的時間in 2011不難定位到文中粗體字部分,很容易可以鎖定正解為C。
(2) 同義定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同義定位就是指問題所用的關鍵詞和文中的不一致,但屬於同義性質,同義轉換其實是在關鍵間的基礎上拐了個彎。
He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out, exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. (2010年高考英語北京B篇)
What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks?
A. Finding the news value of his stories.
B. Giving him financial support.
C. Helping him to find issues.
D. Improving his good ideas.
解析:此題屬細節題,定位方式為同義定位法。題干中的talks和文章中conversations對應,而want most和longs for對應,這樣不難得出答案為D。
小結:在閱讀中,精準快速的定位加上正確的理解力才能保證做題的量與質。定位法是需要在做題的過程中有意識的培養的,做題的技巧也是可以總結的,關鍵是要自覺培養這種分析歸納和總結的意識以及能力。
2、推理題解題技巧
推斷題定義:在理解原文字面意思的基礎上,通過對語篇邏輯關系的分析和細節的暗示,做出一定的判斷和推理,從而得到文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程。
出現特徵:在考題中經常出現的詞有infer, imply, indicate, conclude, learn from, probably, most likely, prove /according to等。
She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. 「We're moving house.'; 「No space for her any more with the baby coming.」 「We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.」 People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house? (2010年高考英語北京A篇)
A. Shocked. B. Sympathetic. C. Annoyed. D. Upset.
解析:由題目得知:是考察作者的態度題。首先定位到文章作者的話語和行為,即
(1) No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway.
(2) We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.「
(3) People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
可知作者對它是正的情感,排除C,D.再由作者對它的不舍,答案選B
3、主旨大意題解題技巧
Topic/Title型-使用逆推法
(1) 要在閱讀原文基礎上,仔細考慮選項是否與文章主題有密切聯系
(2) 再看選項對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何
(3) 要注意題目是否過大或者過小
(4) 要避免下列三種錯誤
概括不夠(多表現為部分代整體,導致范圍過小)
過度概括(多表現為擴大范圍)
以事實、細節代替抽象概括的大意。
Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert (警報) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.
Text messages have been popular in recent years, particularly among young people. The wireless instry's trade association, CTIA, estimates(估計) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.
The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.
「The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and ring, disasters and other emergencies,」 FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said, following approval of the plan.
Participation in the alert system by carriers -telecommunications companies is voluntary, but it has received support from the wireless instry.
The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.
There would be three different types of messages, according to the rules.
The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve 「approaching threats」, which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abction (綁架) emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts.
The service could be in place by 2010.( 2008年高考英語山東卷B篇)
66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students
B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Instry
C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters
D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon
解析:D。主旨大意題。第一段開門見山,提出將創建一個全國性的簡訊警報系統;最後一段重申主題,對這種新系統的未來進行展望。因此最准確的標題是D。A項錯在protecting students;B項錯在by wireless instry;C項錯在National Disasters。
4、詞義句意題解題技巧
要求考生通過閱讀上下文,結合中學生應有的賞識來推測尚不熟悉的詞或者片語的意思。出現特徵:劃線或者引號
解題方法之一:根據上下文,往往是本句中的同位關系進行猜測。
Weeks later, standing before this unfriendly mass, I was totally lost. Oh well, I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, 「My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution.」 The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?
62. The underlined word 「burning」 in Para. 3 probably means _______.(2012年北京,B篇,62,答案D)
A. annoyed B. ashamed C. ready D. eager
解析:從burning這個詞來說,意為「發熱的,強烈的,燃燒的`」,後面緊跟動詞片語「find out」說明在尋找時刻的心情是很緊張和急迫的,最後是一個賓語從句,是我曾經做錯過什麼,那麼這個題目顯然就是選擇和「渴望的,熱切的」詞義,顯然為D選項。
5、結構順序題解題技巧
常見提問方式:
How is the passage organized?
Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
The author develops the passage mainly by….
解題思路:
(1) 注意主題段。主題段通常在文章的開頭,簡要概括文章的中心思想,
(2) 找出或者總結每段的主題句。主題句可能在段落的開頭,也可能出現在段落的中間或末尾。如何確定主題句的方法見主旨題之main idea型。
(3) 最後根據每段主題確定段與段之間的結構關系,承上啟下,使文章行文連貫,邏輯嚴密。為突出主題,作者可能採用不同的寫作手法來組織文章,通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點。
The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word 「diet」 everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet procts that we have stopped thinking about what diet procts are doing to us. We are paying for procts that harm us psychologically and physically(身體上).
Diet procts significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet procts allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤)instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word 「diet」 in food labels.
On another level, diet procts have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results. Diet procts make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet procts lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(營養成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calories only because the diet instry has created chemicals to proce these wonder procts. Diet procts may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet procts are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet procts have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet procts, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them. (2008高考英語北京卷E篇)
75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
解析:文章第一段點明節食產品在誤導人們;第二段說明節食產品對人們心理上的影響;第三段說明節食產品誤導人們認為不費勁就可以減肥,即對人們身體上的危害;第四段說明節食產品的危害;第五段說明人們應該慎重對待節食產品,故從文章結構上看應該是B項正確。
二、七選五型閱讀
考生需要在語篇信息存在缺失的情況下,准確理解整篇文章,特別是設題部位前後句的邏輯關系,通過上下文的線索進行判斷,預測下文,然後做出正確判斷。
命題分析:我們如果把整篇文章看成一個信息群,這個信息群實際上是由兩大信息版塊構成的:
已知信息:原文在五處空缺之外的沒有被挖掉的信息
待選信息:七個待選選項中的信息
這兩個信息板塊間絕不是孤立的,而是有緊密的互動邏輯關系,連起來是一篇完整的文章。
考試題型對學生的考察能力來看無外乎兩個方面:
(1) 把握整篇文章的布局和邏輯層次關系
(2) 把握微觀信息間關聯性(即空格前後句間關系)
解題方法:詞彙同現、詞彙復現、代詞妙用、數字線索、邏輯線索。
Muzak
The next time you go into a bank, a store, or a supermarket, stop and listen. What do you hear? _____ (71) It's similar to the music you listen to, but it's not exactly the same. That's because this music was especially designed to relax you, or to give you extra energy. Sometimes you don't even realize the music is playing, but you react to the music anyway.
Quiet background music used to be called 「elevator (電梯) music」 because we often heard it in elevators. But lately we hear it in more and more places, and it has a new name 「Muzak」. About one-third of the people in America listen to 「Muzak」 everyday. The music plays for 15 minutes at a time, with short pauses in between. It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning, and between three and four in the afternoon, when people are more tired.______ (72)
If you listen to Muzak carefully, you will probably recognize the names of many of the songs. Some musicians or songwriters don't want their songs to be used as Muzak, but others are happy when their songs are chosen. Why? _____ (73)
Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak does what it is designed to do. Tired office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muzak in the background. _____ (74)Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.
_____ (75)They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another, Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak!( 2010年高考英語北京卷)
A. Some people don't like Muzak.
B. The music gives them extra energy.
C. Music is playing in the background.
D. Factory workers proce 13 percent more.
E. Muzak tends to help people understand music better.
F. They ge t as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used.
G. Muzak is played in most of the big supermarkets in the world.
答案:CBFDA
代詞妙用:代詞指代前面提到的thing, 所以只要找到與代詞含義一致的詞就可搞定。
71空格後面出現「It's similar to the music you listen to,」那麼我們只要分析出其中的「it」的具體指代即可,通過題目及略讀下文,我們很容易知道該文介紹一種音樂,而且第一段故作懸念,一直未給出其名字,所以我們只要找到選項中包含音樂一詞而沒有點名繆扎克一詞的即可,很容易鎖定BC選項,因為B項意義與下文相去甚遠,故舍B取C沒商量。
75空格後出現「They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time.」,同理,我們就要確定「they」的具體指代,首先由於「say」的出現,我們鎖定「they」為人的復數,所以輕松鎖定ADF,所謂真金不怕火來煉,D顯然邏輯不通,F由於其主語也為人,段落第一句永遠不會出現意思不明的代詞(we, you 除外,因為它們可以明確指代廣義的人),故輕松排除F選出真金A。
72此題雖然不是明顯的後文出現代詞,但其前亦有代詞出現,「It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning,」下文承接上文,肯定有聯系,找出「it」的具體指代-the music, 輕松選出B項。(註:也可應用詞彙復現法)
詞彙復現法:情非得已時選擇的一種方法,知道與前後文中有詞彙重復的選項即可,有時也可指含義一致的詞彙,如72
73前文中「but others are happy when their songs are chosen」有「their songs」, F項亦有相同詞彙出現,放進去,意思通曉明白,搞定。
74後文中「Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.有」percent more「,D項亦有相同詞彙出現,且意思連貫,選出即可。
72題中前句中出現」when people are more tired. 「能夠與」tired「相對應的四選項中只有」energy「,累了對應能量,亦可做出此題。
;⑷ 高考英語閱讀答題技巧「四選一」
2017年高考英語閱讀答題技巧「四選一」
高考英語閱讀理解常見的題目形式是四選一,顧名思義,就是從四個備選答案中選出符合題目要求的答案。為了幫助大家備考,我整理了一些答題技巧,希望能幫到大家!
1、細節題解題技巧
細節題,顧名思義,就是指針對文章的某個細節而設置的試題。細節題的命題方法很多,如可能是對某個細節用同義結構轉換後進行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個細節(通常是四個)放在一起要求考生判斷是非(選出正確的一項或選出錯誤的一項)或對幾個細節進行排序等。解答這類試題時,一個常用的方法就是運用定位法,即根據題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關的句子,與選項進行比較從而確定答案(此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉換)。
現在圍繞上述的定位理論,引申出幾個小的技巧:
(1) 關鍵信息定位法。這個主要是細節題,如涉及到數字(日期、時間、價格等),就可以在文章中快速圈出數字,再找出目標數字及相對應的細節作息,還有人物姓名、地點名詞等等,其他的還包括一些提示情節發展,或條綱性關鍵字眼,如First, Next, Finally等等。
As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 2011,when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. (2011年高考英語北京A篇)
What happened to the author in 2011?
A. She flew an airplane
B. She entered a competition
C. She went on a hot air balloon ride
D. She moved into a retirement community
解析:此題屬典型細節題,通過題干中的時間in 2011不難定位到文中粗體字部分,很容易可以鎖定正解為C。
(2) 同義定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同義定位就是指問題所用的關鍵詞和文中的不一致,但屬於同義性質,同義轉換其實是在關鍵間的基礎上拐了個彎。
He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out, exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper. (2010年高考英語北京B篇)
What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks?
A. Finding the news value of his stories.
B. Giving him financial support.
C. Helping him to find issues.
D. Improving his good ideas.
解析:此題屬細節題,定位方式為同義定位法。題干中的talks和文章中conversations對應,而want most和longs for對應,這樣不難得出答案為D。
小結:在閱讀中,精準快速的定位加上正確的理解力才能保證做題的量與質。定位法是需要在做題的過程中有意識的培養的,做題的技巧也是可以總結的,關鍵是要自覺培養這種分析歸納和總結的意識以及能力。
2、推理題解題技巧
推斷題定義:在理解原文字面意思的基礎上,通過對語篇邏輯關系的分析和細節的暗示,做出一定的判斷和推理,從而得到文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程。
出現特徵:在考題中經常出現的詞有infer, imply, indicate, conclude, learn from, probably, most likely, prove /according to等。
She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. “We're moving house.'; “No space for her any more with the baby coming.” “We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.” People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house? (2010年高考英語北京A篇)
A. Shocked. B. Sympathetic. C. Annoyed. D. Upset.
解析:由題目得知:是考察作者的態度題。首先定位到文章作者的話語和行為,即
(1) No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway.
(2) We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.“
(3) People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
可知作者對它是正的情感,排除C,D.再由作者對它的不舍,答案選B
3、主旨大意題解題技巧
Topic/Title型-使用逆推法
(1) 要在閱讀原文基礎上,仔細考慮選項是否與文章主題有密切聯系
(2) 再看選項對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何
(3) 要注意題目是否過大或者過小
(4) 要避免下列三種錯誤
概括不夠(多表現為部分代整體,導致范圍過小)
過度概括(多表現為擴大范圍)
以事實、細節代替抽象概括的大意。
Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert (警報) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.
Text messages have been popular in recent years, particularly among young people. The wireless instry's trade association, CTIA, estimates(估計) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.
The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.
“The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and ring, disasters and other emergencies,” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said, following approval of the plan.
Participation in the alert system by carriers -telecommunications companies is voluntary, but it has received support from the wireless instry.
The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.
There would be three different types of messages, according to the rules.
The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve “approaching threats”, which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abction (綁架) emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts.
The service could be in place by 2010.( 2008年高考英語山東卷B篇)
66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students
B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Instry
C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters
D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon
解析:D。主旨大意題。第一段開門見山,提出將創建一個全國性的簡訊警報系統;最後一段重申主題,對這種新系統的未來進行展望。因此最准確的標題是D。A項錯在protecting students;B項錯在by wireless instry;C項錯在National Disasters。
4、詞義句意題解題技巧
要求考生通過閱讀上下文,結合中學生應有的賞識來推測尚不熟悉的詞或者片語的意思。出現特徵:劃線或者引號
解題方法之一:根據上下文,往往是本句中的同位關系進行猜測。
Weeks later, standing before this unfriendly mass, I was totally lost. Oh well, I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, “My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution.” The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington?
62. The underlined word “burning” in Para. 3 probably means _______.(2012年北京,B篇,62,答案D)
A. annoyed B. ashamed C. ready D. eager
解析:從burning這個詞來說,意為“發熱的`,強烈的,燃燒的”,後面緊跟動詞片語“find out”說明在尋找時刻的心情是很緊張和急迫的,最後是一個賓語從句,是我曾經做錯過什麼,那麼這個題目顯然就是選擇和“渴望的,熱切的”詞義,顯然為D選項。
5、結構順序題解題技巧
常見提問方式:
How is the passage organized?
Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
The author develops the passage mainly by….
解題思路:
(1) 注意主題段。主題段通常在文章的開頭,簡要概括文章的中心思想,
(2) 找出或者總結每段的主題句。主題句可能在段落的開頭,也可能出現在段落的中間或末尾。如何確定主題句的方法見主旨題之main idea型。
(3) 最後根據每段主題確定段與段之間的結構關系,承上啟下,使文章行文連貫,邏輯嚴密。為突出主題,作者可能採用不同的寫作手法來組織文章,通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點。
The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet… We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet procts that we have stopped thinking about what diet procts are doing to us. We are paying for procts that harm us psychologically and physically(身體上).
Diet procts significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet procts allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤)instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.
On another level, diet procts have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results. Diet procts make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet procts lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(營養成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calories only because the diet instry has created chemicals to proce these wonder procts. Diet procts may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet procts are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet procts have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet procts, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them. (2008高考英語北京卷E篇)
75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
題目
解析:文章第一段點明節食產品在誤導人們;第二段說明節食產品對人們心理上的影響;第三段說明節食產品誤導人們認為不費勁就可以減肥,即對人們身體上的危害;第四段說明節食產品的危害;第五段說明人們應該慎重對待節食產品,故從文章結構上看應該是B項正確。
;⑸ 高考英語閱讀理解題型及解題技巧有哪些
高考英語閱讀理解題型有選擇題和完形填空。解題技巧:解答這類閱讀試題時,一個常用的方法就是運用定位法,即根據題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關的句子,與選項進行比較從而確定答案。
英語閱讀的方法
做英語閱讀的時候一定要讀清題目。高考閱讀時不要急於去選擇,看清題目說的是什麼,問的是什麼。同時也要進行對照閱讀,將題目的問題與文章相應的部分進行對照閱讀,能夠幫助我們快速的尋找出答案所在。
掌握閱讀材料的主旨大意。中心思想,而且要求掌握文章中的詳細事實與細節,對於具體事實情節的理解,而且要求對其抽象含義的理解,既要理解字面意思,又要理解其深層含義,包括作者的態度、觀點、意圖等。
理解文章中某句、某段的含義及全文的邏輯關系,又要求根據其含義及邏輯關系進行判斷和推理。
⑹ 英語閱讀理解的題型
英語閱讀理解的題型
作為高考英語試卷中題量最大、分值最多、難度最高的題型,高考英語閱讀理解題在整個高中英語中至關重要。下面我整理了高考英語閱讀理解的常見題型以及解題方法,大家一起來看一下吧!
【高考英語閱讀理解常見題型及解題方法】
一、主旨大意題
主旨大意題主要考查學生對所讀材料(或所讀材料片斷)中心思想的概括。做這類題時,考生應通讀全文,把握文章大意或中心思想,同時注意文章的主題句,因為主題句表達中心思想,其他句子均圍繞主題句進行展開。主題句通常位於文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方,但位於段落中間(通常是第一段或最後一段的中間)也是完全可能的。主旨大意題的考查形式很多,如概括標題、主題、段意、中心思想等。請看浙江卷中的一個段落:
In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.
◎What is the subject discussed in the text?
A. The writer’s unhappy school life
B. The writer’s eagerness to earn money
C. The writer’s experience as a full-time worker
D. The writer’s hard work in an apple plant
原文共有五個自然段,上面摘錄的只是文章的第1個自然段,但是如果考生訓練有素的話,只要讀完這個段落就可猜出此題的答案了。因為文章第一句說In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget,接著作者用but引出一個新的情況(即主題句):none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. 再接下來又說:The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. 聰明的讀者至此應該可以猜測到,下面的幾個段落肯定是介紹這個apple plant 的work是如何的hard,它的pay是如何的poor,它的working conditions 是如何的terrible 等。比較四個選項,只有選項D所表述內容合乎上面的分析,故選D。
二、事實細節題
顧名思義,事實細節題即指針對文章的某個事實或細節而設置的試題。事實細節題的命題方法很多,如可能是對某個細節用同義結構轉換後進行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個細節(通常是四個)放在一起要求考生判斷是非(選出正確的一項或選出錯誤的一項)或對幾個細節進行排序等。解答這類試題時,一個常用的方法就是運用定位法,即根據題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關的句子,與選項進行比較從而確定答案(此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉換或簡單換算)。請看安徽卷中的一道事實細節題:
Tuition Fees(學費)
Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: [email protected]
Accommodation(住宿)
You can have a room in a 4-bedrcom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: [email protected]
◎You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.
A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000
根據Tuition fees一節的內容可知,一年的學費最低為5,000美元,再根據Accommodation(住宿)一節可知,除學費外,還有住宿費(每月100美元)和生活費(每月150美元),即一年大約共3,000美元,所以在WaiKato大學讀書一年至少要花費5,000+3,000=8,000美元,故答案為B。
三、代詞指代題
這類題要求考生根據一定的上下文推測代詞的指代意義,它主要考查考生在一定語境中對上下文邏輯關系的正確理解。做這類題時,考生不僅要讀懂相關句子的句意,理順相關句子的邏輯關系,而且還要學會合理變通,尤其要學會變通理解其中的`同義表達。請看天津卷中的一個片斷和一個道詞義猜測題:
Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable(可以預見的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves(涉及) a “sudden insight” which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.
◎What does the underlined word “this” refer to?
A. Great contributions to the society.
B. Long-time study of the subject matter.
C. Various statements about problem solving.
D. Complete devotion to artistic creation.
此題答案選B。答案的直接依據是文章中的Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this 這兩句話。從句意和句子結構上看,this在此指代的應是they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time,比較四個選項,只有B與之吻合,因為選項中的long-time與原文中的over fairly long periods of time屬同義表達,選項中的study of the subject matter 與原文中的devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem屬同義表達。
四、詞義猜測題
即要求考生根據一定的上下文猜測生詞的詞義。它是高考英語閱讀理解中的一個難點,同學們應引起充分重視。猜測生詞詞義的方法很多,常用的有同義解釋法、因果推斷法、前後對比法、基本構詞法、語境理解法、舉例說明法、常識背景法、類屬分析法等。請看安徽卷中一道詞義猜測題:
More American people take their troubles with them on holiday, according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said that the main reason for going away is to escape pressure(壓力) from work, almost all said they worry more than they do at home. Only four in every 100 said that they are happy and free of care.
◎The underlined word “survey” in the first paragraph most probably means ______.
A. research B. review C. exhibition D. examination
此題答案選A。比較四個選項,同時結合常識,文中所提到的事實和數據應該是“調查和研究”得出的(其他幾個選項可排除)。
五、推理判斷題
即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎上,作出一定的判斷和推理,從而得出文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理判斷題屬於主觀性較強的高層次閱讀理解題,做這類題目時,同學們應嚴格依據作者所陳述的細節、事實以及作者的措詞、態度和語氣等,找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語,然後利用自己已獲得的相關知識進行推理判斷,從而得出符合邏輯的結論。此時應特別注意:當問及作者的看法、意圖與態度時,不要誤認為是在問“你”(考生)的想法,而是作者本人在字里行間所表述的觀點。請看全國卷中的一個段落:
Now the task I face in harvesting the fruit is twofold: First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head, and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw(縮回) my full fist without dropping the prize so dearly won. I found two full-blown white roses completely hidden as I picked tomatoes in June, but they were weak and the leaves already yellow for lack of light.
◎By saying “the prize so dearly won” in paragraph 5, the writer wants to ______.
A. show the difficulty in picking the tomatoes
B. show the hardship of growing the roses
C. express her liking for the roses
D. express her care for the tomatoes
本文大意講的是作者在春天偶然栽種的一棵西紅柿長成後非常大,影響到園中的玫瑰花,作者在享受西紅柿美味的同時,又難以割捨珍貴的玫瑰花,面對兩種選擇,作者舉棋不定。
此題要求考生推測作者說the prize so dearly won的意圖,屬推理判斷題。此題答案選A,其推理依據主要有以下幾點:一是作者在第1句用了 the task一詞,將摘西紅柿看成是一項“任務”;二是作者在三個地方用了have to,表示摘西紅柿不容易;三是作者還用了stand on my head, reach down and under…等誇張性用詞,充分說明了摘西紅柿的難度。比較四個選項,顯然只有選項A最佳。
;⑺ 高考英語閱讀理解的命題規律及解題方法
高考英語閱讀理解的命題規律及解題方法
高考英語的學習不僅需要知識的積累與運用,同時也需要掌握一定的技巧和方法,為了幫助准高三考生進行高考英語復習備考,我為大家整理了高考英語閱讀理解的命題規律以及解題方法,一起來看一下吧!
【高考英語閱讀理解的命題規律及解題方法】
一、命題規律
此題型以說明文居多,有少數的記敘文和議論文,短文詞數300-350,正文詞數210-270左右,選項詞數60-80左右。短文結構長為:提出問題——解決問題。文中有五處空白,要求學生根據文章結構和內容給出的七個選項中選出五個能填入文章空白處的最佳選項。設空類型一般有標題句類、中心句類以及上下文銜接句類。總體來說,實體的難度比常規閱讀理解試題有所降低,突出考查學生的邏輯思維能力。
二、答題思路及注意事項
1、觀察文章中的設題及選項特點來確定不同的解題策略
在做閱讀理解七選五前,先迅速瀏覽文中五個空的設置特點,如果設空處在主題或者標題的位置,答案一般會是那些短小精悍的短語或祈使句,此時學生需要根據整個段落的內容並結合選項來把握正確答案。如果設空處在段首,且十個完整的句子,一般來說是段落中心句,這就需要學生認真閱讀後文內容,根據段落一致性原則,查找同義詞或其他相關的詞,推斷出中心句。如果設空處是段落間的過渡句,這時要“瞻前顧後”找提示,即閱讀上一段結尾部分(通常正確答案可與上一段結尾有效連接起來),並結合下一段內容,看所有答案是否將兩段內容連貫起來。如果空設在段中,則要根據上下文的邏輯關系來觀察選項,如果空設在短尾,那麼空白處的前一句或前兩句是重點,注意鎖定關鍵詞,這時選項應該是總結性語句,選項中常會出現therefore,as a result,thus,in short,in a word這樣的詞語。
2、辨別語境線索,根據題的設空特點來選擇不同的解題方法
學生在做該題型時,可以邊讀邊做題,重點閱讀設空處前後的句子,圈定線索詞,然後從選項中尋找相關的特徵詞,以確定答案。做題時可以採用帶入排除法。如果遇到做不出或拿不準答案的題目,可以跳過空格,先做容易的題,直到讀完整篇文章。至此,文章的要點和主旨,各個段落之間的邏輯關系就基本清楚了。這時,再將多餘的選項放入空白處,看看是否與上下文構成語義和邏輯上的直接關系,是否符合語境,是否能承接前後的寫作線索。不同的設空特點選擇不同的解題辦法,逐一選定,逐一排除。
3、初步確定答案後,放入文中進行復查
在初步選定答案後,學生應該通讀全文,檢查文中內容是否完整,語言是否連貫合理,各段落內容是否緊扣主題,語篇結構是否合乎邏輯,從而判斷選擇的答案是否正確。同時,學生應學會將相近的選項進行對比分析。由於個別干擾項對於某個正確選項的內容具有很強的干擾性,這就需要學生認真分析,仔細甄別,排除干擾,從而得出正確答案,答題時學生一定要清楚文章的主旨或寫作意圖,不要參雜個人觀點,想當然的盲目選擇。
三、解題技巧
1、詞彙復現法
復現,是保證文章前後銜接而經常使用的一種寫作手段,即作者在上下文的不同位置會對同一個概念進行重復性的描述。復現關系,主要是同義詞復現,近義詞復現,反義詞復現等。但是單純地從復現上找答案也會影響准確性,因為不同的選項會多次出現同一詞彙,所以學生需要注意和其他方法相結合。
2、詞彙同現法
詞彙同現是指屬於同一詞彙或者跟此詞彙相關的同一領域的詞彙在文中共同出現,達到語義銜接的目的。學生可以在選項中找到與此詞彙最相近的詞,從而達到快而準的.目的,圖chooese和choice,think about與consider,concentrate on與put their heart into,cook與ingredient,express thoughts and ideas和communicate ideas等。一般來說,上下文詞彙練習越接近,上下文的銜接關系越緊密。
3、代詞或數次代入法
英語表達中代詞出現的頻率較高,代詞的作用無非是指代表前面提及的名詞或者形容詞概念,如he/she,they,it,them,they等,巧妙利用這樣的指代關系和單詞的單復數差異就可以准確而迅速的解題。數次代入不是很多,但是有時候,作者在寫文章時為了強調自己的觀點,會列出一些數字,除了和其他數字進行對比和比較之外,學生可以用數據來說明一個觀點。
4、邏輯關系法
由於英語的句子之間,段落之間經常會用一些關聯詞或者某些具有關聯作用的副詞來進行銜接或者過渡,使文章上下文邏輯更加清楚連貫,因此文章中表示邏輯關系的信號詞在選擇答案時非常關鍵的。在做題的時候,將不同的表示邏輯關系的詞有效結合起來,如表示並列或者遞進關系的詞表示前後句子的名詞或句意具有同指性,表示轉折關系或讓步關系的詞往往表示句意對立或褒貶對立或肯定否定對立;表示例證關系的詞則意味著在舉例之前或之後有表述概念或某一觀點沒,在表例證的時候會出現for example,for instance,such as這樣的片語。下面例舉幾種常用的關聯詞或片語:
(1)表示並列或遞進關系的詞:and,or,also,neither...,equally,in the same way,that is to say,as well as,besides,furthermore,moreover,in addition to,what‘s more等;
(2)表示因果關系的詞:because,for,since,therefore,so,so...that...,consequently,accordingly,eto,thanks to,as a result,for this reason等;
(3)表示轉折或讓步關系的詞:but,however,yet,on the contrary,by contray,by contrast,on the other hand,unfor-tunately,while,unlike,rather than,instead of,although,though,even if,nevertheless,despite,in spite of等;
(4)表示時間或者先後順序的詞:afterwards,at first,at last,finally,first,firstly,in the first place,second,secondly,to begin with等。
;⑻ 高中英語閱讀理解題型
高中英語閱讀理解題型
閱讀理解是英語考試中的一個重點和難點。下面由我為大家帶來了高中英語閱讀理解題型解讀和解題技巧,一起來看看吧!
【高中閱讀理解題型解讀】
(一)閱讀是獲得更綜合、更復雜、更精確信息的必要手段,考生在做閱讀理解時,不僅要看懂文章的字面意思,還需要針對不同題材和體裁的篇目運用不同的方法作出正確的選擇。一般來說,詞彙、閱讀速度和理解能力是閱讀理解中三個最重要且有相互聯系的因素。
閱讀的方法可以使用以下幾種:
1.跳讀:就是快速的一步閱讀法。實際上是有選擇閱讀,找關鍵詞。用這種閱讀方法回答who、what、when、where之類的問題最為有效。
2.略讀:指比跳讀慢些的二步閱讀法。即泛泛地、粗略地快速閱讀,目的是了解大意,對文章有個總的概念。此種閱讀方法能回答why、how之類的問題。
3.精讀:即最細致、最慢的深層閱讀方法,目的是求得對所讀文章的全部意義的理解與掌握。
在使用閱讀技巧時盡量做到以下幾點:
1.帶著問題閱讀短文。
2.找出主題句、確定中心思想。
3.推斷單詞、句子和文章的含義。
4.盡快選擇答案。
(二)不同體裁文章的特點及解題技巧
1.記敘文
記敘文又可分傳記類和故事類。 傳記類文章在閱讀中時間是全文的關鍵,根據時間我們可以找到相關的事件,抓住文章的主要內容。故事類文章情節性較強,閱讀時要注意故事中的時間、地點、人物和發生的事件,這些都是文章中的主要內容和信息,對於准確理解文章十分重要。
2.說明文
說明文是對事物的形狀、性質、特徵、成果或功用等進行介紹,解釋或闡述的文章。把握所說明事物的特徵和本質是理解說明文的關鍵。說明事物特徵的方法很多,主要有定義法、解釋法、比較法、比喻法、數字法、圖表法、引用法和舉例法等。
數字說明文
在閱讀數字說明文時要特別注意文中數字的含義,從這些數字中可以找到文章的主要內容。
解釋說明文
解釋說明文著重說明事物的本質、特徵和功用等。許多科普文章都屬於這一類。在閱讀這類文章時要學會解決what, how, why 等一類的問題。它們是文章的關鍵。如能帶著這些問題閱讀,將會更迅速抓住文章的主題。
比較說明文 比較說明文是通過對比方法說明問題。在閱讀這類文章時要善於把握全篇陳述的基本傾向。作者在談論一個有爭議的問題時總要顧及到爭議的各個方面。但是,在一般情況下,作者的陳述總要傾向於某一種觀點。
3.應用文
應用文涉及的.范圍比較廣,包括廣告、通知、書信等。應用文一般語言簡潔,省略及不規范的句子較多。閱讀時一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息,並運用這些信息去解決問題。因此對題乾的理解尤為重要。
閱讀理解的考題分為客觀理解題(是指在短文中客觀存在的事實,客觀信息的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。即理解文中的具體事實或抽象概念)和主觀理解題(這類問題都不可能直接從原文中找到答案,須通過閱讀文章對文章主旨和深層含義有更深理解,並據此進行判斷和推理)。其中細節理解題和猜測詞義題屬於客觀題;主旨大意題和推理判斷題屬於主觀題。針對不同類型的題目,要在平時的練習過程中,結合具體的題目,給學生進行解題方法的指導和講解。對於客觀題,要提醒他們閱讀時關注文章的細節,如時間,地點或一些具體數字,在選擇答案時,務必從原文中找到確切的依據。 我們可將閱讀理解歸納為以下四大題型,根據閱讀理解題考查角度的不同,可採用不同的解題技巧來應付。
Ⅰ.事實細節題
屬於細節類型的閱讀理解題一般只針對某個特定的細節,題型可以多種多樣。此類題型一般分兩種。第一種是直接理解題,在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二種是詞義轉換題,正確選項是原文有關詞語和句子的轉換。做此類試題一定要抓住事件發生的時間、地點、人物、發展過程和結局等環節,所選答案一定要符合原文,切不可望文生義。這類題型的主要提問方式常為:
①Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?
②Which of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage?
③Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?
④All the following statements are NOT true excep. 細節題的破解一般採用尋讀法,即先看試題,再讀文章。對有關信息進行快速定位,再將相關信息進行整合、甄別、分析、對比,有根有據地排除干擾項,選出正確答案。此法加強了閱讀的針對性,提高了做題的准確率,節省了寶貴的時間。尋讀法還特別適用於對圖形表格類題材的理解。做此類型的題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關系。英語中有許多功能詞,如:表因果關系的because, since, as等;表轉折關系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。
Ⅱ.猜測詞義題
在高考閱讀題中,考生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個:一是被已認識的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導;二是被完全不認識的單詞的意思所阻礙,從而出現理解偏差或理解困難,影響閱讀的速度。其實解決這兩個困難的一個重要法寶是考生在心目中樹立起上下文觀念,要學會“順藤摸瓜”,通過構詞,語法,定義,同位,對比,因果,常識,上下文等線索確定詞義。
在閱讀解題時要注意從以下七個方面著手:
1)根據定義或解釋、說明猜測生詞的詞義 在be,be called,call等判斷詞出現的判斷句中,或定語從句及標點符號,可以根據已知部分,猜測生詞的含義。例如:
The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通過理解定語從句的意思,能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。
2)根據對比關系猜測生詞的詞義 在but,however,yet,otherwise,though這些表示意義轉折的連詞出現的句子中,其前後的詞有明顯對比關系,根據已知的內容,通過這種對比關系,就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。例如: Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相對的便是“骯臟的”了,因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“骯臟的”。
3)通過因果關系猜測詞義 because, since與as是連接原因狀語從句的從屬連詞,so是連接表示結果的狀語從句的連詞,so……that與such……that中的that是連接結果狀語從句的。當這些信息詞出現在有生詞的句子中,通過因果關系,依據已知部分就能猜出生詞的詞義。例如:She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根據because從句所講的意思,我們就可推測trim就是“修剪”之意。
4)根據生活常識猜測詞義
3 運用邏輯推理能力,自身的生活經驗及生活常識。再聯繫上下文能讀懂的部分,可以正確猜出詞義。例如:Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根據句子意思及生活經驗,wither表示“枯萎”。
5)根據同等關系猜測詞義 同等關系,指的是一個詞,一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分,而且它們的詞義都屬於同一范疇。明顯的標志是,這樣的片語或短語中間常常用並列連詞and或or來連接。例如: At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 從“年齡42歲”以及與prime具有同等關系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年時期”。
6)根據列舉的事例猜測詞義 You can take any of the periodicals: "The World of English". "Foreign Language Teaching in Schools", or "English Learning". 從後面列舉的例子中,可以猜出periodical是“期刊,雜志”的意思。
7)根據構詞法知識猜測詞義 根據學過的構詞法知識,知道詞根和前綴或後綴的意義,就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。
Ⅲ.推理判斷題
做這類題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語篇的同時,又要求學生對作者的態度、意圖及文章細節的發展作正確的推理判斷,力求從作者的角度去考慮,不要固守自己的看法或觀點。不要主觀臆斷,憑空想像,任意發揮,而走入誤區。學生要學會運用主題句去推測、揣摩文字背後作者的意圖,運用歸納、對比、演繹技能,運用背景知識去挖掘文章深層含義,從而正確理解作者的言外之意,同時認真體會文章的語氣與感情基調(如:否定、厭惡、反問、諷刺等)。
這類試題常以如下句式發問:
①What can you conclude/ imply from this passage?
②What’s the author’s attitude(態度)towards……?
③We can infer /learn from the passage that……
如: Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. The workers could do nothing but turn to a German engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, “Take off the part where the line is and change it for a new one. ”The machine, with a new line on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $ 30,000 for what he had done. The following were what he wrote on a bill, “The new part only costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with the machine is costs $ 29,999.”
Q: What can you conclude from this passage?
A. the engineer asked for too much money
B. the workers should pay the money
C. the knowledge is worth money
D. the new part could cost more
這篇短文是作者講的一個故事,那麼通過這個故事我們可以判斷出什麼呢?雖然作者沒有言明,但是我們可以斷定,發現問題的所在需要智慧和知識,知識是創造價值的源泉,因此此題的正確答案應為C. Ⅳ.主旨大意題 這種題型要求考生能夠把握文章的總體,並真正理解主題和中心;要求能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法解題,難度較大,屬於高層次題。
;⑼ 高考英語閱讀理解解題技巧全攻略
【 #英語資源# 導語】為了讓同學們被少扣分甚至不扣分, 考 網總結了高考英語閱讀理解題型的超詳細解題技巧和方法,高考來啦,快快收藏起來好好研究吧!
閱讀理解
通過詳細分析歷年高考英語試卷,我們可將閱讀理解歸納為以下幾種題型:主旨大意題,細節理解題,推理判斷題(含寫作意圖、目的等),詞義猜測題。英語閱讀理解題的技巧與策略是學生提高閱讀理解多需要具備的。
一、 主旨大意題
這類題在設題時常會用到title, subject, main idea, topic, theme等詞。
1.歸納標題題
特點:短小精悍,一般多為一個短語;涵蓋性強,一般能覆蓋全文意思;精確性強,表達范圍要恰當,不能隨意改變語意程度或色彩。常見命題形式有:
What』s the best title for the text?
The best title for this passage is ___.
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
2. 概括大意題
包括尋找段落大意(topic)和文章中心思想(main idea),常見命題形式有:
What is the general/main idea of the passage? Which of the following expresses the main idea? What is the subject discussed in the text?
BThe writer of the story wants to tell us that_____. The passage/ text is mainly about_____. What』s the article mainly about ?
解題技巧
閱讀理解文章多是議論文和說明文 ,這兩種文體的結構可歸納為:提出問題——論述問題——得出結論或者闡明觀點。對於這類文章,抓主題句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現在文章的開頭或結尾。主題句具有簡潔性、概括性的特點。主題句在文章中的位置主要有以下幾種情況攔碧。
位於段首 :一般而言,以演繹法撰寫的文章,主題句往往在文章的開頭,即先點出主題,然後圍繞這一主題作具體的陳述。判斷第一句是否為主題句,可具體分析段落的首句與第凳早二,三句的關系;如果從第二句就開始對第一句進行說明,論述或描述,那第一句就是主題句。有些段落,在主題句後面有明顯引出細節的信號詞,如for example, an example of; first, second, next, last, finally; to begin with, also, besides; one, the other; some, others等。在閱讀中應盡量利用上述信號詞來確定主題句的位置。
位於段尾 :有些文章會在開頭列舉事實, 然後通過論證闡述作者簡粗舉的核心論點。因此,如果第一句話不是概括性的或綜合性的話,快速讀一讀段落的最後一個句子,看看它是否具備主題句的特徵。如果它具備主題句的特徵,段落的主題思想就很容易確定了。一般說來,當一種觀點不易向人解釋清楚或不易被人接受時,主題句便會到段落的末尾才出現。學生可以充分利用引出結論的信號詞。如so,therefore,thus,consequently;in conclusion,in short;in a word, to sum up等來確定主題句的位置在段尾。當無明顯的此類信號時,學生可在段落的最後一句話前面添加一個引出結論的信號詞,以確定其是否是主題句。
位於段中 :有時段落是先介紹背景和細節,接著用一句綜合或概括性的話概括前面所說的內容或事例,然後再圍繞主題展開對有關問題的深入討論。這種文章的主題句往往會在段落中間出現。歸納起來主要有兩種情況:先提出問題,然後給予回答(主題句),最後給予解釋;或者,先提出問題,然後點出主題思想(主題句),最後給予解釋。
首尾呼應 :主題句在段落的開頭和結尾兩個位置上先後出現,形成前呼後應的格局。這兩個主題句敘說的是同一個內容,但用詞不盡相同,這樣不但強調了主題思想,而且顯得靈活多變。這兩個句子並非簡單重復,後一個主題句或對該主題作最後的評述,或對要點作一概括,或使之引申留給讀者去思考。
無明確主題句:找關鍵詞(出現頻率較高), 歸納總結。
注意
新題型中有一個選項是干擾項,解答此類題時同學易犯以下三種錯誤:
(1)表述過於片面,只涵蓋該段個別細節;
(2)表述太過於籠統,已經超出該段的內容;
(3)表述與段落內容無關,在段落中找不到相關依據
二、細節理解題
考查內容主要涉及時間、地點、人物、事件、原因、結果、數字等議論文中例證細節和定義類細節。這類題目的共同特點是:答案一般都能在文章中找到。當然,答案並不一定是文章中的原句,考生需要根據文章提供的信息自己組織語句回答問題。
1.事實細節題→尋讀法
分為直接理解題和間接理解題,前者常用who, what, which, when, where, why和how提問,或判斷正誤;後者需與原文信息轉換,表達上與原文有差異。常見命題形式有:
What can we learn from the passage?
All the following are mentioned except
Which of the following is mentioned (not mentioned)?
Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about…?
2. 排列順序題→首尾定位法 (找出第一個事件和最後一個事件,用排除法縮小范圍)
常出現在記敘文和說明文中,一般按事件發生的順序。常見命題形式有:
Which of the following is the correct order of…? Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph…?
3. 圖文匹配題→按圖索驥理清線索
設題形式:給出圖表,根據圖表提問問題。
4. 數字計算題→ (方法:審題→帶著問題找細節→對比、分析、計算)
可直接找到相關細節,但需經過計算方可找到答案。
三、推理判斷題
主要考查學生對文章中隱含或深層的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根據文章內容做出合乎邏輯的推斷,包括考生對作者觀點的理解,態度的判斷,對修辭、語氣、隱含意思等的理解。題干關鍵詞:infer(推斷),
indicate(象徵,暗示), imply/suggest(暗示), conclude(作出結論), assume(假定,設想).
1.細節推理判斷題
一般可根據短文提供的信息或藉助生活常識進行推理判斷,常見命題形式有:
It can be inferred/ concluded from the text that __________.
The author implies/ suggests that_____.
We may infer that _________.
Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?
2.預測推理判斷題
根據語篇對文章接下來的內容或可能的結局進行猜測,常見命題形式有: What do you think will happen if/when…?
At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write_____
3.推測文章來源或讀者對象
常見命題形式有:
The passage is probably take out of_____
The passage would most likely be found in_____
Where does this text probably come from?
4.寫作意圖、目的、態度推斷題
作者的語氣態度往往不會直接寫在文章里,只能通過細讀文章,從作者的選詞及其修飾手段中體會出來。
詢問寫作目的的題,選項里常出現的詞 是:explain(解釋), prove (證明), persuade(勸說), advise(勸告), comment(評論), praise(贊揚), criticize(批評), entertain(娛樂), demonstrate(舉例說明), argue(辯論), tell(講述), analyze(分析)等。
詢問語氣態度的題,選項里 常出現的詞 是:neutral(中立的), sympathetic(同情的), satisfied(滿意的), friendly(友好的), enthusiastic(熱情的), subjective(主觀的), objective(客觀的), matter-of-fact(實事求是的), pessimistic(悲觀的), optimistic(樂觀的), critical(批評的), doubtful(懷疑的), hostile(敵對的), indifferent(冷淡的), disappointed(失望的)。
常見命題形式有:
The purpose of the text is_____
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? By mentioning…, the author aims to show that_____
What is the author』s attitude towards…?
What is the author』s opinion on…?
The author』s tone in this passage is _____.
解答技巧
推斷題是考查學生透過文章表面的文字信息進行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。推理和判斷必須以事實為依據,切莫主觀臆斷。
①那些文章中直接陳述的內容不能選,要選擇根據文章推理出來的選項。
②推理不是憑空猜測,而是立足已知推斷未知;作出正確答案時一定要在文中找到依據或理由。
③要忠實於原文,以文章提供的事實和線索為依據。不能以自己的觀點代替作者的想法;不要脫離原文主觀臆斷。
四、詞義猜測題
考點:
①猜測某個詞、片語、句子的意義
②對文中的多義詞或片語進行定義
③判斷某個代詞的指代的對象。常見命題形式有:
The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____.
The word 「it/they」 in the last sentence refers to______.
The word 「…」(Line 6. para.2)probably means ______.
The word 「…」(Line 6. para.2)could best be replaced by which of the following?
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word 「…」 ?
解答技巧
1.通過因果關系猜詞通過因果關系猜詞
首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關系,然後才能猜詞。有時文章藉助關聯詞(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,therefore等等)表示前因後果。
例如:You shouldn't have blamed him for that,for it wasn't his fault. 通過for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的錯),可猜出blame的詞義是"責備"。
2.通過同義詞和反義詞的關系猜詞
通過同義詞猜詞 ,一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞片語,如happy and *,即使我們不認識*這個詞,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在進一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均為生詞,但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個詞都屬於"行星"這一義域。
通過反義詞猜詞 ,一是看錶轉折關系的連詞或副詞,如but,while,however等;二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語,如:He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根據not at all...handsome我們不難推測出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3.通過構詞法猜詞
根據前綴、後綴、復合、派生等構詞知識判斷生詞詞義。如:She is unlikely to have stolen the money. ( 「un」含否定意義,故為「不太可能」之意。)
4.通過定義或釋義關系來推測詞義
例如:But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time. Then there is a dry period,or drought. 從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨,於是便有一段乾旱的時期,即drought,由此可見drought意思為"久旱","旱災"。而a dry period和drought是同義語。這種同義或釋義關系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折號等來表示。
5.通過句法功能來推測詞義
例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞,我們可以從這兩個詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同類關系,同屬fruit類,因此它們是兩樣水果,准確地說,是菠蘿和椰子。
6.通過描述猜詞
描述即作者對該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內在特徵的描寫。例如:The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類。後面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習性。
7. 根據常識猜詞
如:The door was so low that he hit his head on the lintel.(lintel 「過梁」。)
Afraid of waking the baby up, she tiptoed out of the room.(tiptoed 「踮著腳走,躡手躡腳」)
七選五
高考閱讀理解信息匹配的7選5題型,主要考查考生對文章的整體內容和結構以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。
從題型和內容我們可以看出 ,選項可分為:
a.主旨概括句(文章整體內容)
b.過渡性句子(文章結構)
c.注釋性句子(上下文邏輯意義)三類。
其多餘的兩個干擾項也往往從這三方面進行設置,如主旨概括句或過於寬泛或以偏概全或偏離主題,過渡性句子不能反映文章的行文結構,注釋性句子與上文脫節等。
高考英語閱讀七選五題型要求考生從整體上把握文章的邏輯結構和內容上的聯系,理解句子之間、段落之間的關系,對諸如連貫性、一致性等語段特徵有較強的意識和熟練的把握,並具備運用語法知識分析理解長難句的能力。可以說,此題型是對語言能力和閱讀理解能力的綜合測試。
一、解題思路
1、理清句際間的關系
文章的內容是根據各層各段的大意有機地組合而成,各個層次,各個段落之間不管怎樣錯落有致,但它所表達的內容都是要圍繞中心的,各句之間都有一定的語脈,從邏輯意義上來看,語段的句際關系可分為平列、順序、層遞、轉折、總分、解釋、因果等關系。
構成語段的各個句子之間有時可以包含一種以上的句際關系。
因此,理解閱讀材料時一定要把握語脈,理清句際間的關系,進而理解語段或全文的內容。
2、找出句子之間的連接性的詞語
文章的語句間的組合,除了從語句間的意義關系分析外,還可藉助句子之間的連接性詞語來把握,因為連接性詞語能表明這個語段句與句之間、層與層之間的基本關系有:
承接關系(如 so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等)
平列關系(如first, second, third…; firstly, secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude 等)。如文中的選項 71,由 Second、Third 得知應選表示平列關系的句子 G.項。
轉折關系(如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever,whatever on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise 等)。比如選項 75,與前句構成了轉折關系,故應選 D 項答案。
層遞關系(如 also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what』s more, too, either, neither,not…but…, not only…but also 等)。如 72 選項,與前句組合為層遞關系,故應選包含 also 的 E.項句子。
解釋關系,如 73 選項應選 F.選項,與 74 選項平等的,是一組祈示句,而非陳述句,故應選 A.項而非 B項。
二、解題步驟
1、通讀全文
在 閱讀過程中,要注意文章的開始與結束段落,尤其是文章的首段及末段末句,因為「開門見山」與「結尾總結」的寫作方式為常見的寫作方式,首段的末句一般是是 全文的主題所在,說明本文將探討哪些內容,並簡要指出文章的寫作思路,有時甚至會以提綱的形式進行呈現。首段的末句對於快速掌握文章的主題具有重要意義, 如果它是文章的主題句,就可以使讀者迅速明確文章情節將如何展開,並對文章的寫作主題有了整體的了解。如果末句不是主題句,則需要繼續尋找。這時,可以考 慮文章的寫作方式是否為「結尾總結」式,如兩者均可排除,則需在文章中其他段落尋找主題句,但要注意,首段與末段的提示作用。
2、詳讀段落
在短時間內,找出每段寫作內容的關鍵詞。明確各段的主題句或主旨大意。
文章正文部分通常分為若干小段落。各段落會根據整體文章寫作主題展開,對文章主體進行的不同方面的描述。找出各個小段落中的關鍵詞,明確其描述內容,為整體試題的解決做好鋪墊。閱讀各個空的前後句,標記關鍵詞
在閱讀文章的開始部分、明確文章的基本話題以後,要閱讀五個空各自的前後句,並將前後句中的解題線索,即關鍵詞標記下來。關鍵詞包括句中的核心名詞或名詞片語(如帶有形容詞的名詞片語)、專有名詞、時間數字、代詞、連詞等。
重點閱讀各個問題附近的句子,圈定線索詞,然後從選項中尋找相關的特徵詞,以確定答案。做題時可以採用代入排除法。如果一題做不出或拿不準,可先放過,繼續往下讀,先做容易的能做出的題,直到讀完整篇文章。至此,文章的要點和主旨、各個段落之間的邏輯關系應基本清楚了。
3、定位選項
明確各備選選項的含義,抓住其關鍵詞語,根據文章整體結構與具體內容,將選項填入文中,填寫時尤為注意各選項中出現的句子銜接手段及句中的銜接標志詞。
在定位選項時,要特別注意空格上下段的寫作內容,以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的結構和意義。將所選項放入空白處,看看是否與上下文構成語義及邏輯上的直接關系,是否符合該處語境。能否承接前後的寫作線索。使文章無論內容還是銜接上都能做到通順。
一篇文章作為一個整體,是有其寫作的線索與思路的,在選項定位中,要尤其注意文章的寫作線索,文章的寫作思路的連貫使文章的每個段落、每個句子甚至每個短語均融為一體。如果帶入選項後,發現文章寫作線索中斷或是前後矛盾,應更換其它選項。
4、通讀復檢
將所選答案代入文中,再次通讀全文,重點考查邏輯關系和關聯結構。
在 完成選項定位後,應通讀全文,檢查文章內容是否完整,語義是否連貫合理、各段落內容是否緊扣主題,語篇結構是否通順連貫、具有一致性、合乎邏輯,寫作思路 是否清晰明了,格式以及用語是否恰當貼切,從而判斷選擇的答案是否正確。同時,我們還應注意對相近選項的對比分析,個別干擾項由於與某個正確選項的內容相 近具有很強的干擾性,這時就需要我們認真分析,仔細甄別,排除干擾,從而得出正確選項。
5、確定排除
研究多餘選項,確定排除理由,最終確定答案。
盡管答案都已經確定,但是為了避免失誤,對多餘的選項進行進一步的研究,確定它們和文章的主題和前後句意沒有關聯性之後,才是最終的結果。