關於文化的英語閱讀材料
In the US, people prefer waiting for a table to sitting with people they don』t know. This means a hostess may not seat a small group until a small table is available, even if a large one is. If you are sitting at a table with people you don』t know, it is impolite to light up a cigarette without asking if it will disturb them.
At American restaurants and coffee shops you are usually served tap water before you order. You may find the bread and butter is free, and if you order coffee, you may get a free refill.
Most cities and towns have no rules about opening and closing time for stores or restaurants, though they usually do make rules for bars. Especially in large cities, stores may be open 24 hours a day.
Serving in restaurants is often large; too large for many people. If you can』t finish your meal but would like to enjoy the food later, ask your waitress or waiter for a 「doggie bag」. It may have a picture of a dog on it, but everybody knows you』re taking the food for yourself.
Supper and dinner are both words for the evening meal. Some people have 「Sunday dinner」. This is an especially big noon meal.
Tips are not usually added to the check. They are not included in the price of the meal, either. A tip of about 15% is expected and you should leave it on the table when you leave. In some restaurants, a check is brought on a plate and you put your money there. Then the waiter or waitress brings you your change.
1. Which statement is true?
A. American people like sitting with people they don』t know.
B. A hostess always seats a small group at a large table.
C. American people never sit with people they don』t know.
D. American people would not light a cigarette if the people who sit at the same table mind their smoking.
2. What is served before you order?
A. bread B. butter C. coffee D. cold water
3. What do American people always do when servings are too large for them?
A. They take the food home with a doggie bag for their dogs.
B. They leave the food on the table and go away.
C. They take the food home with a doggie bag and enjoy the food later.
D. They ask the waitress or waiter to keep the food for them.
4. Sunday dinner is_______.
A. a dinner in the evening B. A big noon meal
C. a big lunch on Sunday D. A supper on Sunday
這是一篇講美國人的用餐習俗的閱讀。
As you know different countries have different customs. Also there are many gestures showing many meanings in many countries. Here are a few examples of gestures. A fisherman in Britain will show the size of a fish he has caught by holding his two hands, palms(手掌) facing each other, the right distance apart in front of him. But the one from certain part of Africa will measure off the size along his left arm with his right hand. In Britain the gesture to show the number 「one」 is made by holding up the index finger (the second finger), but in Switzerland it is the thumb—the first finger which is held up. Some people point at objects with finger, others by sticking out the lips. The gesture for 「come here」 is made in Britain with the index finger, which is held, pointing upwards, at eye level and bent towards the body; in Egypt the hand is held at arm』s length, palm downwards, and the fingers are then bent. The difference between the movements is very important, and the meanings of the same gestures maybe opposite in different countries. It may bring trouble to those not well known with it.
1. This passage is mainly about _______.
A. different people in different countries B. how to understand the gestures in Britain
C. the different gestures D. how to show a gesture in Egypt
2Sometimes difference between the movements in different countries may bring about _______ to you.
A. a good luck B. a new world C. all ill effect D. happiness
3 How will the Africans express if the object』s size is longer than their left arms?
A. Take a string to show it. B. Keep silent.
C. Bring the object to the spot. D. In another way.
4According to the passage we should _______.
A. look before we leap B. pick and choose
C. strike while the iron is hot D. do in Rome as the Romans do
這是篇中西方習俗的。答案就先不給你發了，希望你認真做，等你做完以後可以把你的答案告訴我，我再告訴你正確的。
『貳』 有關美國文化的英語文章
21世紀的美國 文化 是兼容性和進取性很強的文化,同時又是開放性和寬容性很強的文化。它兼容並收,各種文化現象都可以產生並存在。下面是我帶來的有關美國文化的英語 文章 ，歡迎閱讀!
有關美國文化的英語文章篇一
Marriage of American Style美式婚姻
"I do." To Americans those two words carry great meaning. They can even change your life. Especially if you say them at your own wedding. Making wedding vows is like signing a contract. Now Americans don't really think marriage is a business deal. But marriage is serious business.
「我願意」這句話對美國人而言具有重大意義，它甚至可以改變你的生命，特別是當你在自己的婚禮上說出這句話時，在婚禮中所發的誓言就如同簽訂契約一樣，美國人並不是真把婚姻當作商業交易，但是，結婚確實是件嚴肅的事情。
It all begins with engagement. Traditionally, a young man asks the father of his sweetheart for permission to marry her. If the father agrees, the man later proposes to her. Often he tries to surprise her by "popping the question" in a romantic way.
結婚是從訂婚開始，在傳統上，年輕人會請求他的女朋友的父親允許他娶她，如果女方的父親答應，之後方可向女方求婚。通常男方會試著以羅曼蒂克的方式「提出這個問題」以帶給女方驚喜。
Sometimes the couple just decides together that the time is right to get married. The man usually gives his fiancee a diamond ring as a symbol of their engagement. They may be engaged for weeks, months or even years. As the big day approaches, bridal showers and bachelor's parties provide many useful gifts. Today many couples also receive counseling ring engagement. This prepares them for the challenges of married life.
有時候雙方會覺得現在結婚正是時候，於是男方通常會送女方鑽戒做為互訂終身的象徵。他們可能訂婚幾個星期、幾個月，甚至幾年，當大喜的日子接近時，賀禮贈送會和單身漢俱樂部都會贈送許多實用的禮物。今天有許多訂婚的男女在訂婚期間接受咨詢服務，這是為了讓他們有準備接受婚姻生活的挑戰。
At last it's time for the wedding. Although most weddings follow long-held traditions, there's still room for American indivialism. For example, the usual place for a wedding is in a church. But some people get married outdoors in a scenic spot. A few even have the ceremony while skydiving or riding on horseback! The couple may invite hundreds of people or just a few close friends. They choose their own style of colors, decorations and music ring the ceremony. But some things rarely change. The bride usually wears a beautiful, long white wedding dress. She traditionally wears "something old, something new, something borrowed and something blue." The groom wears a formal suit or tuxedo. Several close friends participate in the ceremony as attendants, including the best man and the maid of honor.
最後就是婚禮了，雖然大多的婚禮仍沿襲長久以來的傳統，但是美國人的個人主義仍有其空間，例如，通常婚禮的地點是在教堂，但是有些人卻是到戶外的風景區結婚，有些人甚至是跳傘或騎馬結婚!雙方可能邀請上百人或者只是一些熟朋友，婚禮的顏色風格，布置和音樂都由他們自己決定，但有些事是不太會變的;新娘通常都穿著美麗的白色結婚禮服，按照傳統她必須穿的衣服上包括了：一些舊的，一些新的，一些借來的，及一些藍色的東西。新郎則穿著正式的西裝或燕尾晚禮服，幾位熟朋友參加婚禮並協助幫忙，包括了伴郎和伴娘。
As the ceremony begins, the groom and his attendants stand with the minister, facing the audience. Music signals the entrance of the bride's attendants, followed by the beautiful bride. Nervously, the young couple repeats their vows. Traditionally, they promise to love each other "for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health." But sometimes the couple has composed their own vows. They give each other a gold ring to symbolize their marriage commitment. Finally the minister announces the big moment: "I now pronounce you man and wife. You may kiss your bride!"
當典禮開始時，新郎和伴郎和牧師站在一起，面對觀眾，音樂一起，表示伴娘入場，後面就跟著美麗的新娘。年輕的男女雙方緊張地跟著說出他們的誓言，傳統上而言，他們會承諾要彼此相愛，「不論好、壞、貧、富、生病時或健康時」，但是有時候，他們也可能自己編一套自己的誓言，他們互贈金戒指以此表示結婚的承諾，最後牧師宣布這重大的時刻：「我現在宣布你們成為夫妻，你可以親吻你的新娘!」
At the wedding reception, the bride and groom greet their guests. Then they cut the wedding cake and feed each other a bite. Guests mingle while enjoying cake, punch and other treats. Later the bride throws her bouquet of flowers to a group of single girls. Tradition says that the one who catches the bouquet will be the next to marry. During the reception, playful friends "decorate" the couple's car with tissue paper, tin cans and a "Just Married" sign. When the reception is over, the newlyweds run to their "decorated" car and speed off. Many couples take a honeymoon, a one- to two-week vacation trip, to celebrate their new marriage.
在結婚宴會上，新娘新郎向賓客問候.然後切結婚 蛋糕 並互相喂對方一口。賓客們在享受蛋糕、飲料及其他的食物時就混在一起交談。之後新娘將捧花投向一群單身女孩，傳統說接到捧花的女孩會成為下一位新娘。在婚宴上，愛鬧的朋友用面紙、鋁罐和「新婚」標志「裝飾」禮車，宴會結束後，新婚的小倆口就跑向他們「裝飾完成」的禮車，迅速地離開，許多夫妻會去渡蜜月，就是一至二星期的假期以慶祝他們的新婚。
Almost every culture has rituals to signal a change in one's life. Marriage is one of the most basic life changes for people of all cultures. So it's no surprise to find many traditions about getting married . . . even in America. Yet each couple follows the traditions in a way that is uniquely their own.
幾乎每一種文化都有儀式來表示一個人生命中的改變。結婚對於所有文化的人而言是一生中最重要的大事之一，所以會有這么多婚禮的習俗就不足為奇了，美國也不例外。然而每對新人都以自己認為獨特的方式來跟隨傳統。
有關美國文化的英語文章篇二
Pets 美國寵物
mericans love pets. And it's not just puppy love, either. Many pet owners treat their furryfriends as part of the family. Sometimes they spice up their pets' lives with entertaining videosand amusing toys. If they have an eye for fashion, pet owners can dress their pets in stylishclothes. For special occasions, they can use canine perfume to make their dogs smell, well, lessbeastly. You might say Americans treat their pets like they treat their children-sometimes evenbetter.
美國人很愛寵物，而且這不只是一種不成熟、短暫的愛。很多寵物的主人把這些毛茸茸的朋友當作家庭的一部分，有時候還為寵物准備娛樂用的錄像帶和玩具來增添它們生活的樂趣，如果寵物的主人具有流行的眼光，還會讓他們的寵物穿上時髦的衣服，在特殊的場合里，甚至為寵物噴上狗兒專用的香水，讓它們味道好聞一點，減少一些動物身上的味道。你也可以說，美國人待他們的寵物如同待他們的孩子一樣——有時甚至更好。
In America, there are more households with pets than those with children. At least 43percent of U.S. homes have pets of some sort. Exotic creatures, such as monkeys, snakes andeven wolves, find a home with some Americans. More common pets include tropical fish, miceand birds. But the all-time favorites are cats and dogs, even at the White House. The Clintons'cat, Socks, has replaced the Bushes' dog, Millie, as reigning First Pet. Americans sometimeshave strong feelings about whether dogs or cats make better pets. "Dog people" and "catpeople" often enjoy friendly rivalries.
在美國，有寵物的家庭比有孩子的家庭還多。至少百分之四十三的美國家庭有寵物，有些美國家庭養一些外國品種的動物，例如猴子、蛇、甚至狼;比較常見的寵物有熱帶魚、老鼠、和鳥。不過，一直廣受歡迎的是貓和狗，連白宮也不例外。柯林頓總統的貓——襪子，已經取代了布希的狗——米利，成為神氣的「第一寵物」。美國人有時候很在乎到底最好的寵物是貓還是狗，「愛狗的人」和「愛貓的人」喜歡開玩笑地彼此爭辯。
Leading a dog's life in America isn't such a bad thing. Many grocery stores sell gourmet petfoods to owners eager to please their pets. In Houston, Texas, dogs can have their dinnerdelivered to their homes, just like pizza. Well-to-do canines can attend doggy daycare centerswhile their owners work. Pets can even accompany their owners on vacation. Fancy hotels arebeginning to accommodate both man and beast. Furry guests at Four Seasons Hotels canenjoy gourmet meals served on fine china and sleep in soft beds.
在美國，狗所過的生活並不壞，很多雜貨店都賣有寵物美食，讓主人可以討好他們的寵物。在德州的休斯敦市，狗兒還能享用專程送到家的晚餐，就跟披薩一樣。家境富裕的狗兒在主人上班的時候可以去狗兒托育中心。寵物甚至可以和它們的主人一同去度假，高級飯店已經開始可以同時留宿人和寵物，這些毛茸茸的客人在四季飯店可以享用以精緻瓷器盛裝的美食，並在柔軟的床上睡覺。
Beneath the fluffy luxuries, there lies a basic American belief: Pets have a right to be treatedwell. At least 75 animal welfare organizations exist in America. These provide care and adoptionservices for homeless and abused animals. Veterinarians can give animals an incredible level ofmedical careNfor an incredible price. To pay for the high-tech health care, people can buyhealth insurance for their pets. And when it's time to say good-bye, owners can bury theirpets in a respectable pet cemetery.
在舒適奢華的享受之下，其實存在著美國人的一種基本信念：寵物有受到妥善對待的權利。美國至少有七十五個動物福利組織，他們為流浪動物及被虐待動物提供照顧與領養的服務。獸醫能提供給動物極好的醫療照顧——價格也極昂貴，若為了負擔更先進的健康醫療照顧，人們可以為他們的寵物買健康 保險 。如果和寵物道別的時機到了，主人們可以為寵物買一塊體面的墓地。
The average American enjoys having pets around, and for good reason. Researchers havediscovered that interacting with animals lowers a person's blood pressure. Dogs can offerprotection from burglars and unwelcome visitors. Cats can help rid the home of unwantedpests. Little creatures of all shapes and sizes can provide companionship and love. In manycases, having a pet prepares a young couple for the responsibilities of parenthood. Pets evenencourage social relationships: They give their owners an appearance of friendliness, andthey provide a good topic of conversation.
美國人一般都喜歡有寵物為伴，這是有原因的。研究人員發現，與動物為伍能夠降低人的血壓。狗能防止小偷及不受歡迎的訪客。貓能幫忙清除家裡討人厭的害蟲和有害的小動物。任何種類及大小的小寵物都能帶給人們相伴與愛的感覺。很多時候，擁有一隻寵物能幫助年輕夫妻做為人父母責任的准備。寵物甚至有助於人際關系：它們使主人們看起來更友善，並且也帶給人們一個交談的好話題。
Pets are as basic to American culture as hot dogs or apple pie. To Americans, pets are notjust property, but a part of the family. After all, pets are people, too.
寵物是美國文化中很基本的一部分，就如熱狗和蘋果派一樣。對美國人而言，寵物不僅僅是他們所擁有的一樣東西而已，它是家庭的一部分。畢竟，寵物也是「人」啊!
有關美國文化的英語文章篇三
Friendship 美式友誼
Steve and Yaser first met in their chemistry class at an American university. Yaser was aninter-national student from Jordan. He was excited to get to know an American. He wanted tolearn more about American culture. Yaser hoped that he and Steve would become good friends.
At first, Steve seemed very friendly. He always greeted Yaser warmly before class.Sometimes he offered to study with Yaser. He even invited Yaser to eat lunch with him. Butafter the semester was over, Steve seemed more distant. The two former classmates didn't seeeach other very much at school. One day Yaser decided to call Steve. Steve didn't seem veryinterested in talking to him. Yaser was hurt by Steve's change of attitude. "Steve said we werefriends," Yaser complained. "And I thought friends were friends forever."
Yaser is a little confused. He is an outsider to American culture. He doesn't understandthe way Americans view friendship. Americans use the word friend in a very general way. Theymay call both casual acquaintances and close companions "friends". Americans have schoolfriends, work friends, sports friends and neighborhood friends. These friendships are based oncommon interests. When the shared activity ends, the friendship may fade. Now Steve andYaser are no longer classmates. Their friendship has changed.
In some cultures friendship means a strong life-long bond between two people. In thesecultures friendships develop slowly, since they are built to last. American society is one of rapidchange. Studies show that one out of five American families moves every year. Americanfriendships develop quickly, and they may change just as quickly.
People from the United States may at first seem friendly. Americans often chat easily withstrangers. They exchange information about their families, hobbies and work. They may smilewarmly and say, "Have a nice day" or "See you later." Schoolmates may say, "Let's get togethersometime." But American friendliness is not always an offer of true friendship.
After an experience like Yaser's, outsiders may consider Americans to be fickle. Learninghow Americans view friendship can help non-Americans avoid misunderstandings. It can alsohelp them make friends the American way.
Here are a few tips on making friends with Americans:
1. Visit places Americans enjoy: parties, churches, Western restaurants, parks, sportsclubs.
2. Be willing to take the first step. Don't wait for them to approach you. Americans inChina may not know you speak English. They may be embarrassed if they can't speak yourlanguage.
3. Use small talk to open the conversation. Ask them where they're from, why they cameto China, etc. Remember: Be careful to avoid personal questions about age, salary, maritalstatus and appearance.
4. Show an interest in their culture, their country or their job. (Americans like to talk aboutthemselves!)
5. Invite them to join you for dinner or just for coffee or tea. Try to set a specific time.Americans sometimes make general invitations like "Let's get together sometime." Often this isjust a way to be friendly. It is not always a real invitation.
6. Don't expect too much at first. Maybe they're just being friendly. But maybe they dowant to be your good friends. It will take time to tell.
People like Yaser shouldn't give up trying to make American friends. Americans do valuestrong, life-long friendships, even with non-Americans. When making friends, it helps to have agood dose of cultural understanding.
史帝夫和亞瑟最初是在一所美國大學的化學課上認識的。亞瑟是從約旦來的國際學生。他很興奮能夠認識美國人，他要更多學習美國文化;亞瑟希望他和史帝夫會成為好朋友。
剛開始史帝夫似乎非常友善，上課前他總是熱情地和亞瑟打招呼，有時他和亞瑟一起讀書;他甚至邀請亞瑟一起共進午餐。但是學期結束後，史帝夫似乎較冷淡了，這兩個以前的同學在學校不常碰面了。有一天，亞瑟決定打電話給史帝夫，史帝夫似乎沒有興趣和他講話，對於史帝夫態度的改變，亞瑟感到受傷害。「史帝夫曾說我們是朋友，」亞瑟抱怨，「而且我認為一朝是朋友就永遠是朋友。」
亞瑟有點困惑了，對於美國文化，他是個局外人(外行)。他不了解美國人對友誼的看法。美國人把「朋友」這個字用得非常廣泛，一般的泛泛之交和親密夥伴都算是朋友。美國人的朋友包含有學校的朋友、工作的朋友、運動的朋友或是街坊鄰居。這些友誼都是建立在共同的興趣上，當共同從事的活動結束時，友誼也可能跟著消失了。現在，史帝夫和亞瑟不再是同學，他們的「友誼」也就改變了。
在一些文化里，友誼意即兩人之間一種強烈的，一世之久的情感。在這些文化里，友誼發展得慢，因為要持久。但美國是個急速變化的社會，有些研究發現每年每五個美國家庭之中，就有一個家庭搬家。美國人的友誼建立得快，但也可能改變得快。
從美國來的人可能剛開始看起來很親切。美國人常能很容易地和陌生人聊天，他們交換關於自己的家庭、興趣和工作的個人資料，他們可能熱情地微笑說「祝你有愉快的一天」或是「待會兒見」，而同學也許會說「我們找一天聚聚」，但是美國人的友善並不意謂真正的友誼。
經過像亞瑟的經歷之後，局外人也許會視美國人為善變的。了解美國人如何看待友誼，能夠幫助非美國人士避免誤會，也能幫助他們以美國人的方式交朋友。
以下是一些和美國人交朋友的秘訣：
1.到一些美國人喜歡去的地方：宴會、教會、西餐廳、公園和健身房。
2.樂意跨出第一步，不要等他們來接近你。在中國的美國人不知道你會不會講英語。如果他們不會講你的語言，他們可能覺得不好意思。
3.以閑聊來展開話題，問他們來自哪裡，為什麼到中國等等。切記：注意避免非常私人的問題，例如年齡、薪水、婚姻狀況和長相。
4.對他們的文化、國家或者工作表示興趣。(美國人喜歡談論自己)
5.邀請他們和你一起吃飯或喝茶。要講定時間，否則，美國人有時會用一些一般性的邀請，像「找個時間聚聚吧!」，但這只是表示友善的 方法 而非真正的邀請。
6.不要一開始就對你們的友誼期待太多，也許他們只是表示友善，但也可能他們真的要做你的好朋友，這需要時間證明。
像亞瑟一樣的人不應放棄交朋友，美國人還是看重強烈，一生之久的友誼，即使是和非美國人士。交朋友時，對於文化有某種程度的了解將會有所幫助。
『叄』 關於藝術的英語文章閱讀範文欣賞
藝術是一個開放的、流動的體系,藝術的含義是變化的,沒有固定不變的藝術規則。下面是我帶來的關於藝術的英語 文章 閱讀，歡迎大家閱讀!
關於藝術的英語文章閱讀篇一
生活的藝術The art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go.For life is a paradox: it enjoins us to cling to its many gifts even while it ordains their eventual relinquishment. The rabbis of old put it this way:”A man comes to this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies, his hand is open. ”
Surely we ought to hold fast to lift, for it is wondrous, and full of a beauty that breaks through every pore of God’s own earth. We know that this is so,but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.
We remember a beauty that faded, a love that waned. But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.
Hold fast to life but not so fast that you cannot let go. This is the second side of life’s coin, the opposite pole of its paradox: we must accept our losses, and learn how to let go.
譯文：
生活的藝術在於懂得什麼時候追求，什麼時候放棄。因為生活就是一個矛盾體：它要我們緊緊抓住它賜予我們的生命之禮，然後最終又讓它們從我們手中跑掉。老先生們說：“人們緊握著拳頭來到這個世界上，離開這個世界時卻攤開了雙手。”
當然我們應該緊緊把握生活，因為它美妙得不可思議，充滿了從上帝的每個毛孔里蹦出來的美。我們都清楚這一點，但我們常常只有在回首往事時才會想去過去，才會突然意識到過去永遠地消逝了，才會承認這個道理。
我們都記得美的褪去，愛的老去。但我們更痛苦地記得美正艷時，我們卻沒有發現，愛正濃時，我們卻沒有回應。
關於藝術的英語文章閱讀篇二
科學與藝術
I beg leave to thank you for the extremely kind and apprieciative manner in which you have received the toast of science.It is the more grateful to me to hear that toast proposed in an assembly of this kind. Because I have noticed of late years a great and growing tendency among those who were once jestingly said to have been born pre-scientific age to look upon science as an invading and aggressive force, which of it had find its own way, it would oust from the universe all other pursuits. I think there are many persons wholook upon the new birth of our times as a sort of monster rising out of the sea of modern thought with thepurpose of devouring the Andromeda of art.And now and then a Perseus, equipped with the shoes of swiftnessof the ready writer, and with the cap of invisibility of the editorial article,and it may be with the Mesa head of vituperation, shows herself ready to try conclusions with the scientific dragon. Sir, I hope that Perseus should think better of it. First, for the sake of his own, because the creature is hard of head,strong of jaw,for some time past has shown a great capacity for going over and through whatever comes in his way; and secondly, for the sake of justice, for I assure you, of my own personal knowledge if left alone, the creature is a very debonair and gentle monster.As for the Andromeda of art, the creature has the tenderest respect for the lady, and desires nothing more than to see her happily settled and annually prucing a flock of such charming children as those we see about us.
But putting parables aside, I am unable to understand how any one with a knowledge of mankind can imagine that the growth of science can threaten the development of art in any of its forms. If I understand the matter of all, science and art are the obverse and reverse of the Nature's medal; the one expressing the external order of things, in terms of feeling, and the other in terms of thought. When men no longer love norhate; when suffering causes no pity, and the tale of great deeds ceases to thrill. when the lily of the field shall seem no longer more beautifully arrayed than the Solomon in all his glory, and the owe has vanished from the snow-capped peak and deep ravine, and indeed the science may have the world to itself, but itwill not be because the monster has devoured the art, but because one side of human nature is dead, and because men have lost half of their ancient and present attributes.
請允許我為你們如此友善和贊賞地為科學乾杯而深表感謝。我尤其感激在這般友善的大會上來為科學祝酒。因為事實上近些年我確實發現有些戲稱自己是在前科學時代出生的人，正在醞釀一股很強大而且日漸強大的傾向，將科學視為入侵和佔領的勢力，而且若假以時日，必將我們宇宙其他的事物驅逐出去。我想有很多人認為我們的時代是從現代頭腦中爆發的怪物，目的就是要吞噬掉藝術的安德洛默達。時不時的，還有一位珀爾修斯，腳蹬寫作快手之超速鞋，頭戴社論文章之陰形帽，或許還安著充斥漫罵之詞的“美杜沙之腦”威風凜凜，大有與科學之龍一比高下的氣勢。但是，各位紳士，我勸這位珀爾修斯先生三思而行。首先，為了他自己的安全著想，因為這怪物腦殼堅硬，口鄂強壯，從它過往的經歷可以看出它所到之處，勢如破竹，所向披靡，無人能攔，實不易對付。再者，為正義說句話，我可以向你們保證，以我愚見，只要放任不管，它還是一個溫而文雅，無比紳士的怪物。至於藝術的安德洛默達，此怪物窮其所有的敬仰，別無他求，只希望看到她能夠安居樂業，每年都能生一大群如我們所見的快樂迷人的小孩子。
不過撇去那些比喻，我實在不能理解那些有一點人文知識的人為什麼會擔心科學的進步怎麼就會威脅到藝術的發展。依我所見，科學和藝術實乃大自然這枚聖牌的正反兩面，一個以情感的方式表達了事物的外在規律，而另外一個則是一理性的方式。當人類不再愛，也不再恨;當苦難不再引起憐憫;當壯舉不再讓人激動，當山野的百合花還比不上所羅門的榮光，當雪山之巔和萬丈深淵不再博得敬畏，那麼科學是真的統治了這個世界。但是那不是因為怪物吞噬了藝術，而是因為人性的另一面已經死亡，而是因為人類已經失去了他們從古到今的天性。
關於藝術的英語文章閱讀篇三
中國古代建築藝術
Chinese architecture is an independent art featuring wooden structures. It consists of various roof molding, upturned eaves and wings, dougong with paintings, vermilion pillars and golden roofs, ornament gates and gardening. All of these embody the maturity and artistic appeal of Chinese architecture. 7000 years ago, mortise and tenon and tongue-and-groove were used in Hemu. The buildings of Banpo village had the division of antechamber and back rooms. Great palaces were built in Shangyin period. Bricks and tiles were used and the layout of Siheyuan emerged in the Western Zhou. There are even building drawings in Spring and Autumn and the Warring States periods passed down.
中國建築體系是以木結構為特色陽的建築藝術。傳統建築叫種屋頂造型、飛檐翼角、斗拱彩畫、朱柱金頂、內外裝修門及園林景物等，充分體現出中國建築藝術的純熟和感染力。七千年前河姆渡 文化 中即有樺卵和企口做法。半坡村已有前堂後室之分。商殷時已出現高大宮室。西周時已使用磚瓦並有四合院布局。春秋戰國時期更有建築圖傳世。京邑台柵宮室內外樑柱、斗拱上均作裝飾，牆壁上飾以壁畫。
In Qin and Han, wooden building tended to be mature graally. Complex buildings, like Epang Palace, were constructed. Temples and pagodas developed rapidly in the period of Weijin and Southern and Northern dynasties. Glass tiles used in Sui and Tang made the building more glorious. The city construction in the period of Five dynasties and Song was booming. Luxury restaurants and shops with lofts and railings were very beautiful. Many palaces and private gardens built in Ming and Qing are reserved today, which are more magnificent and stately than that of the Song Dynasty.
秦漢時期木構建築日趨成熟，建築宏偉壯觀，裝飾豐富，舒展優美，出現了阿房宮等龐大的建築組群。魏晉南北朝時期佛寺、佛塔迅速發展。隋唐時期建築採用琉璃瓦，更是富麗堂皇。五代、兩宋都市建築興22，商業繁榮，豪華的酒樓、商店各有飛閣欄檻，風格秀麗。明清時代的宮殿苑固和私家園林保存至今者尚多，建築亦較宋代華麗繁瑣、威嚴自在。
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『肆』 有關讀書文化差異的英語作文4級
What leads to the cultural difference?
The cultures of the East and the West really distinguish each other a lot. This is because the culture systems are two separate systems on the whole.
The origin of the eastern cultures is mainly from two countries: China and India. Both of the two cultures are gestated by rivers. In China, the mother river is the Yellow River while the Indian one is the Hin River. These two cultures were developed for several thousand years and formed their own styles. Then in Dang Dynasty of China, the Chinese culture graally went overseas to Japan, mixed into the Japanese society and shaped the Japanese culture nowadays. Though a bit different from the Chinese one, it belongs to the same system.
When the two mother rivers gave birth to the eastern culture, another famous culture was brought up on the Mesopotamian Plain ---- the Mesopotamian Civilization. This civilization later on developed into the cultures of the Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. And these two are well-known as the base of the European culture. Like the Chinese culture, the European one also crossed waters. When the colonists of England settled down in America, their culture went with them over the Atlantic Ocean. So the American culture doesn't distinguish from the European one a lot.
At the same time, the difference of the language systems adds to the cultural differences. In the East, most languages belong to the pictographic language (see the picture below) while the Western languages are mostly based on the Latin system, for example, the one I』m using to write this paper.
Other factors like human race difference counts as well. But what』s more, e to the far distance and the steep areas between the East and West, the two cultures seldom communicate until recent centuries. So they grew up totally in their own ways with almost no interference from the other.
Pictographic charactors
Part II How differently do people behave in daily life?
The differences are everywhere. They affect people』s ways of thinking and their views of the world. Even in everyday life, the cultural differences show up from the moment the eyes are opened to the minute the dreams are invited.
In the following, I』ll give some typical example of the differences.
『伍』 關於茶文化的英語作文
幾千年來，中國不僅積累了大量的茶葉種植，生產的物質文化，而且還積累了豐富的茶文化，這是獨特的中國茶文化，文化研究領域的精神。下面是我精心為你整理的關於茶文化的英語作文，一起來看看。
關於茶文化的英語作文1
Chinese Tea History of Tea According to Lu Yu, writer of the book Tea Classics ring the Tang Dynasty, Chinese tea has enjoyed a history of more than 4000 years. Tea was used as offerings
in the West Zhou, vegetables in the Spring and Autumn period, and medicine in the Warring period. Later in the West Han dynasty, it became a major commodity.During the 300 years between the Three Kingdoms period and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, especially in the latter era, Buddhism was extremely popular. The Buddhists applied tea to relieve sleep in Za-zen, so tea trees spread along valleys and around Buddhist temples. That is why people say tea and Buddhism accompanied each other ring their development in China. Till the Tang Dynasty, tea became popular with the common people. In the Ming Dynasty, tea trade began to play an important role in the government's economic plans and the Tea and Horse Bureau was set up to supervise the tea trade. In the 6th century, a Buddhist monk brought tea to Japan and in the 16th century a Portuguese missionary introced tea to Europe.It was then that tea truly became an international drink. Presently in China, the tea family not only consists of traditional tea, but also tea beverage, tea food, tea medicine and other tea procts.
帶翻譯：
中國茶茶的歷史根據的魯豫,這本書的作者茶經典在唐代,中國茶享有4000多年的歷史。茶作為產品
在西方,蔬菜在春秋時期,春秋戰國和醫學。後來在西方漢代,它成為一個主要的商品。三國之間的300年期間,南北朝時期,尤其是在後者的時代,佛教是非常受歡迎的。佛教徒茶適用於緩解睡在打坐,所以茶葉樹沿著山谷和傳播佛教寺廟。這就是為什麼人們說茶和佛教在中國陪著對方在他們的發展。直到唐朝,茶成為受老百姓的歡迎。明代,茶葉貿易開始發揮重要作用在政府的經濟計劃和茶和馬局成立監督茶葉貿易。在公元6世紀,一個和尚帶了茶在日本和歐洲16世紀葡萄牙傳教士介紹了茶。就在那時,真正成為了一個國際飲料茶。目前在中國,茶的家庭不僅包括傳統茶、茶飲料、茶食品、茶葯和其他茶產品。
關於茶文化的英語作文2
The Culture of Tea
When a guest comes to my home from afar on a cold night, I light bamboo to boil tea to offer him. Ancient Chinese poem.China is the home country of tea. Before the Tang Dynasty, Chinese tea was exported by land and sea, first to Japan and Korea, then to India and Central Asia and, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, to the Arabian Peninsula. In the early period of the 17th century, Chinese tea was exported to Europe, where the upper class adopted the fashion of drinking tea. Chinese tea like Chinese silk and china has become synonymous worldwide with refined culture. At the heart of the culture of tea the study and practice of tea in all its aspects is the simple gesture of offering a cup of tea to a guest that for Chinese people today is a fundamental social custom, as it has been for centuries.China traces the development of tea as an art form to Lu Yu, known as the Saint of Tea in Chinese history, who lived ring the Tang Dynasty and who wrote The Book of Tea, the first ever treatise on tea and tea culture. The spirit of tea permeates Chinese culture, and throughout the country there are many kinds of teas, teahouses, tea legends, tea artifacts and tea customs. Better-known places to enjoy a good cup of tea in China include Beijing noted for its variety of teahouses; Fujian and Guangdong provinces and other places in the southeast of China that serve gongfu tea, a formal serving of tea in tiny cups; the West Lake in Hangzhou, also the home of the Tea Connoisseurs Association, noted for its excellent green tea; and provinces in southwest China like Yunnan where the ethnic groups less affected by foreign cultures retain tea ceremonies and customs in original tea-growing areas.
帶翻譯：
茶的文化
當一個客人從遠方來我的家在一個寒冷的晚上,我光吃煮茶給他。中國古代詩歌。中國是茶的故鄉。在唐代之前,中國茶是由陸地和海洋出口,日本和韓國,然後到印度和中亞,在明清時期,阿拉伯半島。在17世紀早期,中國茶葉出口到歐洲,喝茶的上層階級採用了時尚。中國茶喜歡中國絲綢和中國已成為全世界的精緻文化。的核心文化茶茶的研究和實踐在其所有方面的簡單手勢向客人提供一杯茶,今天中國人民是一個基本的社會風俗,它已經持續了數百年。中國茶作為一種藝術形式的發展痕跡的魯豫,稱為聖茶在中國歷史上,住在唐代和誰寫的這本書的茶,首次論述茶和茶文化。茶的精神滲透到中國文化,在全國有很多種類的茶,茶館,茶的傳說,茶工件和茶習俗。知名的地方享受一杯好茶在中國包括北京出名各種茶館;福建和廣東東南部省份和其他地方的中國工夫茶,正式的小杯茶,西湖在杭州,也茶葉鑒賞家的家協會,指出因其優秀的綠茶;和在中國西南省份雲南的少數民族不受外國文化影響保留在原始產茶地區茶儀式和習俗。
關於茶文化的英語作文3
中國茶文化
It is 4000 years since the Chinese began to grow and drink tea.
There are many kinds of tea in China, of which Longjing Tea is famous all over the world.
Tea is usually drunk in tea sets. A tea set is made up of a tea pot and some teacups, which are both made of china.
Most Chinese are fond of drinking tea. Tea is served not only at tea house and restaurants but also at home. People also drink tea ring breaks at offices or factories.
It has been discovered that drinking tea does a lot of good to people’s health. A cup of tea can make you relaxed and refreshed. And it’s said that green tea can prevent cancers. That’s why tea is becoming more and more popular with people.
At last ,I hope you can enjoy Chinese tea.
自從中國人開始種植和喝茶4000年了。
在中國有許多種茶，其中龍井茶是世界著名的。
茶通常在茶套里喝。一套茶具由一個茶壺和茶杯，都是中國製造的。
大多數中國人喜歡喝茶。茶不僅在茶館和餐館都供應，而且在家裡也有。在辦公室或工廠休息時，人們也會喝杯茶。
人們發現飲茶對人們的健康有很大的健康。一杯茶可以使你放鬆和刷新。據說綠茶能預防癌症。這就是為什麼茶越來越受人們歡迎的原因。
最後，我希望你能喜歡中國的茶。
『陸』 請問誰有張衛平 英語報刊閱讀（語言文化類）第一課The Higher Ecation of Washington 的原文翻譯！謝謝
美國加州大學洛杉磯分校將眾議員傑爾；劉易斯（加州共和黨人）刊登在今年冬季的
校刊封面上，這是對其作為優秀畢業生的一種頌揚。他與母校的關系如此密切，以至
於用加州大學洛杉磯分校的吉祥物布倫熊的名字為自己的狗取名為布倫。
但是這個在某種程度上由加州大學華盛頓政府關系辦公室策劃的封面，也是加強與美
國國會眾議員撥款委員會一名關鍵議員關系的一個精明的手段。
布希總統向國會提交的2005年度財政預算提案中削減部分基礎研究項目經費一條對高
校影響巨大，提案使高等教育團體竭盡游說之能去保護自己的利益。
列入年度預算的有聯邦政府支持的醫葯，國防，空間和物理研究，以及為農業研究站
，建築和其他地方項目的指撥款項。
20世紀90年代，高等教育團體游說就成小規模經營，涉及一些規模大的大學和少量華
盛頓K街的企業。
高等院校仍然迴避與有組織的政治募捐活動和競選廣告---現代游說的慣用手段。零
利潤的現狀和州法律阻止了他們中的許多院校參與其中。
然而這些並沒有妨礙高等教育產業大力增加在華盛頓露面的次數。
「考慮到各種情況，想要增加國會的注意力獲得資助並不能單靠在口袋裡裝著活動經
費這一種手段」，加州大學負責政府關系的副校長A*司各特*說道。
去年，超過150所的高等院校為了游說活動花費了數百萬美元，這其中包括增加經費
，與學生辦簽證有關的法規，幹細胞研究，助學金，和國土安全問題。
例如，范 斯科約克合夥公司（美國游說公司，建於1990年），擁有55所大學客戶。
立法者和國會職員每周幾次成群結隊的前往位於美國國會山腳下的立憲大街的公司辦
事處用早餐。
在2002年選舉中， 范 斯科約克合夥公司對候選人或政黨捐贈493次，共計約25萬美
元。
美國超黨派機構「政治反饋中心」顯示，單個教授和學院行政官員也在一直在增加他
們的政治捐贈。
該中心顯示出在2003年頭三季度大學雇員對總統候選人的捐贈總數超過240萬美元。
主要捐贈接受人為霍華德 第安。他收到了719000美元，這大部分來自於加州大學，
哈弗大學，埃默里大學，斯坦福大學和達特茅斯學院的雇員。
緊隨其後的是布希，他收到的68萬美元的捐贈主要來自於德克薩斯大學，范德比爾特
大學，芝加哥大學，辛辛那提大學和斯坦福大學。
波德斯塔馬圖恩游說與公共關系公司華盛頓游說部在2003年頭六個月收到30萬美元，
公司為其所代表的美國科學家聯合協會---60個頂級研究院校，尋求增加基礎研究經
費投入。
公司為包括劉易斯在內的立法者組織科學研討會和周期性的「健康早餐」來表彰他們
在立法中對科學事業的支持。
「我們的信息就是我們的力量」，一個波德斯塔馬圖恩的說客米歇爾泰西爾說道。
今年的賭注異常的高。因為國會准備重新審批《高等教育法案》，許多大學正為此緊
張准備。
監督後中等教育的美國眾議員教育和老公委員會主席，議員霍華德。P 「巴克」麥克
翁（加州議員）提出阻止公共機構參與相關助學金計劃，如果他們在連續三年中均超
過通脹率兩倍的比例增加學費和雜費的話。
「高等教育團體對此感到憤怒，但是國會議員感到這是一種危機，並且當前的形勢是
難以接受的」，麥克翁的代言人瓦爾坦，狄翰林說。
在星期一披露的預算中，布希削減了大部分的基礎研究經費，僅對美國國家健康研究
院和美國國家科學基金會增加了少量資金援助。
美國大學協會主席尼耳斯。哈塞爾莫嚴厲譴責這項研究經費提案，指出這項提案包含
了「對國家長期安全至關重要的國防研究計劃經費的兩位數的削減」。
此次預算重點的轉移影響到了一些美國最有威望的大學。例如。美國國家健康研究院
每年為哈弗提供的2億7千萬美元。加州大學系統依賴於華盛頓政府為其15萬名學生中
的多數提供的學費補貼，以及其三個國家科學實驗室，五個醫療研究中心，農業研究
院和大批畢業生及大學生計劃。
「值得焦慮的是我們所處的這種---看不到預算會增加的環境，我們確實對此感到擔
憂」，AAU的高級聯邦關系官員托賓。L 。史密斯說。
去年在參議員財政保守派阻止參議員阿倫。斯網路特在參議員會議上提出的在經費議案中給國家健康協會資金增加一百五十萬美元的提案時就可以明顯看到日益增長的預算壓力。
自己的譯法：
日益增長的財政預算壓力在去年就已明顯的表現出來。當時參議員阿倫；斯網路特在參議員會議上提出在經費法案中給國家健康協會增加15億美元的資金，被參議員保守派阻止。
采訪時，斯網路特（賓斯法尼亞州共和黨成員）對高等教育團體在那些問題上彬彬有禮的游說方式感到遺憾。
「大學院校們在政治上的表現沒有他們應該表現的那樣活躍。/沒有表現出他們應有的活躍」，斯網路特表示，「他們應該認出那些投票反對資助國家健康協會的人，回他們的州去工作，防止承包商咄咄逼人的進入。我沒有別的意思，只是說生意方面。」
但是華盛頓加利福尼亞大學9人游說團團長蘇達斯說，他的游說團已經拒絕了組建政治行動委員會或採用「激烈的」游說方式的提議。相反，大學利用他們在加州巨大的民間影響來增進它的利益。
『柒』 要5篇分類英語閱讀：動植物，人物，科技發明，中西方文化介紹（節日），地理知識。要5道練習題及答案
動植物:
Plants are very important living things. Life could not go on if there were no plants. This is because plants can make food from air， water and sunlight. Animals and man cannot make food from air， water and sunlight. Animals get their food by eating plants and other animals. Therefore animals and man need plants in order to live. This is why we find that there are so many plants around us. If you look carefully at the plants around you， you will find that there are two kinds of plants： flowering plants and non-flowering plants. Flowering plants can make seeds. The seeds are protected by the fruits. Some fruits have one seed， some have two， three or four， and some have many seeds. But a few fruits have no seeds at all. An example of a fruit without seeds is the banana fruit. Most non-flowering plants do not grow from seeds. They grow from spores(胚芽)。 Spores are very small. Some spores are so small and light that they can float in the air. We may say that spores are quite the same as seeds. When these spores are all on wet and shady places， they usually grow into new plants.
. The main idea of the first paragraph is that ______.
A. plants are important for life
B. plants cannot grow without air
C. there are many plants in the world
D. we can not live without water
2. Plants can make food from______.
A. flower， water and air
B. water， sunlight and air
C. air， water and soil
D. air， sun and light
3. What can we infer(推斷) from the passage ?
A. Of all living things animals are most important
B. Spores are seeds
C. All fruits of flowering plants have seeds
D. Without plants， man will die out
4. This passage may be taken from______.
A. a medicine book
B. a novel
C. a science magazine
D. an experiment report
5. The underlined word 「protected」 in the third paragraph can be replaced by ______.
A. damaged B. polluted C. prevented D. guarded
1-5 ABDCD
『捌』 關於文化差異的英語文章
不同的自然環境和社會背景孕育了不同的 文化 。下面是我帶來的關於文化差異的英語 文章 ，歡迎閱讀!
關於文化差異的英語文章1
Cultural differences
There are plenty of. people in the world. They come from different countried, have their own race, belief and way of life. What is more, their culture is different from others'. So, there is no doubt that cultural difference exist among lots of countries, especially between eastern and western countries.
Compared with the way of life, eastern people always have a bath in the evening or at night in order to relax themselves after one-day's hard work while western people take a bath in the morning. so as to keep freshly for the whole day. In general, it is true, especially for Chinese people. We, Chinese people would like to take baths at night rather than in the morning. It is a kind of habits we behave all the time.
Compared with the relationships, differences are as follow: firstly, eastern people like to make friends, sometimes through their friends, parents, relatives. While western people behave a little shyly. They do not want to make friends all the time. Secondly, eastern people would like to hang out with the person they do not know about quite a lot. while western people just like going out with the person whom they get along well with.
Finally, eastern people have much more friends than western people for their quite different way of getting along with. their friends. There is no doubt that eastern people are more outgoing than western people, so I agree with these a lot.
As for way of solving problems, eastern people always deal with things indirectly. They pay much attention to many things around them, and always work for a long time to solve the problem. However, western people just go straight the heart of the problem and solve it directly and efficiently. As far as I am concerned, this difference between eastern and western people is quite normal and correct. Eastern people, especially Chinese people care about things around them a lot, they always want to satisfy everyone's need, so that they spend much more time to solve a problem than western people.
As for way of thinking, people in eastern areas usually think indirectly. They used to think about the things around them a lot and try to deal with things in a reasonable even perfect way. However, in comparison with the eastern people, people in the western areas often think directly. They pay less attention to the things around them and care much more about themselves. Honestly speaking, I disagree to this.In my opinion, everyone is special and has their right and obligations to do things. There is no need for us to critise others and what we should do is to respect their own. decision.
There are a lot of differences between eastern and western culture. These are the symbols of their own characteristics and we need time to dig out more differences so as to learn more about them. Most importantly, we must respect their culture firstly!
關於文化差異的英語文章2
The difference between chinese and western culture
With the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding e to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows.
First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have certain basic needs. Our fundamental needs for things that keep us alive. This is the physioligical need. All indivials must eat in order to survive. But what people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. No society views everything in its environment that is edible and might provide nurishment as food. Americans eat oysters but not snail. The French eat snails but not locusts. The Jews eat fish but not pork. The Hins eat pork but not beef. The Russiand eat beef but not snake. We all have ideas about what kinds of food are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of food are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the food that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. Dislike is not the only reason why some culture will not eat a certain food. In some clture, certain foods are taboo. Sometimes the food taboos may be so strong thrat just the thought of eating forbidden foods can cause an indival to feel ill. We can also find culture difference in way of bring up children treating the early, greeting each other, saying and spending money before other people do in everyday, but in some English-speaking countries, people do not agree with us. We chinese may enjoy something that is not usually consider as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we perfer to have thing hot and much emphasis on the taste. We eat from one plate when we are eating with others, and we like to seat one by one, and in the shape of a round. On the opposite, some English-speaking contries, most of the people like to seat in two rows, two people face to face. They have their own plate. On the aspect of table manners, there are many differences between chinese and English-speaking people. For example, in some Englishi-speaking countries, Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use the knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. They should not start eating before your host does or instructs to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. When finished, place the knife and fork together at five o’clock with the fork on the left. It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If need to take an urgent call, excuse self and go outside. Try to eat all the food you are served. But in China, the table manners are different. Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and tap fingers on the table to show appreciation. When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect.
Secondly, the way of communication. Form birth to death, communication plays an integral part in our life. There are some language problems, including the different styles of using language such as direct, indirect; expansive, succinct; argumentative, conciliatory; instrumental, harmonnizing; and so on. These different styles can lead to wrong interpretations of intent and evaluation of insincerity, aggreeiveness, deviousness, or arrogance, among other. The misinterpretation nonverbal signs and symbols such as gestures, postures, and other body movements. It is a definite communication barrier. But it is possible to learn the meanings of these observable message,usually in informal rather ways. It is more difficult to understand the less obvious unspoken codes of the other cultures. Language, as the carrier of culture, is created ring the process of human beings’ proctive labor and serves as the tool of communication to convey the message between people. However, it has been endowed with magic and power in particular language acts. As the old saying goes, troubles come out of the tongue. Superstitious people think that the language itself can bring about fortune or misfortune so that taboos to restrict the use of language are created. Anyone who violates them will get punishment, whereas those who faithfully obey the restrictions of language taboo will get protection. Furthermore, linguistic taboos change with the development of society .The paper firstly analyzes the evolution of linguistic taboo. It is indicated in the paper that linguistic taboo exists in almost every aspect of people’s life and is a universal social phenomenon in China and Britain. Both Chinese and English cultures are in agreement about linguistic taboos such as pronunciation taboo, and vocabulary taboo. However, influenced by different cultural backgrounds, ideologies and the concepts of value, Chinese and English linguistic taboos also have differences, as is discussed in the paper from the aspects of taboo subjects, taboo numbers and names. At last, this paper puts forward two effective ways of avoiding taboo, that is, using euphemism and having a good knowledge of the taboo culture. And this discussion would help English learners improve their ability of cross-cultural communication and achieve better communicational effects. For example, During the feudal times, people were not equal to the rulers and were suppressed by their superiors. The distinction between the upper and the lower classes was also reflected in the evaluation of the language used by them respectively. The words of upper class used were considered good and elegant while those used by the lower class were regarded as vulgar and indecent and should be avoided in the speech of ladies and gentlemen. In modern society, as a result of the development of science and technology, many natural phenomena are no longer mysterious. Human beings not only constantly improve their abilities to exploit the world where they are living through their great wisdom and knowledge, but also make efforts to explore the extraterrestrial world. Science has much more say in today’s society. Thereby, the superstitious elements in linguistic taboos decrease while those reflecting spiritual civilization increase.
In short, by comparison, we can find that both Chinese and English communication reflect people’s psychology for good will, for safety and fortune and pleasantness. The Chinese and English people restrict their words and deeds through taboos, trying to keep a harmonious relationship between human and nature, or between people and society. They are a reflection of people’s pursuit of freedom and equality.
The most important, the different way of family structure, family values and family ecation. Family structure is the big difference between east and west, traditional chinese, amony many other Asians, repect their elders and feel a deep sense of ty toward them. Children repay their parents` sacrifices by being successful and supporting them in old age. This is accepted as a natural part of life in China. In contrast, taking care of aged parents is often viewed as a tremendous burden in the English-speaking countries, where aging and family support are not honored highly. In some English-speaking countries are still extrmely family-oriented. They are dedicated to helping their children and will sacrifice greatly for their children to get an edcuation. In turn, the children are devoted to their parents, who often live nearby. Grown children who go away and leave the country for the economic reasons typically send large parts of their salary home to their parents and the rest of the family. Or in some Asia, any decisions or actions are done from family consideration, not indivial desires. Peope`s behavior is judged on whether it brings shame or pride to the family. The children are trained to rely on their families, to honor elderly people, and to fear foreigners. And many of them think that their actions in this life will influence their status in the next life.
The way of family edcation is also the different. We all know the family ecation is the elementary ecation for children. Many serious problems have appeared in our ecation system in recent years. Almost everyone has realized the importance of solving these problems and many people have presented a lot of valuable suggestions. There are many types of family ecation in the world and each of them shows distinctive features and is closely responsive to its culture. And American family ecation is the most famous one among them. There are great differences in the concepts of ecation, methods of ecation and results of ecation between East family ecation and West family ecation. In some English-speaking countries, parents’ aims are to train their children to have the ability of adapting to environmental variety and the ability of living independently. Based on this concept, most American parents emphasize more to train their children’s ability of independence once they are born. They generally believe that children’s growth must rely on their own experiences, because they think that children should form a self-supporting will and the capacity to live independently since their childhood. And the capacity comes from the training in the early age. The so-called training contains many aspects, such as work, temper will, patience, the spirit of hard work, etc. However, the most fundamental training is the ability of adapting to hard conditions. Through the process of work, children will form the labor sense, learn some work skills and form a habit of labor. Besides, children can learn how to overcome difficulties, temper their willpower, develop their talents and skills, rich their knowledge, and form a habit of hard work and thrifty by working in hard conditions. It is just in the unconsciously process that children will obtain the independent survivability and take the responsibilities for the society. Compared with some English-speaking countries, Chinese parents have a very different concept of children’s ecation. Some parents in China only care about whether the children have a promising future, a good job, a good life or not. Based on these expectations, the majority of parents feel that their responsibility for their children is to create as good conditions as possible they can so that the children will not worry about anything in the future. Chinese parents would like to provide everything what they can for their children in the process of children’s growth. In short, they would like to sacrifice anything if their children can live better with their help. Therefore, in the process of children’s growth, the most important thing the parents concerning is to developing their children’s intellect, except for caring children’s daily life. In order to make their children have a good performance in study, become outstanding, or even become a famous person in the future, they would not let children do anything except studying. As for the children’s independence, civic awareness and their ability adapting to the society in the future, they consider little or not at all. From these aspects we can find the obvious differences of family ecation between America and China.
When we faced with those difference between West and East, we should give some advice to solve these problems. According to the three big difference that pointed, we should find some way to deal with these problems.
We can study other languages and learn to expect in nonvwebal forms and other cultural aspects. We can train ourselves to meet intercultural encounters with more attention to situation details. We can use an investigative approach rather than stereotypes and preconceptions. We can graally expose ourselves to differences so that they become less threatening. We can even learn to lower our tension level when needed to advoid triggering defensive reactions. The overall goal should be to achieve intercultural communication competence.
So the ideal solution to rece the problems are to share knowledge with others in communication. This is why it is easiest to communicate with other members of the same group. This is why people so often gather together socially with others who are very much like them. Since intercultural communication is communication with members of different cultual groups, and therefore, because we do not share knowledge, assumptions, values, and forms of discourse with them, we must expect there to be problems of interpretation. We must look for these problems, anticipate where they will arise out of our differences, and then plan our aommunications to be as effective as possible.
However, we have to remember that, most of the time, the different ways that are the customs of dfferent cultures are neither right nor wrong. It is simply that different people do the same tings in different manners, even though we can not understand ,we should show the respect. I believe this is the best way to make our life become more comfortable and make the world more harmonious.