英語閱讀代詞猜測
『壹』 英語閱讀：學會推理，讓你的閱讀能力噌噌噌！
「I can』t stop shivering.」 Lucy had to speak louder than normal so Gary could hear her over the wind』s caterwaul.「Move closer,」 Gary said as he tugged gently at her light jacket. The material felt alarmingly flimsy in his hand. He wondered how much longer they』d have to wait until help would come.「
我止不住地顫抖。」露西提高嗓門說道，這樣加鎮含棗里才能在隆隆風聲聽清她。「靠近點」，加里一邊說一邊輕輕拉起她的薄外套。他覺得手中的布料薄如蟬御拆翼，就要粉碎。他不知道他們還要等多久，救援才來。
Although you may not realize it, you have made several inferences from the passage above without even trying very much.
盡管你沒有意識到老空，你已經不知不覺地在對這篇文章進行推理。
For example, you probably concluded from the conversation that Lucy and Gary were cold, and that they may be in serious trouble. However, if you look back, you』ll see that there is not direct statement about temperature in the passage. You have determined the information from several clues.
舉個例子，你可能可以從這段對話中看出露西和加里很冷，並陷入了麻煩。但是，如果你再往回看，你會發現文章中並沒有對氣溫的直接描述。你從文中的線索推斷出溫度低。
What else can you infer from the passage?
你還能從文中推斷出什麼？
Are the two inside or outside? Do you think Lucy has prepared herself for this situation? What might her lack of preparedness say about her personality? What do you think of Gary』s personality?
這兩個人是在室內還是戶外？你認為露西對這個情況有所准備嗎？她的粗心體現出她的什麼性格？加里的性格又是什麼樣？
Most of the information you believe about Gary and Lucy has come from inference.
你所得到的關於加里和露西的信息大多來自你的推理。
What Is Inference?
什麼是推理？
Inference is what we do when we draw conclusions based on observations and experience.
推理是你通過觀察與經驗做出的結論。
Any time you read, you make inferences about the characters, scenes, and actions. You can do this because you bring a pretty large vocabulary and some life experience with you as you read.
閱讀時，你會對人物性格、場景及動作做出推理。你會這樣做是因為你在閱讀時動用了自身的龐大詞彙量以及生活經驗。
As you read the passage above, you made inferences about the following:
你在讀上述文章時，你會對下面這些因素進行推理：
Pronoun antecedents: In the last sentence (He wondered . . .), you have most likely inferred that the pronoun 「he」 refers to Gary.
前指代詞：*後一句中（他不知道……），你認為代詞「他」指加里。
Meaning of words from context: Can you define the word caterwaul? You have most likely concluded that it means something similar to howl or scream. If you weren』t familiar with the word before reading the passage, you probably made a conclusion because you are familiar enough with the words that came before and after to determine the meaning of this new word. In other words, You determined this from the context of the sentence. You put the clues together to make an ecated guess about an unfamiliar word.
通過上下文猜詞義：你知道「caterwaul」是什麼意思嗎？你可能能猜出它指「咆哮」、「尖叫」。如果你在看文章前不認識這個單詞，你能做出這種判斷很可能是因為你認識足夠多的這個新詞前後的詞。換句話說，你通過上下文，把線索結合起來，對這個不熟悉的詞做出了恰當的猜測。
Determine character traits through words, thoughts, and actions: How would you describe Gary』s personality, based on the few sentences above? Is he a cruel person or a kind person? Is he sensitive or uncaring? What clues have led you to your conclusions?
通過話語、想法、行動判斷人物性格：根據上述短短幾句話，你如何描述加里的人物性格？殘酷還是和藹？敏感細膩還是心不在焉？是什麼線索讓你做出結論？
Pick up on clues about setting and mood: Is Gary happy, sleepy, or worried in the passage? You probably think he』s worried, right? So try to identify the clues that left you with this impression.
尋找有關場景及心情的線索：文章中，加里是開心、疲倦還是焦慮？可能你認為他很焦慮，是嗎？試著找找讓你產生這種印象的線索。
Did you come up with these clues?
你是否找到了這些線索？
Lucy』s coat feels alarming flimsy.
露西的外套薄如蟬翼，就要粉碎。
He』s waiting for help to come.
他在等待救援。
Pick up on character flaws or weaknesses: What can a reader conclude from the fact that Lucy is wearing a light jacket that seems to be inadequate for the situation at hand? Not much, to be fair.
尋找性格弱點：通過露西身穿薄外套不能應付當前情況這一事實讀者可以得出什麼結論？實話說，結論並不多。
There is simply not enough information in this short passage to help the reader make a reasonable conclusion about Lucy』s personality. However, your brain is doing something interesting as you read. It stores clues.
這篇短文不能提供足夠的信息讓讀者對露西的性格下結論，但是，你在閱讀時，你的大腦也在做一些有趣的工作，它儲存線索。
As you read long passages, you pick up on subtle hints and store them in your memory. You accumulate these clues and add them together to make further inferences as you read.
你閱讀長篇大論時，你會得到細微的線索，你會把這些線索記住，在閱讀過程中累計這些線索，做出推斷。
Why Does Inference Matter?
為什麼推理很重要?
Inference is an important ingredient for reading comprehension, but it is impossible to isolate inference as a factor alone. You can』t make inferences if you don』t possess other reading skills, like a strong vocabulary, an understanding of paragraph structure, and a knowledge of the parts of speech.All of your reading skills work in unison as you practice reading. And the more you read, the more you build your reading skills.
推理是閱讀理解的一個重要因素，但卻不能把推理單獨歸類為一種因素。如果你沒有其他閱讀技巧，你無法推理，這些技巧包含豐富的詞彙量，對段落結構的理解，以及對詞性的理解。你所有的閱讀技巧在你訓練閱讀時都是一個整體，你讀得越多，你掌握的閱讀技巧也越多。
『貳』 中考英語動態:學會如何猜測詞義 提升中考閱讀水平(一)
摘要： 英語閱讀中，我們常常會遇到一些不認識的短語或單詞春灶豎，又或者認識的單詞短語在文章中被賦予了新意義和解釋。當這些單詞短語並不阻礙理解文章的主要內容時，我們便可以忽略它；但如果這些詞彙短語影響了對文章的理解
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英語閱讀中，我們常常會遇到一些不認識的短語或單詞，又或者認識的單詞短語在文章中被賦予了新意義和解釋。當這些單詞短語並不阻礙理解文章的主要內容時，我們通常便可以忽略它，但如果這些詞彙短語影響了對文章的理解，這就需要我們來根據上下文來猜測單詞或短語在文中的意思了。這種情況下，掌握猜詞的技巧則顯得尤為重要。猜測詞義可以辯備在一定程度上考查考生的邏輯推斷能力，也是閱讀能力的一個重要組成部分，頻繁出現在各種考試中。在英語閱讀中根據上下文猜測詞義，有助於鍛煉同學們分析問題、解決問題的能力，有助於擴大詞彙量。
通常，猜測詞義可採用以下幾種方法：
一、定義猜詞法
即根據定義猜測詞義的方法。需要定義或解釋的單詞或短語大多是專有名詞、生僻詞或文中的關鍵詞，作扒大者為了使讀者正確理解它們，就得做出較淺顯的解釋或說明。
例一： Giraffe is an animal with a very long neck, four legs and orange skin with dark spots.
根據後面對 Giraffe 的解釋，它的詞義為“長頸鹿”。
例二： Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由定義可知 Anthropology 的詞義為“研究人類的科學”即“人類學”。
例三： What is plagiarism? It is using others’ ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is from.
根據定義我們知道plagiarism的詞義為“剽竊”。
二、定語從句
定語從句對先行詞起限定、修飾或解釋作用，因此我們可以利用定語從句來推測先行詞的詞義。
例一： Second generation Puerto Ricans who were born in New York but who have returned to the island, are called Nuvoricans.
Nuvoricans 的詞義可以由Second generation Puerto Ricans後面的兩個定語從句來得到， 即生在紐約，後又回到波多黎各的人。
例二： Psychophysiology is a science which deals with the relationship between mind and body.
根據定語從句我們可以看出Psychophysiology的意思為“身心聯系的科學”，即“心理生理學”。
三、同位短語或同位語從句
同位關系的兩部分之間多用逗號連接，有時也用破折號、分號、引號和括弧連接。
例一： According to a report published on the British medical magazine, The Lancet, a study of ten German mobile phone users found that when they turned on their phones, their blood pressure goes up by 5 to 10 millimeters of mercury.
根據句法結構的知識，我們知道The Lancet是the British medical magazine的同位語，由此可知The Lancet是一個雜志的名稱。
例二： Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
兩個逗號中間的短語the study of the meaning of words是Semantics的同位語，意為“對詞義進行研究的科學”， 即“語義學”。
四、對比結構
尋找文中相互對比、相互對照的線索來確定生詞的含義。
在此類文章中，通常會出現一些表示意義轉折、對比的詞語：however, but, on the other hand, on the contrary, instead of, while, unlike, not, although, yet, despite, in spite of, in contrast, etc.
例一： A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.
根據句法結構可知the adept workers和 the unskilled ones.為對比關系，意義相反。由the unskilled ones可推出the adept workers為熟練工人。
例二： Someone liked milk, but others abhorred it.
通過but我們知道abhor是like的反義詞，意為“厭惡”。
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《學會如何猜測詞義 提升中考閱讀水平(一)》由出國留學我精心為您學習英語准備.liuxue86.com『叄』 高考英語閱讀理解的猜詞題之短語類
學生做英語閱讀時往往很怕遇到生詞。但遇到生詞又是很普遍的，第一是有些文章的主題就是介紹新事物，而這個新事物是學生未曾接觸過的，自然感到陌生；第二是學生平時掌握的基本是熟詞熟義，而有些文章涉及到了熟詞生義；第三是學生在背高考范圍內的3500詞時掌握不夠扎實。
生詞如此普遍，高考英語也有對應的猜詞題。那麼，就要考慮如何通過各種技巧來攻克猜詞題，甚至把這些猜詞技巧推廣到其它生詞。
猜詞題可以劃分為兩大類，實詞和虛詞。實詞包含幾個小類，分別是單詞、短語、句子（短句為主）。虛詞通常為代詞。
本文主要介紹短語類。
如下：
What does the underlined phrase「tug at the heartstrings」in paragraph 2 mean ?
A. Encourage team work .
B. Appeal to feeling.
C. Promote good deeds.
D. Provide advice.
題干問的是第2段中tug at the heartstrings這個短語的含義。對應原文第2段
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schele, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren』t even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up,「Alright. Yes, I』ll do it.」
由原文可知作者試圖去勸說一位女性家長。「她可能僅需要一點勸說，所以我又試了一下，並tug at the hearstrings。」後文提到作者的話術是講了其他家長的案例，這更多屬於訴諸情感。因此選項B比較符合。
如果考生仍覺得不是很有把握，也可以考慮用反向推導。這段話是作者給一位家長講其他家長的案例，並不涉及A選項的鼓勵團隊合作，也不涉及C選項的促進善行，也不涉及D選項的提供建議。
考生亦可以通過字面含義來推導。hearstrings字面義是心靈繩索。這也是偏向於感性，與B選項更為
如下：
What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning from
B. looking down on
C. working with
D. competing against
題干問的是第4段的taking on的含義。原文第4段如下：
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement. "Of course, only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China-some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galiano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hil.
原文提到中國女性對世界時尚潮流的影響力。原文出現了beating them hands down in design and sales說明是前者打敗了後者，因此這是在描述時尚競爭，D選項competing against符合文意。
如下：
What does the underlined phrase 「the water catcher」 in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The tube.
B. The still.
C. The hole.
D. The cup.
題干問的是第2段的the water catcher的含義。原文第1、2段如下：
A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸餾器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it』s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it』s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇ 5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container— perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher』s proctivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
原文講的是一種自助式蒸餾器的製作，這種蒸餾器能夠在乾旱缺少地區集水。因此water catcher其實指的就是這種能「捕捉水」的集水器，即這個蒸餾器，因此B選項符合。
大家可以在留言區寫下答案哦！
2016年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試3卷C篇第10題如下：
What does the underlined phrase 「a pipe dream」 in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. A practical idea.
B. A vain hope.
C. A brilliant plan.
D. A selfish desire.
原文第3段如下：
There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.
『肆』 2020高考英語閱讀理解猜題技巧
2020高考英語晌友閱讀理解猜題技巧俗話說，得閱讀者得高考!猜詞題是閱讀理解中相對簡單的一種題型。根據多年的高考英語教學經驗，我將猜詞題的類型進行了具體的分類，下面是我特意為大家整理了關於2020高考英語閱讀理解猜題技巧的相關材料，希望對您的工作和生活有幫助。
1.構詞法;2.同義詞;3.反義詞;4.上下文;
5.釋義法;6.因果題;7.代詞題;8.常識題
下面我來舉例說明。
1.構詞法:前綴、後綴、復合、派生等
Car rentals are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to the road.
Q: The underlined word “inexpensive” means _______.
A.cheap B.happy C.good D.painful
解析:劃線單詞inexpensive是一個派生詞，由否定前綴in和單詞expensive(昂搜缺貴的)構成，意思是“不昂貴的”，故選A (便宜的)。
2.同義詞(列舉法)
Signal words:for example, for instance, such as, like，as---as, etc.
Collins decided that she must go, although the hazards of the trip were many, for example, the unbearable heat, the possibility of getting lost, the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes.
Q: The underlined word "hazard" means ___________________
A. pleasure B. problem C. danger D. attraction
解析:根據劃線詞hazard後面的舉例，“無法忍受的炎熱，可能迷路，野生動物和毒蛇的出現”世謹辯，這些都屬於“危險的事情”(danger)，故選C。
3.反義詞
轉折詞:though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等
Achild's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
Q: What does the underlined word "hassle" probably mean?
A. a party designed by specialists B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble D. a demand made by guests
解析:根據劃線詞hassle後的轉折詞instead(相反)，可以推斷出hassle是與a basket of fun(一筐樂趣)意思相反。故選C (一種導致困難或麻煩的情形)。
4.上下文:利用上下文提供的情景和線索推測
Food Network procer Flay hopes the young cook will find a place on the network television. He says Lieberman’s charisma is key. “Food TV isn’t about food anymore,” says Flay. “It’s about your personality(個性)and finding a way to keep people’s eyeballs on your show.”
Q: What does the word “charisma” underlined in the text refer to?
A. A natural ability to attract others. B. A way to show one’s achievement.
C. Lieberman’s after-class interest. D. Lieberman’s fine cooking skill.
解析:charisma為非考綱詞彙表上單詞，其詞義與下文的“It’s about your personality(個性)and finding a way to keep people’s eyeballs on your show.”有關。故選A(一種天然的吸引他人的能力)。
5.釋義法:使用定語(從句)、表語、同位語、冒號、破折號、分號等解釋說明
信息詞: means, refers to, be called, be known as, can be defined as, in other words, that is, that is to say......
William Shakespeare said. "The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (紗線), good and ill together."
Q: The underlined word "mingled" most probably means?
A.simple B.mixed C.sad D.happy
解析:根據後文的釋義，good and ill together，可以推斷劃線詞mingled的意思是“混合的”(minxed)，故選B。
6.因果題
When some kind of pain killer (止痛葯) was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the proct look weak and ineffective(無效的).
Q: The underlined part "the colours turned the customers off" means that the colours_______
A.Attracted the customers strongly B.Had weak effects on the customers
C.Tricked the customers into shopping D.Caused the customers to lose interest
解析:根據because後的解釋，“因為他們使產品看起來軟弱和無效”，可以推斷出結果“導致顧客失去興趣”。故選D。
7.代詞題
信息詞:one，it，that，he，him或them等指代上文提到的人或事物。
Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal. “We have more important things to do,” he said.
Q: The underlined word“they”in the last paragraph refers to____.
A. criminals B. pigeons C. the stolen cars D. demands for money
解析:代詞指代必須符合就近原則，指代最近的上文提到的人或事物。復數代詞they指代復數名詞。故選D
8.常識題
Ifeel that since you are my superior (上司), it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.
Q: The word "presumptuous" is closest in meaning to "____" .
A.full of respect B.rude and too confident
C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
解析:常識題。在Kim看來，因為對方是自己的上司，告訴上司去做什麼，會顯得不禮貌(rude)、自負(too confident)。故選B。
經過分類整理，猜詞題的命題思路就變得非常清晰，了解了命題思路，做題時就有了方向。
當然，要想真正掌握這些策略，還需要大量的訓練實踐，不斷地吸收消化，最後融會貫通。
我是苗爸，“職業化家庭英語啟蒙訓練”推廣人。我會每天分享英語啟蒙和高考英語相關的原創文章。
今天的分享到此結束。我們明天再見!
『伍』 英語閱讀時如何推測生詞詞義
實踐證明，根據自己的英語基礎和興趣愛好選擇恰當的材料，進行大量的閱讀是學好英語的有效途徑。但是，閱讀中不免會遇到生詞或熟詞生義，不可能也沒有必要每個生詞都去插詞典，這就需要掌握猜測詞義的方法和技巧了。這里總結了17種詞義推測的方法或技巧，但願能對你有所幫助。
1. 根據轉折關系 ：表示轉折關系的有though, but、however等。例如：
Any fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it. (廣東卷)
由but可知genius是與fool(蠢才)相對的，由此推測其意為「有才能的人」、「天才」。
2. 根據對比關系 ：表示對比關系的有標志詞有unlike、not、while、on the other hand, in spite of、in contrast等。例如：
If you agree, say 「Yes」; if you dissent, say 「No」.
根據前後的對比關系，不難猜出dissent是意思與agree相反，即：「不同意」。
3. 根據同類關系 ：比較關系表示意義上的相似關系。表示比較關系的詞和短語有similarly，like，just as，also等。例如：
Mr. Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
句中similarly表明loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間是同類關系。由此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為「健談的」。
4. 根據因果關系 ：表示因果關系的有because, so that, so/such…that…等。例如：
The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.
由「無雨水」之因，可推知花會「枯萎、凋謝」之果。因此，wither意為「枯萎、凋謝」。
5. 根據同位關系 : 因為同位語是對前面的名詞的進一步補充說明，提供更為詳細的情況，所以根據同位語也可推測前面名詞的意思。例如：
Yes, that is the Tai Mahal, one of the most famous buildings in the world. (全國卷)
由後面的同位語的解釋我們清楚地知道Tai Mahal就是一著名的建築物。
6. 根據並列關系 ：一般由and, or等表示並列關系。例如：
In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, battle site, theatre and other public halls.
因為mansion與「戰場遺址」、「劇院」、「其它公眾廳」並列，所以mansion也應該屬於建築物或場所。
7. 根據比喻關系 ：一般由as…as, like等表示。例如：
The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in the air as a rose leaf in water.
根據「就像水中的玫瑰葉」這樣的比喻可知，buoyant是「飄浮的」之意。
8. 根據定義關系 ：定義句的謂語動詞多為be, mean, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as等。
Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.
根據「是用來描述人類社會的科學研究的術語」的定義，可知sociology是「社會學」之意。
9. 根據所舉實例 ：一般由for example, such as, like等來表示舉例。例如：
Many United Nations employees are polyglot. Ms White, for example, speaks six languages.
由所舉實例,不難推出polyglot的意思是「懂多種語言的」。
10. 根據同義關系 ：根據生詞所處語境中的同義或近義詞的.意思來推測它的意思。
Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
由語境可知， detrimental與harmful同義，意為「不利的，有害的」。
11. 根據轉換說法 ：插入語that is, that is to say, in other words以及namely, i.e., or等都可以用來對前面的內容進行解釋，意為「也就是說、即」。
The cinema is only open to alts, i.e. people over 18.
根據people over 18可知，alt是「成年人」之意。
12. 根據標點符號 ：冒號、破折號、括弧等都可表示對前文的解釋或說明。例如：
New houses, large schools, modern factories, more horses and sheep — everywhere we saw signs of prosperity.
根據破折號前面的具體描述，可猜測prosperity 意為「繁榮」。
13. 根據定語從句 ：由生詞後起修飾限制或起補充說明的定語從句推測其意思。例如：
Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.
由後面起補充作用的非限制性定語從句可推知生詞florist是「花店主」之意。
14. 根據邏輯推理 ：根據生詞前後的搭配關系和上下文的意思等來推測其意思。
Although the fisherman was wearing sou』wester, the storm was so heavy that he was wet through.
因生詞sou』wester是wear的賓語，應當是一種「衣」或「帽」，又由although和後面一個分句，可以推知它是指「防雨的衣」。
15. 根據單詞發音 ：有的英語詞彙是通過音譯進入漢語詞彙中的，我們可以根據其讀音來理解其意思。如：aspirin(阿斯匹林), nylon(尼龍), Olympic(奧林匹克), sofa(沙發), typhoon (台風)等。
16. 根據生活常識 ：有時根據生活經驗和基本常識可以推測出生詞的意思。
The snake slithered through the grass.
根據有關蛇的生活習性的知識，我們可以推斷出slither的詞義為「爬行」。
17. 根據構詞方法 ：根據前綴、後綴、合成、轉換等構詞法來推測生詞的意思。
After just a few days on the job, I began noticing that the other fellows were overcharging pas-sengers. (廣東卷)
因同學們學過charge(收費、要價)，根據前綴over-的意思「過多、過分」，可推知overcharge是「索價太高」之意。
盡管我們介紹了這么多的生詞猜測方法，但是，值得一提的是，我們閱讀的目的在於理解文章的意思，從中享受快樂或者獲取信息。那些並不影響對整篇文章的理解的生詞，我們大可不必費太多的時間去猜測它們的意思，以免影響閱讀的興致。
『陸』 英語閱讀中如何根據上下文猜測詞義
猜測詞義也是一種英語閱讀能力。英語閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。 任何一個實詞，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個確定的詞義。所謂上下文(context),正如英語辭典所解釋的，其作用就是幫助確定上下文中的詞、短語或句子的意義。據此，我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來猜測詞義，即從已知推求未知，也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語來猜測我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。猜測詞義時，我們可以從三個方面來考慮：1）根據上下文已知部分進行邏輯上的推理。2）運用語法知識進行語法分析。3）依靠常識和經驗做出判斷。根據上下文猜測詞義的方法有下列幾種： (1)根據定義或解釋猜測詞義。例如下面的閱讀材料： a bag is useful and the word 「bag」 is useful. it gives us some interesting phrases(短語). one is 「 to let the cat out of the bag.」 it is the same as 「to tell a secret」…. now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he 「lets the cat out of the bag.」 短文後面有一個理解題目： john 「lets the cat out of the bag」 means he ________. a. makes everyone know a secret b. the woman bout a cat c. buys a cat in the bag d. sells the cat in the bag 在這篇文章里，「let the cat out of the bag」雖然是一個新出現的短語，但緊接著後面就給出解釋it is the same as 「to tell a secret.根據這一解釋，我們就可判斷出正確答案應為a。 (2)根據情景和邏輯進行判斷。例如：2004年北京市海淀區中考試題閱讀材料a。其中第三段是這樣的： as they go around town, the police help people. sometimes they find lost children. they take the children home. if the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. the police can always tell the people which way to go. they know all the streets and roads well. 文章後面有這樣一道題： 53. in the text, 「put an end to」 means 「___________」. a. stop b. cut c. kill d. fly 根據文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他們肯定會去制止。因為制止打架斗毆是警察的職責。根據這一推理，答案應該是a。 (3)根據並列、同位關系猜測詞義。例如下面的閱讀材料： there is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. it is on a large island in the pacific ocean. the island is north island in new zealand. 101. what does the word 「steam」 mean in chinese? a. 自來水b. 大氣c. 冰川d. 蒸汽 從語法上看，steam和hot water是並列關系，我們就以斷定這兩種東西是相關的，是同一類第物質。在所給第四個選項中只有「蒸汽」有這種可能。 (4)根據背景和常識判斷。請看2004年北京市海淀區中考試題的閱讀材料c: watching some children trying to catch butterflies one august afternoon, i was reminded of an incident in my own childhood. when i was a boy of twelve in south carolina, something happened to me that made me never put any wild creature (living thing) in a cage(籠子). we lived on the edge of a forest, and every evening at sk the mockingbirds would come and rest in the trees and sing. there isn』t a musical instrument made by man that can proce a more beautiful sound than the song of the mockingbird. i decided that i would catch a young bird and keep it in a cage and in that way, i would have my own private musician. i finally succeeded in catching one and put it in a cage. at first, being scared, the bird fluttered(撲騰) about the cage, but finally it settled down in its new home. i felt very pleased with myself and looked forward to some beautiful singing from my little musician. on the second day of the bird』s captivity, my new pet』s mother flew to the cage with food in her mouth. the baby bird ate everything she brought to it. i was pleased to see this. certainly the mother knew better than i how to feed her baby. the following morning when i went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, i discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. i was terribly surprised! what had happened! i had taken extremely care of my little bird, or so i thought. arthur wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. 「a mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). she thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.」 never since then have i caught any living creature and put it in a cage. all living creatures have a right to live free. 60. an ornithologist is probably a person who ____________ . a. studies birds b. loves creatures c. majors in habits d. takes care of trees ornithologist這個詞從來沒有見到過，但是通過他的語言我們可以判斷出這是一個對鳥很有研究的人。我很愛鳥，把鳥裝在籠子里，並細心照料，而且鳥的母親也飛過來喂這只鳥，但這只鳥卻死了，我很不理解。到我家來的這個人給我詳細解釋了鳥死的原因，說明這個人非常懂鳥。據此，我們可以斷定答案影視a。
『柒』 如何做好英語閱讀理解詞義猜測題
猜測詞義題
在閱讀中我們經常會遇到許多生詞。這時許多同學立即翻閱詞典，查找詞義。這樣做不但費時費力，而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實上，閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前後的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯系。我們可以利用語境（各種已知信息）推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國統一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。
常見的題干有：
1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？
2) The word... could best be replaced by.
3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).
4) According to the passage,... probably means.
5) The author uses the word... to mean.
猜測詞義時，一般可利用以下四個方面的線索：
一是針對性的解釋
針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術語或高深的詞彙等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體，所使用的語言通俗易懂，利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。
1.根據定義（definition）猜測詞義
如果生詞有一個句子（定語從句或是同位語<同位語前常有 that="" is="" to="" in="" other="" or="" i.g.="">或是同位語從句）或段落來定義,或使用破折號，冒號，分號後的內容和引號括弧中的內容加以解釋和定義，那麼理解這個句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例1.Do you know what a territory is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（聲稱）as its own.（2005年湖北卷）
[分析]由定義可推知，這里territory指的是：動物的地盤。
例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．（2005年浙江卷）
[分析]由同位語an endangered wild cat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域：一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。
例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . （2004年福建卷）
According to the passage ,The Pines is a .
A．place in which you can see many mobile homes
B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
[分析]通過whose引導的定語從句，我們可以推測到：The Pines 是一家餐館的名字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：D。
2.根據舉例猜測詞義
恰當的舉例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。
例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.（2004年遼寧卷）
[分析]根據such as 後面列舉的一系列例子，我們應該能推斷出句中的issue 是指議題。
二是內在邏輯關系
根據內在邏輯關系推測詞義是指應用語言知識分析和判斷相關信息之間存在的邏輯關系，然後根據邏輯聯系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。
1.根據對比、比較關系猜測詞義
在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現象進行對比性的描述，我們可以根據生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關系的詞彙和短語主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示對比關系的句子結構：while 引導的並列句。同對比關系相反，比較關系表示意義上的相似關系。表示比較關系的詞和短語主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean? （2002年NMET）
A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests
[分析]根據對比關系，這里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。
例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk和loquacious 之間的比較關系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是健談的。
2.根據因果關系猜測詞義
在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現象之間構成因果關系，我們可以根據這種邏輯關系推測生詞詞義。
例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .
（2005年上海卷）
The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to .
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
[分析]根據since 引導的原因狀語從句的內容（既然你是我的上司），我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：冒失的，放肆的意思，後半句的意思是：我告訴你怎麼做會是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對應的理解題答案為：B。
例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.（2005年江西卷）
根據原因狀語從句的內容，我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是：修剪（樹枝等）的意思。
3.根據說明、並列、同等同義近義、、反義等關系猜測詞義
在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據語言環境所表面的關系猜測詞義。
例9.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線），good and ill together. （2005年江蘇卷）
The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .
A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
[分析]句中good and ill together 更具體地說明了a mingled yarn的意義，據此我們不難推測mingled的意思是：混合的，交織的。
例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. （2004年湖北卷）
[分析]根據and three other medical centers 這種並列關系，我們很容易推斷出：Johns Hopkins是一家醫療中心。
例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.
[分析]根據與insult侮辱的同等關系猜測defame為詆毀 ，中傷或誹謗
例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.
[分析]運用與football的同義關系推斷為足球。
例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.
[分析]運用與The house近義關系可以推斷dwelling與住所有關
例14.Most women in China ---ecated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.
[分析]後面的urban and rural, the young and old之間都有反義關系，運用這個關系可以推斷illiterated為未接受過教育的，即文盲
三是通過構詞法
在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。
1.根據前綴猜測詞義
例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-ecational or single-sex schools?
根據詞根ecational （教育的），結合前綴co-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-ecational的意思是：男女同校教育的意思。（2005年江西卷）
2.根據後綴猜測詞義
例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．（2005年廣東卷）
後綴 -ise/ize意思是使成為；使化，結合詞根commercial（商業的），不難猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：未被商業化的。
3.根據復合詞的各部分猜測詞義
例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（別扭的）hand positions.（2005年北京卷）
Well-designed 或許是個生詞，但我們分析該詞的結構後，就能推測出其含義。它由well （好，優秀）和design （設計）兩部分組成，合在一起便是設計精巧的意思。
例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-proced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手藝) no longer exists. （2004年浙江卷）
根據合成詞中的mass （大量的）和proce （生產），我們可以推測 mass-proce的意思是：大批量生產；規模生產的意思。
4.猜測詞性變換新詞含義
例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. （2004年山東卷）
head本為名詞，表頭。由the bus和home的語境邏輯可以推斷，該句head為動詞，表方向，結合全句可譯為開往、駛向。
例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. （2004全國卷Ⅱ）
cloud本為名詞，表雲。分析語境邏輯可知，憂慮會影響一個人的判斷，因此該句clouded應譯為使難以。
『捌』 如何提高英語考試閱讀題的猜詞技巧(3)
八、語境線索或上下文
即利用語境來推測生詞含義的方法。這是我們用來推測詞義的主要方法之一。
例一：The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society—a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.
“My grandmothers did not do anything, but keep house and serve everybody, they were programmed to do that,” said Emily Cornette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.
根據上下文我們可以很容易得出chapter的詞義為這個組織the Red Hat Society的一個分支。
例二：As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency ( 一貫性 )is very important teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality ( 道德 ). Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept”. If they are not sincere and don’t practice what they preach ( teach ), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure ( 不穩定 )when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.
根據上下文我們可知precept的詞義為“說教”。
例三：Here are some simple ways to beat the stress often caused by our inventions!
Don’t be available all the time. Turn off your mobile phone at certain times of the day. Don’t check your e-mail every day. Don’t reply to somebody as soon as they leave a text message just because you can. It may be fun at first, but it soon gets annoying.
根據語境我們知道available的詞義為“可與之交談的”或“有空的”。
例四：We found that bar at last. I didn’t have to ask again, for there it was in big letters over the window—Star Bar. There were some iron tables outside with plastic chairs around them. A few people sat listlessly around, looking at a portable television set that someone had brought out of the bar. They were all in thin summer dresses or short sleeved-shirts; even at that late hour it was stifling. Two thin dogs lay under one of the tables with their tongues out, and some of the women were fanning themselves unenthusiastically (無精打採的) with magazines.
根據語境我們猜出stifling的詞義為“極熱的”。
九、標點符號的暗示
例一：The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society—a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.
破折號後面的部分對the Red Hat Society作了解釋，是“一個認為老年人應該有自己樂趣的團體”。
例二：The largest player—Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices—deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite.
第二個破折號後面的deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches應該指的是汽車的品牌或種類。
十、同義詞的替代關系
例句：Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he didn’t want to jeopardize his future.
為避免重復使用endanger一詞， 用同義詞jeopardize來替代它, 我們推知jeopardize詞義為“使陷入危險，危及，危害”。
十一、利用主系表結構來猜詞
主系表結構的句子有兩種功能：一是說明主語的形狀和特徵;二是主語和表語是同位關系。
例一：To malign is to slander an innocent person.
表語意為“誹謗無辜的人”， 那樣主語就是“中傷，誹謗”的意思。
例二：Insomnia is the inability of falling asleep or sleeping restlessly.
表語意為“睡不著”，主語Insomnia無疑就是“失眠”了。
十二、生活常識
根據日常生活中的常識和相關的背景知識，大膽想像，合理發揮，推測出生詞的含義。
例一：Warm-blooded desert animals, such as rats and mice, rest ring the day, often staying in cool underground burrows.
根據常識我們知道鼠類一般藏在洞里，因此生詞burrows的意思為“地洞，洞穴”。
例二：The snake slithered through the grass.
根據有關蛇的生活習性的知識，我們可以推測出slithered的詞義為“爬行”。
十三、構詞法
英語詞彙的構詞法主要有三種：派生，合成，轉化構詞。
我們主要利用派生構詞來推斷生詞的含義。
詞根是單詞最基本的部分，表達單詞的基本含義。在詞根的前面或後面加上詞綴，可以用來引申或轉變原詞的意義。一般來說，前綴改變詞根的意思;後綴改變詞性。
常見的前綴有：super- 超……
mini- 小型的……
re- 再，又……
post- 後
pre- 前
fore- 前
under- 下
後綴有：
-ment 名詞的後綴
-less 不，無
-proof 防……的
例句：Remember that people on line may not be who they seem. Because you can’t see or even hear the person, it would be easy for someone to misrepresent himself/herself. Thus someone says “She is a 12-year-old girl ”could really be an old man.
根據語境和misrepresent的構詞方式， 前綴mis-的意思是“誤，錯-的”，詞根represent的意思是“表達，展示”之意, 合在一起我們知道misrepresent的詞義為“誤述，歪曲”。
十四、文中代詞指代的推測
高考題年年考查對文中代詞實際指代的對象。一般來說它實際指代的對象在含有代詞的句子前半部分或前一句話。我們把它叫做“前指”。
例一：Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped at noon as the press rported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal.”We have more important things to do,” he said.
根據我們上面講到的，they應該指上一句中的Demands for pigeon-delivered money。
例二：The book contained a large number of clues to help readers find the hare, but Williams put in a lot of “red herrings”, or false clues, to mislead them.
根據語境them.指代上文的readers。
雖然掌握一些猜詞技巧能幫助我們猜測詞義，但是我們不能只依靠這些。最重要的還是掌握全篇文。