高考英語閱讀理解江蘇

❶ 經歷過江蘇高考的英語學霸們，請告訴我：高考英語閱讀理解如何拿滿分

英語閱讀題技巧，我個人的經驗，三步：
1.迅速將整篇文章分解，理出文章結構；
2.迅速抓住文章敘述的主題；
3.迅速找出各部分的中心意思，並找出表達中心意思的句子。

做到這3步，基本上這篇文章不用逐字讀完就可以答對接下來的題目。

先說一下，英語文章，尤其是用於考試的閱讀文章，其結構都有非常明顯的典型性，一般結構為主題段，論述段落，總結及結論段，乃至超長的江蘇卷也不過是在這個大框架內。

以一篇文章5段為例：

一般第一段為主題段，也就是說，整篇文章要表達的主題一定會出現在這里，你要做的就是迅速把中心句找出來，一般來說，中心句會出現在倒數第2句或第1句，簡單一點的文章會在第1句就出現，如果考題出得比較難，也可能需要自己總結，但就算需要自己總結中心句，也一定能在該段落中找出代表中心意思的詞；

接下來第二、三、四段，各段將對第一段提出的主題意思進行論述或分步驟分析，也就是說，每個段落都會有進階的主題，即個各分論點，所以你要做的同樣是迅速把它們找出來，位置和方法相同；

最後一段為全文的總結，並會對結論進行進一步的分析，或做推測，或作評論，這也是一個出題點，你要做的就是抓住總結的主旨和對其進一步分析的結論。

當然並不會所有文章都是5段，例如有的主題段落會有2段甚至更多，論點段落可能只有2段或多達4段以上（但一般不超過3段），難一點的文章里每個分論點也可能不止一段，我這里只是以5段為例，解釋的是文章的結構，或者說一般構成，通過這個規律可以迅速將文章進行分解，進而掌握各部分的要點。

下面分析一下出題要點，或者說出題規律（如果題不會出得很偏的話），以一篇閱讀文5題為例，一般為1個主題、1個分論點、2個細節題、1個結論或對結論的分析、推測。

可見掌握文章主題、分論點及結論分析就可以答對3/5，這是不需要逐字逐句讀完全文的，而2個細節題怎麼辦呢，就需要通過題目提供的信息迅速分析出其所在的分論點，然後回到該分論點段落找到與這題相符的句子，一般如果題出得簡單的話會是原句照搬，難一點的話會換個表達方式，再難一點則會繞個圈設個陷阱，這就需要非常小心，一定要捨得多花2秒鍾把這句話和前後兩句反復閱讀，挖出陷阱。這樣的話5道題都可以迎刃而解了，這就叫針對性解題。

說一下我的閱讀答題習慣吧，一般我第一時間會先看題，並且非常認真的理解每道題的意思，提取有用的信息，雖然一般並不容易只通過問題一下子就找出文章主題，但一定能找到跟主題有關的詞和信息，並且至少知道文章是在討論某個東西還是在敘述某件事，也就是說是議論文、說明文，還是敘述文，然後迅速按上面的三步走，這樣帶著問題掃讀全文，連細節題也可以非常迅速的找出來，最後將問題一一對應，全部解決！

方法交給你了，接下來就是多多練習，只有多練才能練到爐火純青的地步，最後做閱讀題簡直是輕松+愉快！

好了，說了這么多，希望對你有所幫助！

❷ 2012年高考英語江蘇卷 - 閱讀理解A

What Would You Want Most on a Desert Island?
待在荒島上，你最想要什麼？

This month』s survey shows people worldwide have a natural understanding of what they would need most if left alone on a desert island: another person. And one they know well. Respondents in all 16 countries surveyed said their spouse or partner would betheir first choice to have with them. Perhaps this makes sense: An MP3 playercant help you find drinking water, your dog cant help you start a fire and who knows if George Clooney or Penelope Cruz has taken courses in wilderness survival training? Let』s just hope the SOS sign you two build gets spotted sooner rather than later!
本月的調查顯示，全世界的人們都天然理解，如果獨自留在荒島上，他們最需要的是什麼：另一個人，而且是個熟人。接受調查的16個國家的調查對象均表示，他們的配偶或伴侶將會是他們最想要在身旁的第一選擇。或許這有道理：一個MP3播放器無法幫你找到飲用水，你的狗沒辦法幫你點火，誰知道喬治·克魯尼和佩內洛普·克魯茲有沒有接受過野外生存訓練呢？我們只能希望你們兩個做的SOS求救信號能夠盡早被人見到。

"My husband, of course! George Clooney wouldn't think I'm as pretty as my husband does!"
「當然是我丈夫！喬治·克魯尼不會像我丈夫那樣認為我漂亮！」

Roseane, 42, Brazil（巴西）

「My MP3 player. I would not want my loved ones, including my pet, to be left alone like this."
「我的MP3播放器。我不想讓我所愛的人，包括我的寵物，像這樣被單獨留下。」

Co-Co, 28, China（中國）

"My partner should be there to listen to me complain about the fact that we are left alone on an island—probably e to some error he made."
「我的伴侶應該在那裡聽我抱怨，我們被單獨留在一個島上——可能是因為他犯了一些錯誤。」

Julia, 25, Jordan （約旦）

Spouse/Partner
配偶/伴侶

82% of the South African women surveyed would most want their husband/partner with them, while just 45%of the Indian women surveyed agreed.
82%的南非女性調查對象最想要自己的丈夫/伴侶在自己身邊，而印度女性只有45%。

Clooney/Cruz
27% of Russian men surveyedwould want a celebrity along. Only 2% of the Mexican men agreed. Less than 18% of women worldwide chose this option.
克魯尼/克魯茲
27%的俄羅斯男性調查對象表示他們想要一個名人陪伴自己，而墨西哥男性只有2%。全球選擇這個選項的女性不到18%。

MP3 Player
MP3播放器

This was second choice overall, particularly among Malaysian men, with 32% saying they』d most want an MP3 player with their favorite songs. Just 5% of Australian and American men agreed.
這是總體上第二多人選的選項，尤其是馬來西亞男性中有32%的人最想要充滿自己喜歡音樂的MP3播放器，而澳大利亞和美國男性只有5%。

Dog
狗

In France, 28% of respondents older than 45 would most want to be left alone with their dog, while not a single Russian or Malaysian in that age group surveyed would most want Fido along.
在法國，大於45歲的調查對象中有28%希望自己和他們的狗留下，而俄羅斯或馬來西亞同一年齡段中卻沒有人最想要狗的陪伴。

❸ 2014年高考英語江蘇卷 - 閱讀理解C

Most damagingly, anger weakens a person』s ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.
最具破壞性的是，憤怒削弱了一個人清晰思考和控制自己行為的能力。憤怒的人在評估引起他憤怒的人或情況的情感意義時會失去客觀性。

Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces.In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated.We no longer regard els as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person』s awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another.
並非每個人都以同樣的方式經歷憤怒；激怒一個人的事可能會逗樂另一個人。基於生物和文化力量，憤怒的具體表達也因人而異。在當代文化中，憤怒的身體表達通常被認為對社會危害太大，無法容忍。我們不再將決斗視為一個人意識到另一個人的侮辱行為而產生的憤怒的適當表達。

Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren』t balanced and, as a result of this, we』re likely to react.And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.
憤怒可以在大腦中識別出來，那裡的電活動會發生變化。在大多數情況下，腦電圖(腦電圖) 電活動測量顯示左右前額葉的活動平衡(額葉前部) 區域。在行為上，這與一般的公平處置相對應(意向) 我們大多數人擁有大部分時間。但當我們憤怒時，左右前額葉的腦電圖並不平衡，因此，我們可能會做出反應。我們對憤怒的行為反應不同於我們對其他情緒的反應，無論是積極的還是消極的。
憤怒可以在大腦中識別出來，那裡的電活動會發生變化。在大多數情況下，腦電圖對電活動的測量顯示左右前額葉區域的活動平衡。從行為上來說，這與我們大多數人在大多數時候所擁有的一般中立意向相對應。但當我們憤怒時，左右前額葉的腦電圖並不平衡，因此，我們可能會做出反應。我們對憤怒的行為反應不同於我們對其他情緒的反應，無論是積極的還是消極的。

Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious.But anger is an exception to this pattern.The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger.This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy towards the indivial who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.
大多數積極情緒都與趨向行為有關：我們更接近我們喜歡的人。相比之下，大多數負面情緒都與迴避行為有關：我們遠離我們不喜歡或讓我們焦慮的人和事。但憤怒是這種模式的一個例外。我們越憤怒，就越有可能走向憤怒的目標。這與心理學家所說的冒犯性憤怒相對應：憤怒的人走近一些，以影響和控制引起他憤怒的人或情況。這種方法和對抗行為伴隨著腦電圖活動的左前額葉不對稱。有趣的是，如果憤怒的人能夠體驗到對做出憤怒反應的人的同理心，這種不對稱就會減輕。相反，在防禦性憤怒中，腦電圖的不對稱性指向右側，憤怒的人在憤怒激發的情況下感到無助。

❹ 2019江蘇高考英語任務型閱讀

江蘇這種任務型閱讀題型屬於概括填空題，也就是對原文篇章結構信息概括，取空多為關鍵要考查的信息詞，這種題型和四選一的完形填空還不一樣，這個沒有備選，而且是原文很多信息的paraphrase ，所以不一定是取空處一定 確切對應原文哪個信息。19年高考這篇任務文本設計的比較揉雜。因為原文敘述不好總結出欄目式且兩欄三欄這樣的層次分明的特徵性的信息。

原文從標題開始引出作者想要表達的信息——the cost of thinking ，這個標題所要表達的就是，人類intelligence 進化所經歷的痛苦和艱難歷程。

第一段，提出問題。這個基本符合寫作規律，整體也是表層概括。取空比較套路，且原文原詞就可以提示填寫，這樣的概括填空的命題效度是很低的。此空原則上並非僅僅局限於characteristics ，而與之相關的其他詞彙都可以，或者還有更好的表達法。我稱它開放空。

接下來第二段，介紹第一個特徵，且給出了細節描述，但是重點在於段末的轉折句unfortunately ，that』s not the case 。語義否定了之前的描述——……brain power more must be better 。

接下來，第三段圍繞大腦在人類進行各種活動中的能量耗費，此處把進化後的人類大腦和和類人猿的大腦能量消耗，以及把人類大腦所佔身體總重的比例等進行對比，旨在突出大腦在進化過程當中的負重和承擔的責任，呼應標題cost。此處取空energy，也是隨處可見的同詞復現。好的歸納總結和paraphrase 一定會有更好的地道的表達。接下來繼續介紹了early large brains 所承擔的cost，具體見原文敘述。

下面一段並列前面的characteristic 1提出characteristic 2——關於直立行走。一些具體細節信息的描述，等同於生物課上老師的講義。所以讀懂英語就可以了。或者能夠完全翻譯過來，這部分就不難理解。74空取空又是套路空，答案也是類似的詞彙填寫上都不能算錯誤。75空不看原文，也可以填寫幾個合適的詞彙。76空比較特殊，它屬於命題人主觀定論一類的，也就是，我出題，就想讓你填other，那你就填好了，否則，木有分數啊……。77空，很有爭議的一個空，假如拋開原文，直立行走的進化過程是大腦隨著身體能量和技能需求而在size上變小的一個過程，一個關鍵思維信息點是此處的大腦指的是它的「大小」變化，不是它的智力程度進化，文中信息也表明在漫長的直立行走進化過程中，因為人體骨骼等所能夠承受的重量和功能等原因，在直立行走前所需承重相對較小，直立行走後最初人體需要承重更大的大腦重量和消耗更多大腦所需能量，慢慢的人類形態和生理發生演化，祖先的extra large skull 逐漸變小，注意，這里用詞skull ，所以事實上，所要強調的是直立行走後人類大腦變得越來越小，這個詞相關的表達應該都是對的，至於答案給的limit原理同上面的other。最後一段，原文作者給出了比較含蓄的conclusion ，同時呼應文章標題，側重cost。直白來說brain is powerful ，physically weak。且這個過程是一個漫長而並不愉快（根據本文寫作基調）的過程。

原本想寫個針對此題的命題總結，省略了吧。其實本分析，精力允許，應該可以做出幾倍於此的內容來。至於市面上很多的試題數據信息統計和歸類，個人並不看好，數據和歸類往往是科學的研究方法，一旦使用就是可靠依據，可是哪些會是原理上可靠的呢？還有就是此題型改改名字吧，不倫不類，雲里霧里的名字。

❺ 江蘇高考英語閱讀理解的解題技巧

2017江蘇高考英語閱讀理解的解題技巧

江蘇省高考英語試卷總分120分，閱讀題(泛指完形、任務型等)占據60分，其中閱讀理解占據一半。因此，提高閱讀理解能力成了學生考得好成績的關鍵。同時，其命題特徵以及解題技巧也成為高中師生的重點研究對象之一。下面是我為大家帶來的高考英語閱讀理解的解題技巧，歡迎閱讀。

一、解讀課程標准，回顧五年高考

普通高中英語課程標准指出，基礎教育階段英語課程的總體目標是培養學生的綜合語言運用能力。本著著重培養高中生在人際交往中得體運用英語，提高學生用英語處理信息、分析、解決問題的能力及批判思維能力， 2011年到2015年江蘇高考英語閱讀理解選材呈現體裁多樣，話題廣泛，語言地道、內容新穎且貼近生活、時代感強的特點。

1. 從體裁、題材與題型方面解讀

如下圖，江蘇近五年高考閱讀理解還具以下特徵：應用文、議論文、說明文居多，記敘文向夾敘夾議過渡並逐漸被取締;常考題型有細節理解題;推理判斷題;主旨/段落大意題;詞義/句意猜測題。細節理解題及推斷題比例較大;對文化背景知識的考查已成為閱讀D篇的首選。

2. 從篇幅、字數及閱讀速度方面解讀

如下圖，近五年閱讀理解命題穩中求新。近三年閱讀理解題目設計風格相似，設置題數均為A篇2題，B篇3題，C篇4題，D篇6題，而且D篇文章篇幅均比2011年、2012年長。此外，語篇字數逐步增加，閱讀量漸大，近五年閱讀速度達每分鍾73詞～79詞，平均每篇文章要在6分鍾～8分鍾內完成。這就需要學生有較強的基本功，才能做到既有速度又有準度。由此可見，提高閱讀理解時效性是取得高分的突破口。

二、把握特點，克服障礙，探究技巧

1. 准確定位，推敲細節

細節理解題需要學生對文章中的特定細節進行辨認和判斷，多為直接性提問，難度相對較小，得分率較高，在近五年高考閱讀理解題中所佔比重較大，因此是學生奪取高分的基礎。題干中常見考查信息有六點：時間、地點、人物、原因、事件和方式，簡稱為“5W1H”。5個W代表 when，where，who，what，why;1個H即how。常見提問方式有：According to the passage，5W or 1H(when， where， who， what， why， how)________?Which of the following is typical of…?What is unique of…?例如：What are you encouraged to do when travelling in New Zealand?(2015江蘇高考57題)Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?(2014江蘇高考63題)題干中常出現一些表示人名、地名的專有名詞;表示年份、數字、百分數等數詞;大寫的名詞等定位詞。例如：Why is June 6，1990 a special day for Mommy?(2014江蘇高考65題)What can we learn from the Florida study?(2015江蘇高考62題)解題時，學生可採用讀題干、選項→讀文章→做題目的方式，通過題干定位詞，找出原文中與正確選項匹配的同義表述，確定正確選項。

2. 忠實原文，理性推理

推理判斷題常要求學生推斷文章隱含意思、作者寫作意圖、觀點態度、目標讀者、文章出處等，其中推斷文章隱含意思題較多。推斷隱含意思的題干中常用到infer，imply，suggest，conclude，indicate，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等詞。例如：By mentioning the Swiss study， the author intends to tell us that ________.(2015江蘇高考58題)What can be inferred from Mommy's Anglo family life?(2014江蘇高考68題)解題原則為立足原文推論，忌摻雜主觀臆斷。注意四個不選：對閱讀材料簡單重復而非推理的選項不選;文中沒有談及卻又符合常識的選項不選;對文中提及的內容故意增減的選項不選。屬於原文信息但並非題干要求內容的選項不選。對於其他考題，學生可根據文體特徵，結合主旨推知文章出處、作者寫作意圖;結合內容判斷作者觀點;根據措辭口吻判斷目標讀者及作者態度(主觀、客觀、肯定、否定、中立)。

3. 理清篇章結構，歸納主旨/ 段落大意

理清文章結構，不僅有助於學生把握文章脈絡結構，理解作者的觀點在文中提出、展開的途徑，還可幫助學生理解記憶文章的主要信息，學會有選擇地閱讀文章，從而提高閱讀理解速度和准確度。文章的主旨大意常可以通過文章的常見寫作方法體現出來。學生閱讀文章時，可邊分析寫作方法，邊尋找主題詞或主題句，而後總結文章主旨。“三維設計高考總復習”把文章的寫作方法分為以下幾種：倒三角形寫作法(▽)，即“總-分”結構。開門見山提出主題，用細節支撐和發展主題句;正三角形寫作法(△) ，即“分-總”結構。先表述細節，再歸納要點、結論、建議等，以概括主題思想;圓形寫作法(○)，常稱為“總-分-總”結構。作者先提出主題，結尾時再次點出主題，對文首主題進一步引申;菱形寫作法(?)開頭先呈現一種社會現象或事例，然後引申出文章的中心或主題，而後對其作進一步的解釋或發展。主題句常在文章中間出現;正方形寫作法(□)的主題隱含在全文之中，沒有明確的'主題句。建議無論主旨大意題在什麼位置出現，把主旨大意題放在最後做，因為對另外幾題的解題過程會幫助學生加深對文章的理解。

4. 突破生僻詞彙，剖析長句難句，猜測詞義/句意

高考對詞彙句意的考查並非簡單考查學生的詞彙量，而是要求學生根據上下文進行合理推測。可以常識採取以下方法：

(1)“跳過去”“猜出來”。文中出現的生僻詞，不影響理解的，學生大膽選擇“跳過去”;需要准確理解含義的，則藉助情景和上下文“猜出來”。例如：Consider that most famous economic rule of all：There's no such thing as a free lunch. Even if someone offers to take you out to lunch for free，the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities. (2014江蘇高考閱讀B節選)分析：圍繞“天下無免費的午餐”這一原則，文中舉例說即使有人請你吃免費餐，你花時間吃免費餐也是有某些代價的。同時，結合全文核心詞“機會成本”的含義推測，forgone opportunities指的是為某一機會而放棄的另一個機會。

(2)提取主幹。閱讀理解中出現的長句難句常帶有較多修飾成分，即帶有定語從句、狀語從句、名詞性從句等。理解長句難句的核心思想就是“提取主幹”。抓住主幹，理清成分有助於對句子的理解。例如：A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste， the concentration(含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in so-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.(2015江蘇高考閱讀B節選)分析：整句主幹：“A Swiss study reported that…”(剩餘部分為that引導賓語從句)賓語從句中主幹：“the concentration of gold…occurring minerals.”“while the weight…to total waste”為賓語從句中的讓步狀語從句。其中“represented by precious metals”為定語修飾“the weight of electronic goods”“in comparison to total waste”為比較狀語。

此外，做閱讀理解題時，考生要牢記“順序原則”。高考閱讀理解題目通常是嚴格按照文章的先後順序，如果考試時發現某道題在原文定位不準，可先定位下一道題的原文出處，再按照順序原則倒推本題出處。

三、結束語

普通高中英語課程標准指出：文化意識是得體運用語言的保證。學生要完勝高考閱讀理解，就需要在平時就注重對詞彙和語法知識的積累並強化多元文化背景材料的閱讀，多讀國外著名人物演講稿、科普讀物、簡裝版英文小說、各種適合高三學生的英語閱讀刊物，提高對中外文化異同的敏感性和鑒別力，確保解題游刃有餘。

❻ 高考英語(江蘇)閱讀理解解題技巧

我高考閱讀沒錯，總分正好100
我自己是先看題目的，注意除了true,false的其他不要專看選項
不理解屬的先跳過
生詞不要糾結，大膽跳！
但是長難句（多個從句，有倒裝，強調等）一定要好好分析
平時練習可以試著做段落大意的概括
高三初期不忙可以每天2篇閱讀和別的完型，任務型閱讀，忙起來要保證三天五篇
每星期要抽出連續的時間限時做4篇閱讀

還有別忘了基礎，要擴大詞彙量，不僅僅3500，常見的超綱詞彙也要記住

其實也沒有捷徑的

❼ 2020年 高考英語 江蘇卷 閱讀理解精析

B

    Sometimes it's hard to let go 放手 . For many British people, that can apply to 應用於 institutions and objects that represent their country's past — age-old 古老的 castles,  splendid華麗的  homes ... and red phone boxes 紅色電話亭 .

    Beaten first by the march of （the march of sth ...的穩步發展）  technology and lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (廢品場) , the phone boxes representative of（be representative of sth/sb 典型的;有代表性的）  an age are now making something of a comeback 再度流行 . Adapted in imaginative ways, many have reappeared on city streets and village greens housing tiny cafes, cellphone repair shops, or even defibrillator machines (除顫器).

    The original iron boxes with the round roofs first appeared in 1926. They were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, the architect 建築師  of the Battersea Power Station in London. After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.

    About that time, Tony Inglis' engineering and transport company got the job to remove phone boxes from the streets and sell them out （sell out 售空） . But Inglis ended up（end up doing sth 以...結束） buying hundreds of them himself, with the idea of repairing and selling them. He said that he had heard the calls 聽到召喚  to preserve the boxes and had seen how some of them were listed as historic buildings 歷史性建築 .

    As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed（repurpose v. 為適應新用途對...稍加修改）  phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them . Today, they are once again 再一次 a familiar sight 熟悉的場景 , playing roles 扮演角色  that are often just as important for the community as their original purpose.

    In rural areas在農村地區, where ambulances救護車 can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on 承擔 a lifesaving role. Local organizations can adopt 採用  them for 1 pound, and install安裝  defibrillators to help in emergencies在緊急情況下 .

    Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities 看到了商機. LoveFone, a company that advocates提倡  repairing cellphones rather than 而不是 abandoning them, opened a mini- workshop 車間 in a London phone box in 2016.

    The tiny shops made economic sense 有經濟意義 , according to 根據  Robert Kerr, a founder 創始人  of LoveFone. He said that one of the boxes generated around $13,500 in revenue收益 a month and cost only about $400 to rent.

    Inglis said phone boxes called to mind 使想起 an age when things were built to last. "I like what they are to people, and I enjoy bringing things back," he said. （enjoy doing sth ）

C

    For those who can stomach （v. 能吃，吃得下）  it, working out（work out 運動,鍛煉）  before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing  and physical activity .

    Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health 整體健康狀況 .

    To find out, British scientists concted a study 進行了一項研究. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men's fitness and resting metabolic (新陳代謝的) rates and took samples (樣品) of their blood and fat tissue 脂肪組織.

    Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists' lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed  that, in theory理論上 , should allow his body to rely mainly on 主要依靠  fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts , the men skipped breakfast 不吃早餐 , meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食) . On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.

    Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men's blood and fat tissue.

    Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences 巨大的差異 . Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of 在...的開始  their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result 結果 , they burned more fat 燃燒更多的脂肪   ring walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand 在另一方面 , they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average 平均 , ring the workout after breakfast than after fasting.

    But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found.（強調句式） Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether 取決於是否  someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes proce proteins (蛋白質) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰島素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with 與...相聯系  improved metabolic health 代謝健康 . These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.

    The implication應用 of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.

D

    I was in the middle of the Amazon (亞馬遜) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village偏遠鄉村 . We did not speak the local language 說本地話 , did not know the customs, and more often than not 常常 , did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign 陌生的 .

    We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water自來水 or electricity . It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.

    Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer 踢足球. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goalkeeper 記分員 , Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way 平靜地 , "In your home, do you have a moon too?" I was surprised.

    After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to 與... 非常相似  his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juan's world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan's world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous 令人驚訝的 . Anything was possible.

    In our society 在我們的社會, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan's village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.至少看上去是如此。

    Yet, as I thought about思考 Juan's question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out 不考慮 . I am, in part 某種程度上 , an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about了解 insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown . How much, though? How ignorant (無知的) are we? The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me 一直困擾著我.

    I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkeys, new spiders..., and on and on 不停地  they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: a new cave system discovered with dozens of 許多  nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did, I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but the life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started the third drawer for these big discoveries . It fills more slowly, but all the same 依舊 , it fills.

    In在做...的過程中  looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant, occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries . Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (窮盡) , and at the risk of the ridicule 嘲笑 of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.

    We are repeatedly willing to （be willing to do sth 願意做某事） imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to （used to do sth 過去常做某事） think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物) and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up 出現, more often than not , we do not even know its name.

❽ 2009年高考英語江蘇卷 - 閱讀理解C

Transport Guide 交通指南

The Brisbane City Council（BCC）is responsible for bus and ferry services with in the city limits and suburbs．Most buses will either arrive at the city or an interchange where connecting buses can be caught．BCC buses operate from 5;30 am to 11:00 pm Monday to Thursday and 5:30 am t0 12:00 am on Fridays. On weekends and public holidays buses operate less frequently. Pre-paid bus tickets can be purchased from the QUT(Queensland University of Technology) bookshop，the campus newsagency, most other newsagencies and general stores, and any BCC Customer Service Centre. Short-term students at QUT cannot use their ID cards to gain a discount fare on BCC public transport. You will need to buy an alt ticket to travel. Bus fares are dependent on the number of zones you have to travel. There are several types of tickets:
布里斯班市議會（BCC）負責市區和郊區的公交和渡輪服務。大多數公交車將抵達城市或換乘公交車的交匯處。BCC公交車的運營時間為周一至周四上午5:30至晚上11:00，周五上午5:30至12:00。周末和公共假日公交車運營頻率較低。可在昆士蘭理工大學書店、校園通訊社、大多數其他通訊社和百貨商店以及任何BCC客戶服務中心購買預付車票。昆士蘭理工大學的短期學生不能使用身份證在BCC公共交通上獲得折扣。您需要購買成人車票。公交票價取決於你要出行的區域數量。票類型如下：

Single: one way ticket to reach your destination, including transfers within 2 hours．
單程：到達目的地的單程票，含2小時內換乘。

Daily：unlimited travel within the zones．
日票：區域內不限通行次數。

Off-peak' Daily：discounted unlimited travel between 9:00 am and 3:30 pm and after 7:00 pm
非高峰期日票：上午9:00至下午3:30，晚上7:00之後打折，不限通行次數

Monday to Friday，and all day on weekends and public holidays．
周一至周五，周末和節假日白天

Weekly: unlimited travel within the zones for one week from the date of issue．
周票：自購票之日起一周區域內不限制通行次數

Monthly: unlimited travel within the zones for one calendar month from the date of issue．
月票：自購票之日起一個自然月區域內不限制通行次數

Ten﹣trip Saver: 10 trips at any time within the zones on buses and ferries only．
10次票：區域內10次通行，不限時間，僅公交和輪渡

Transport routes, timetables and fare information are available from：
交通路線、時刻表和票價信息可從以下網站獲得：

Public Transport Information Centre
公共交通信息中心

69 Ann Street （corner of George St）
Ann街69號（George 街拐角處）

Brisbane City
布里斯班

Phone l3 12 30（Transport Information Service）
電話 13 12 30（交通信息服務處）

❾ 2013年高考英語江蘇卷 - 閱讀理解D

Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel. And he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.
馬克·吐溫被稱為美國小說的創始人，他推廣了聰明文學以抨擊種族歧視，理應受到額外褒獎。

I say clever because anti-slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War. H. B. Stowe』s Uncle Tom』s Cabin is only the most famous example. These early stories dealt directly with slavery. With minor exceptions, Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely. He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.
之所以說是聰明是因為反奴隸制小說在內戰前就已經是文學的重要組成部分了。H.B.斯托的《湯姆叔叔的小屋》就是其中最著名的例子。這些早期的小說直指奴隸制，但也有少數列外，馬克·吐溫將他對奴隸制和偏見的攻擊植入故事裡，而故事表面看起來則是是其他的事情。他通過小說吸引讀者讓他們參與這場討論。

Again and again, in the postwar years, Twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race. Consider the most controversial, at least today, of Twain』s novels, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . Only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as Huckleberry Finn , Twain』s most widely read tale. Once upon a time, people hated the book because it struck the mass rude. Twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel 「trash and suitable only for the slums」. More recently the book has been attacked because of the character Jim, the escaped slave, and many occurrences of the word nigger. (The term Nigger Jim, for which the novel is often severely criticized, never appears in it.)
戰後，馬克·吐溫似乎不得不一次又一次地應對種族主義的挑戰，至少現在馬克·吐溫的《哈克貝利·費恩歷險記》仍是最受爭議的小說。馬克·吐溫被廣泛閱讀的的小說中只有幾本書像《哈克貝利·費恩歷險記》一樣經常被下架。從前，人們討厭這本書，因為人們認為它很粗魯。馬克·吐溫寫道，那些禁止這本書的人認為這部小說是"垃圾，只適合貧民窟"。最近這本書因為書中的人物，逃跑的黑奴吉姆以及頻繁出現的「黑鬼」一詞而備受抨擊（備受抨擊的的"黑鬼吉姆"這個詞從未出現過）。

But the attacks were and are silly—and miss the point. The novel is strongly anti-slavery. Jim』s search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic. As J. Chadwick has pointed out, the character of Jim was a first in American fiction — a recognition that the slave had two personalities, 「the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the indivial: Jim, the father and the man.」
但這樣的攻擊無論是過去還是現在都很愚蠢，沒有抓住重點。這部小說強烈地反對奴隸制。吉姆從他被強行帶走的蓄奴州開始搜尋家人的行為是一種英雄主義的行為。J. Chadwick指出，吉姆這個角色是美國小說中第一個承認奴隸有雙重人格的，即"一個是生存於白人奴隸文化之中的聲音，另一個是作為個體的聲音，吉姆本人，是父親，也是男人"。

There is much more. Twain』s mystery novel Pudd』nhead Wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day. Written at a time when the accepted wisdom held Negroes to be inferior to whites, especially in intelligence, Twain』s tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth. A slave gave birth to her master』s baby and, for fear that the child should be sold south, switched him for the master』s baby by his wife. The slave』s light-skinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the ecation of the slave-holding class. The master』s wife』s baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.
這樣的例子還有很多。馬克·吐溫的懸疑小說《傻瓜威爾遜》對種族信仰，甚至是許多自由派的種族信仰發起了挑戰。當時人們普遍認為黑人不如白人聰明，尤其是智力方面，馬克·吐溫的小說寫了孩子出生時將兩個孩子互換的故事。一個奴隸生下了她主人的孩子，生怕孩子被賣到南方去，於是就用自己的孩子換了他主人妻子的孩子。奴隸的淺膚色小孩生長在白人家庭，並在蓄奴階級的態度和教育思想中長大，而主人妻子的小孩被送到黑人家庭，並在奴隸的態度和教育思想中長大。

The point was difficult to miss: nurture, not nature, was the key to social status.The features of the black man that provided the stuff of prejudice—manner of speech，for example—were，to Twain，indicative of nothing other than the conditioning that slavery forced on its victims.
有一點很明確：決定社會地位的關鍵是養育而不是本性。人們歧視的是黑人本身的一些特點，比如說話的方式。馬克·吐溫認為，這些特點正是奴隸制強加給奴隸的。

Twain』s racial was not perfect . One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography about how much he loved what were called 「nigger shows」 in his youth--mostly with white men performing in black-face---and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.
馬克·吐溫的種族論調並不完美。依然令人不安，例如，他在自傳中用了很長的篇幅來講述他在青年時期非常喜歡"黑鬼秀"，而那些表演大多是由白人扮成黑人，他母親嘲笑表演者時他很開心。但我們沒有理由認為馬克·吐溫把這個表演看成是現實的寫照。他經常攻擊奴隸制和種族歧視表明他擁有敏銳的意識。

Was Twain a racist? Asking the questioning the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln. If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the 「wisdom」 of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.
馬克·吐溫是一個種族主義者嗎？在21世紀，問這個問題就如同問林肯是不是一個種族主義者一樣睿智。如果我們用當前經過深思熟慮的道德標准作為辨別的「智慧」來解讀過去的文字和態度，那麼我們只會發現錯誤。林肯認為黑人不如白人，只有戰斗並且贏得戰爭，才能解放他們。馬克·吐溫生長在一個蓄奴州，當過兵，創作了吉姆這個形象，跟過去任何一個小說家相比，他也許更能提醒人們種族之間的不公並且喚醒他們的集體良知。

❿ 2013江蘇卷高考英語閱讀全文翻譯D篇翻譯

2013年江蘇D篇閱讀理解解析

他還值得這樣一個額外贊美：一個使抨擊種族主義的聰明文學變得流行的作家。 有點不同的是，馬克吐溫把攻擊奴隸制和種族歧視的觀點融入到他的作品中，盡管這些故事表面上全是關於別的。除了最後一部小說之外，他的其它小說全是以義大利為背景的。 吐溫好像不得不面臨來自種族的挑戰 ,就拿他那至少從今天來看最具爭議的《哈克貝利歷險記》來說。 只有少數幾本書能像《哈克貝利歷險記》那樣，被人們經常從書架上拿出來閱讀。這是吐溫最受歡迎的書。 因為它給他們的印象是粗野。
最近人們批評這本書，是因為裡面有一個 名叫吉姆的逃亡奴隸，還因為「黑鬼」這個詞語出現的次數太多。(正是由於「黑鬼吉姆」這個詞語，這本書不斷受到人們的嚴厲批評，但這個詞語在小說中從來沒有出現過) 但是不管是過去還是現在對它的批評都是愚蠢的，而且沒有抓住要點。 盡管吉姆被驅逐出他的家庭，他仍然努力地在各個蓄奴州尋找他的家人。 J.Chadwick 指出，吉姆的形象在美國小說領域屬於首創。這是對奴隸具有兩種性格的肯定。「在白人奴隸文化里尋求生存的聲音和個人主義的聲音：吉姆，父親和男人」
更有甚者，吐溫的懸疑小說《傻瓜威爾遜》是對當時許多自由主義者的種族觀點的一種挑戰。在那個時代，人們認為，黑人比白人低等，尤其在智力上。吐溫的故事部分講述了兩個自出生就被交換的嬰兒的故事。 奴隸自己的淺膚色的孩子被當成白人對待，並且教育他，主張支持奴隸制。
社會地位是由後天的教育而不是天生的條件決定的，這一點再明確不過了。人們歧視的是奴隸本身的一些特點，比如說話的方式。吐溫認為，這些特點正是奴隸制度強加給奴隸的結果。 吐溫的種族論調並不完美。比如他的自傳里邊講述他年輕時如何喜歡叫做「黑人表演」的長篇大論，這些黑人都是白人帶著「黑人臉」表演的。他看到媽媽嘲笑他們，他很開心。 但是我們沒有理由認為吐溫覺得這種表演反映了現實。他對奴隸制和種族偏見的頻頻抨擊說明他深切地意識到情況是恰恰相反的。 如果我們用現在的道德評價標准來閱讀過去的文字和思想，我們只能發現謬誤。
吐溫在一個蓄奴州長大，曾當過兵，創作了吉姆這個形象，或許比過去任何一個小說家，更能夠提醒人們種族間的不公並且喚醒他們的集體良知。

僅供參考