怎麼用六年級英語介紹雨果
『壹』 用英語介紹雨果。
雨果： Victor-Marie Hugo (26 February 1802-May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, playwright, essayist, visual artist, statesman and human rights campaigner, perhaps the most influential exponent of the Romantic movement in France. Although in France his literary reputation rests on his poetic and dramatic output, in the Anglophone world his best-known works are the novels Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris (often translated as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame in the English-speaking world). Among many volumes of poetry, Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles stand particularly high in critical esteem, and Hugo is sometimes identified as the greatest French poet. Though extremely conservative in his youth, Hugo moved to the political left as the decades passed; he became a passionate supporter of republicanism, and his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and artistic trends of his time.
『貳』 法國作家雨果的生平資料
法國作家雨果（維克多-雨果）的生平資料。
維克多·雨果（1802年2月26日—1885年5月22日），法國19世紀前期積極浪漫主義文學的代表作家，人道主義的代表人物，法國文學史上卓越的資產階級民主作家，被人們稱為「法蘭西的莎士比亞」。一生寫過多部詩歌、小說、劇本、各種散文和文藝評論及政論文章，在法國及世界有著廣泛的影響力。
1802年2月26日，雨果生於法國貝桑松，上有兄長二人。13歲時與兄長進入寄讀學校就學，兄弟均成為學生領袖。他在16歲時已能創作傑出的詩句，21歲時出版詩集，聲名大噪。1845年，法王路易·菲利普授予雨果上議院議員職位，自此專心從政。1848年法國二月革命爆發，法王路易被遜位。雨果於此時期四處奔走宣傳革命，為人民貢獻良多，贏得新共和政體的尊敬，晉封伯爵，並當選國民代表及國會議員。三年後，拿破崙三世稱帝，他對此大加攻擊，因此被放逐國外。此後20年間各處漂泊，此時期完成小說《悲慘世界》。1870年法國恢復共和政體（法蘭西第三共和國），雨果結束流亡生涯，回到法國。1885年5月22日，雨果辭世，於潘德拉舉行國葬。
雨果的創作歷程長達60餘年，其作品包括26卷詩歌、20卷小說、12卷劇本、21卷哲理論著，合計79卷。其代表作有長篇小說《巴黎聖母院》《九三年》和《悲慘世界》，短篇小說有《「諾曼底」號遇難記》（在蘇教版六年級上冊第七課中稱《船長》）。《「諾曼底」號遇難記》還被選入教材語文版語文A版五年級上冊第九課、冀教版五年級下冊第二十課、滬教版六年級下冊第十課。
該鏈接里對雨果的生平有細致的介紹網頁鏈接
『叄』 雨果的英文簡介——急求！！
Hugo, Victor
born Feb. 26, 1802, Besançon, Fr.
died May 22, 1885, Paris
poet, novelist, and dramatist who was the most important of the French Romantic writers. Though regarded in France as one of that country's greatest poets, he is better known abroad for such novels as Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) and Les Misérables (1862).
Early years (1802–30).
Victor was the third son of Joseph-Léopold-Sigisbert Hugo, a major and, later, general in Napoleon's army. His childhood was coloured by his father's constant traveling with the imperial army and by the disagreements that soon alienated his parents from one another. His mother's royalism and his father's loyalty to successive governments—the Convention, the Empire, the Restoration—reflected their deeper incompatibility. It was a chaotic time for Victor, continually uprooted from Paris to set out for Elba or Naples or Madrid, yet always returning to Paris with his mother, whose royalist opinions he initially adopted. The fall of the empire gave him, from 1815 to 1818, a time of uninterrupted study at the Pension Cordier and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, after which he matriculated at the law faculty at Paris, where his studies seem to have been purposeless and irregular. Memories of his life as a poor student later inspired the figure of Marius in his novel Les Misérables.
From 1816, at least, Hugo had conceived ambitions other than the law. He was already filling notebooks with verses, translations—particularly from Virgil—two tragedies, a play, and elegies. Encouraged by his mother, Hugo founded a review, the Conservateur Littéraire (1819–21), in which his own articles on the poets Alphonse de Lamartine and André de Chénier stand out. His mother died in 1821, and a year later Victor married a childhood friend, Adèle Foucher, with whom he had five children. In that same year he published his first book of poems, Odes et poésies diverses, whose royalist sentiments earned him a pension from Louis XVIII. Behind Hugo's concern for classical form and his political inspiration, it is possible to recognize in these poems a personal voice and his own particular vein of fantasy.
In 1823 he published his first novel, Han d'Islande, which in 1825 appeared in an English translation as Hans of Iceland. The journalist Charles Nodier was enthusiastic about it and drew Hugo into the group of friends, all devotees of Romanticism, who met regularly at the Bibliothèque de L'Arsenal. While frequenting this literary circle, which was called the Cénacle, Hugo shared in launching a new review of moderate tendencies, the Muse Française (1823–24). In 1824 he published a new verse collection, Nouvelles Odes, and followed it two years later with an exotic romance, Bug-Jargal (Eng. trans. The Slave King). In 1826 he also published Odes et ballades, an enlarged edition of his previously printed verse, the latest of these poems being brilliant variations on the fashionable Romantic modes of mirth and terror. The youthful vigour of these poems was also characteristic of another collection, Les Orientales (1829), which appealed to the Romantic taste for Oriental local colour. In these poems it can be remarked that the poet, while skillfully employing a great variety of metres in his verse and using ardent and brilliant imagery, was also graally shedding the legitimist royalism of his youth. It may be noted, too, that 「Le Feu ciel,」 a visionary poem, forecast those he was to write 25 years later. The fusion of the contemporary with the apocalyptic was always a particular mark of Hugo's genius.
Hugo emerged as a true Romantic, however, with the publication in 1827 of his verse drama Cromwell and a once-famous preface. The subject of this play, with its near-contemporary overtones, is that of a national leader risen from the people who seeks to be crowned king; but the play's reputation rested largely on the long, elaborate preface, in which Hugo proposed a doctrine of Romanticism that for all its intellectual moderation was extremely provocative. He demanded a verse drama in which the contradictions of human existence—good and evil, beauty and ugliness, tears and laughter—would be resolved by the inclusion of both tragic and comic elements in a single play. Such a type of drama would abandon the formal rules of classical tragedy for the freedom and truth to be found in the plays of William Shakespeare. Cromwell itself, though immensely long and almost impossible to stage, was written in verse of great force and originality.
Success (1830–51).
The defense of freedom and the cult of an idealized Napoleon in such poems as the ode 「À la Colonne」 and 「Lui」 brought Hugo into touch with the liberal group of writers on the newspaper Le Globe, and his move toward liberalism was strengthened by the French king Charles X's restrictions on the liberty of the press as well as by the censor's prohibiting the stage performance of his play Marion de Lorme (1829), in which the character of Louis XIII was portrayed unfavourably. Hugo immediately retorted with Hernani, the first performance of which, on Feb. 25, 1830, gained victory for the young Romantics over the traditional Classicists in a now-famous literary battle. In this play he extolled the Romantic hero in the form of a noble outlaw at war with society, dedicated to a passionate love and driven on by inexorable fate. The actual impact of the play owed less to the plot than to the sound and beat of the verse, which was softened only in the elegiac passages spoken by Hernani and Doña Sol.
Hugo had derived his early renown from his plays; he gained wider fame in 1831 with his historical novel Notre-Dame de Paris (Eng. trans. The Hunchback of Notre-Dame), an evocation of life in medieval Paris ring the reign of Louis XI. The novel condemns a society that, in the persons of Frollo the archdeacon and Phoebus the soldier, heaps misery on the hunchback Quasimodo and the gypsy girl Esmeralda. The theme touched the public consciousness more deeply than had that of his previous novel, Le Dernier Jour d'un condamné (1829; The Last Days of a Condemned), the story of a condemned man's last day, in which Hugo launched a humanitarian protest against the death penalty. While Notre-Dame was being written, Louis-Philippe, a constitutional king, had been brought to power by the July Revolution. Hugo composed a poem in honour of this event, Dicté aprés juillet 1830; it was a forerunner of much of his political verse.
Four books of poems came from Hugo in the period of the July Monarchy: Les Feuilles d'automne (1831; 「Autumn Leaves」), intimate and personal in inspiration; Les Chants crépuscule (1835; Songs of Twilight), overtly political; Les Voix intérieures (1837; 「Inner Voices」), both personal and philosophical; and Les Rayons et les ombres (1840; 「Sunlight and Shadows」), in which the poet, renewing these different themes, inlges his gift for colour and picturesque detail. But Hugo was not content merely to express personal emotions; he wanted to be the 「sonorous echo」 of his time. In his verse political and philosophical problems were integrated with the religious and social disquiet of the period; one poem evoked the misery of the workers, another praised the efficacy of prayer. He addressed many poems to the glory of Napoleon, though he shared with his contemporaries the reversion to republican ideals. Hugo restated the problems of his century and the great and eternal human questions, and he spoke with a warmhearted eloquence and reasonableness that moved people's souls.
So intense was Hugo's creative activity ring these years that he also continued to pour out plays. There were two motives for this: first, he needed a platform for his political and social ideas, and, second, he wished to write parts for a young and beautiful actress, Juliette Drouet, with whom he had begun a liaison in 1833. Juliette had little talent and soon renounced the stage in order to devote herself exclusively to him, becoming the discreet and faithful companion she was to remain until her death in 1883. The first of these plays was another verse drama, Le Roi s'amuse (1832; Eng. trans. The King's Fool), set in Renaissance France and depicting the frivolous love affairs of Francis I while antithetically revealing the noble character of his court jester. This play was at first banned but was later used by Giuseppe Verdi as the libretto of his opera Rigoletto. Three prose plays followed: Lucrèce Borgia and Marie Tudor in 1833 and Angelo, tyran de Padoue (「Angelo, Tyrant of Paa」) in 1835. Ruy Blas, a play in verse, appeared in 1838 and was followed by Les Burgraves in 1843.
Hugo's literary achievement was recognized in 1841 by his election, after three unsuccessful attempts, to the French Academy and by his nomination in 1845 to the Chamber of Peers. From this time he almost ceased to publish, partly because of the demands of society and political life but also as a result of personal loss: his daughter Léopoldine, recently married, was accidentally drowned with her husband in September 1843. Hugo's intense grief found some mitigation in poems that later appeared in Les Contemplations, a volume that he divided into 「Autrefois」 and 「Aujourd'hui,」 the moment of his daughter's death being the mark between yesterday and today. He found relief above all in working on a new novel, which became Les Misérables, published in 1862 after work on it had been set aside for a time and then resumed.
With the Revolution of 1848, Hugo was elected a deputy for Paris in the Constituent Assembly and later in the Legislative Assembly. He supported the successful candidacy of Prince Louis-Napoléon for the presidency that year. The more the president evolved toward an authoritarianism of the right, however, the more Hugo moved toward the assembly's left. When in December 1851 a coup d'état took place, which eventually resulted in the Second Empire under Napoleon III, Hugo made one attempt at resistance and then fled to Brussels.
Exile (1851–70).
Hugo's exile was to last until the return of liberty and the reconstitution of the republic in 1870. Enforced at the beginning, exile later became a voluntary gesture and, after the amnesty of 1859, an act of pride. He remained in Brussels for a year until, foreseeing expulsion, he took refuge on British territory. He first established himself on the island of Jersey, in the English Channel, where he remained from 1852 to 1855. When he was expelled from there, he moved to the neighbouring island of Guernsey. During this exile of nearly 20 years he proced the most extensive part of all his writings and the most original.
Immersed in politics as he was, Hugo devoted the first writings of his exile to satire and recent history: Napoléon le Petit (1852), an indictment of Napoleon III, and Histoire d'un crime, a day-by-day account of Louis Bonaparte's coup. Hugo's return to poetry was an explosion of wrath: Les Châtiments (1853; 「The Punishments」). This collection of poems unleashed his anger against the new emperor and, on a technical level, freed him from his remaining classical prejudices and enabled him to achieve the full mastery of his poetic powers. Les Châtiments ranks among the most powerful satirical poems in the French language. All Hugo's future verse profited from this release of his imagination: the tone of this collection of poems is sometimes lyrical, sometimes epic, sometimes moving, but most often virulent, containing an undertone of national and personal frustration.
Despite the satisfaction he derived from his political poetry, Hugo wearied of its limitations and, turning back to the unpublished poems of 1840–50, set to work on the volume of poetry entitled Les Contemplations (1856). This work contains the purest of his poetry—the most moving because the memory of his dead daughter is at the centre of the book, the most disquieting, also, because it transmits the haunted world of a thinker. In poems such as 「Pleurs dans la nuit」 and 「La Bouche d'ombre,」 he reveals a tormented mind that struggles between doubt and faith in its lonely search for meaning and significance.
Hugo's apocalyptic approach to reality was the source of two epic or metaphysical poems, La Fin de Satan (「The End of Satan」) and Dieu (「God」), both of them confrontations of the problem of evil. Written between 1854 and 1860, they were not published until after his death because his publisher preferred the little epics based on history and legend contained in the first installment (1859) of the gigantic epic poem La Légende des siècles (The Legend of the Centuries), whose second and third installments appeared in 1877 and 1883, respectively. The many poems that make up this epic display all his spiritual power without sacrificing his exuberant capacity to tell a story. Hugo's personal mythology of the human struggle between good and evil lies behind each of the legends: Eve's motherhood is exalted in 「Le Sacre de la femme」; mankind liberating itself from all religions in order to attain divine truth is the theme of 「Le Satyre」; and 「Plein Ciel」 proclaims, through utopian prediction of men's conquest of the air, the poet's conviction of indefinite progress toward the final unity of science with moral awareness.
After the publication of three long books of poetry, Hugo returned to prose and took up his abandoned novel, Les Misérables. Its extraordinary success with readers of every type when it was published in 1862 brought him instant popularity in his own country, and its speedy translation into many languages won him fame abroad. The novel's name means 「the wretched,」 or 「the outcasts,」 but English translations generally carry the French title. The story centres on the convict Jean Valjean, a victim of society who has been imprisoned for 19 years for stealing a loaf of bread. A hardened and astute criminal upon his release, he eventually softens and reforms, becoming a successful instrialist and mayor of a northern town. Yet he is stalked obsessively by the detective Javert for an impulsive, regretted former crime, and Jean Valjean eventually sacrifices himself for the sake of his adopted daughter, Cosette, and her husband, Marius. Les Misérables is a vast panorama of Parisian society and its underworld, and it contains many famous episodes and passages, among them a chapter on the Battle of Waterloo and the description of Jean Valjean's rescue of Marius by means of a flight through the sewers of Paris. Les Misérables's plot is basically that of a detective story, but by virtue of its characters, who are sometimes a little larger than life yet always vital and engaging, and by its re-creation of the swarming Parisian underworld, the main theme of man's ceaseless combat with evil clearly emerges while the whole gives a faithful picture of the ebb and flow of life.
The remaining works Hugo completed in exile include the essay William Shakespeare (1864) and two novels: Les Travailleurs de la mer (1866; The Toilers of the Sea), dedicated to the island of Guernsey and its sailors; and L'Homme qui rit (1869; The Man Who Laughs), a curious baroque novel about the English people's fight against feudalism in the 17th century, which takes its title from the perpetual grin of its disfigured hero. Hugo's last novel, Quatrevingt-treize (1874; Ninety-three), centred on the tumultuous year 1793 in France and portrayed human justice and charity against the background of the French Revolution.
Last years (1870–85).
The defeat of France in the Franco-German War and the proclamation of the French Third Republic in 1871 brought Hugo back to Paris. He became a deputy in the National Assembly (1871) but resigned the following month. Though he still fought for his old ideals, he no longer possessed the same energies. The trials of recent years had aged him, and there were more to come: in 1868 he had lost his wife, Adèle, a profound sadness to him; in 1871 one son died, as did another in 1873. Though increasingly detached from life around him, the poet of L'Année terrible (1872), in which he recounted the siege of Paris ring the 「terrible year」 of 1870, had become a national hero and a living symbol of republicanism in France. In 1878 Hugo was stricken by cerebral congestion, but he lived on for some years in the Avenue d'Eylau, renamed Avenue Victor-Hugo on his 80th birthday. In 1885, two years after the death of his faithful companion Juliette, Hugo died and was given a national funeral; his body lay in state under the Arc de Triomphe and was buried in the Panthéon.
Reputation.
Victor Hugo's enormous output is unique in French literature; it is said that he used to write each morning 100 lines of verse or 20 pages of prose. 「The most powerful mind of the Romantic movement,」 as he was described in 1830, laureate and peer of France in 1845, he went on to assume the role of an outlawed sage who, with the easy consciousness of authority, put down his insights and prophetic visions in prose and verse, becoming at last the genial grandfather of popular literary portraiture and the national poet who gave his name to a street in every town in France.
This instinctive recognition of Hugo as a great poet at the time of his death was followed by a period of critical neglect. A few of his poems were remembered, and Les Misérables continued to be widely read. The generosity of his ideas and the warmth of their expression still moved the public mind, for Hugo was a poet of the common man and knew how to write with simplicity and power of common joys and sorrows. But there was another side to him—what Paul Claudel called his 「panic contemplation」 of the universe, the numinous fear that penetrates his sombre poems La Fin de Satan and Dieu. Hugo's knowledge of the resources of French verse and his technical virtuosity in metre and rhyme, moreover, rescued French poetry from the sterility of the 18th century. André Gide, when asked whom he considered the greatest French poet, replied 「Victor Hugo, alas,」 explaining that if it was a regrettable fact at least it was fact.
Jean-Bertrand Barrère
Additional Reading
Biographies include Andre Maurois, Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo (1956, reissued 1985); Joanna Richardson, Victor Hugo (1976); and Elliott M. Grant, The Career of Victor Hugo (1945, reprinted 1969). John Porter Houston, Victor Hugo, rev. ed. (1988), is an introction, focusing especially on his poetry and its technical aspects. An analysis of Hugo's romantic drama is found in Charles Affron, A Stage for Poets: Studies in the Theatre of Hugo & Musset (1971). Victor Brombert, Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel (1984), explores the symbolic and mythological character of Hugo's works and is illustrated with Hugo's drawings.
『肆』 求雨果簡介
維克多·雨果維克多·雨果(Victor Hugo，1802年2月26日～1885年5月22日)，法國浪漫主義作家，人道主義的代表人物，19世紀前期積極浪漫主義文學運動的代表作家，法國文學史上卓越的資產階級民主作家，被人們稱為「法蘭西的莎士比亞」。
中文名： 維克多·雨果
外文名： Victor Hugo
國籍： 法國
出生地： 法國貝桑松
出生日期： 1802年2月26日
逝世日期： 1885年5月22日
職業： 文學 ，小說家
畢業院校： 法蘭西學院
主要成就： 法國浪漫主義文學運動領袖
代表作品： 《巴黎聖母院》、《悲慘世界》、《九三年》、《海上勞工》
法國偉大的浪漫主義作家維克多·雨果
雨果出生於法國東部緊挨瑞士的省城貝桑松，他的父親是拿破崙手下的一位將軍，兒時的雨果隨父在西班牙駐軍，10歲回巴黎上學，中學畢業進入法學院學習，但是他的興趣在於寫作。他15歲時在法蘭西學院的詩歌競賽會得獎，17歲時在「百花詩賽」得第一名，20歲時出版了詩集《頌詩集》，因歌頌波旁王朝復辟，獲路易十八賞賜，之後寫了大量異國情調的詩歌。之後他對波旁王朝和七月王朝都感到失望，成為共和主義者，他還寫過許多詩劇和劇本，幾部具有鮮明特色並貫徹其主張的小說。 1841年雨果被選為法蘭西學院院士，1845年上任院議員，1848年二月革命後，任共和國議會代表，1851年拿破崙三世稱帝，雨果奮起反對而被迫流亡國外，流亡期間寫下一部政治諷刺詩《懲罰集》，每章配有拿破崙三世的一則施政綱領條文，並加以諷刺，還用拿破崙一世的功績和拿破崙三世的恥辱對比。 1870年法國不流血革命推翻拿破崙三世後，雨果返回巴黎。雨果一生著作等身，涉及文學所有領域，評論家認為，他的創作思想和現代思想最為接近，他死後法國舉國至哀，被安葬在聚集法國名人紀念牌的「先賢祠」。 維克多·雨果
雨果最為法國人津津樂道的浪漫事跡是：他於30歲時邂逅26歲的女演員朱麗葉·德魯埃，並墜入愛河，以後不管他們在一起或分開，朱麗葉·德魯埃幾乎每天都要給雨果寫一封情書，直到他75歲去世，將近50年來從未間斷，寫了將近兩萬封信。貫穿雨果一生活動和創作的主導思想是人道主義——反對暴力、以愛制「惡」。 雨果（l802～1885）是19世紀前期積極浪漫主義文學運動的領袖，法國文學史上卓越的資產階級民主作家，幾乎經歷了19世紀法國的所有重大事變。一生寫過多部詩歌、小說、劇本、各種散文和文藝評論及政論文章，是法國有影響的人物。 雨果的創作歷程超過60年，其作品包括26卷詩歌、20卷小說、12卷劇本、21卷哲理論著，合計79卷之多，給法國文學和人類文化寶庫增添了一份十分輝煌的文化遺產。其代表作是：長篇小說《巴黎聖母院》（即《鍾樓怪人》）、《悲慘世界》、《海上勞工》、《笑面人》、《九三年》，詩集《光與影》和《就英法聯軍遠征中國給巴特勒上尉的信》，短篇小說：《「諾曼底」號遇難記》（現在叫《船長》）蘇教版六年級上冊第7課。 雨果從小崇拜法國早期浪漫主義作家夏多布里昂。1827年發表韻文劇本《克倫威爾》和《<克倫威爾>序言》（1827），「序言」被稱為法國浪漫主義戲劇運動的宣言，是雨果極為重要的文藝論著。1830年他據序言中的理論寫成第一個浪漫主義劇本《愛爾那尼》，它的演出標志著浪漫主義對古典主義的勝利。 《巴黎聖母院》（1831）是雨果第一部大型浪漫主義小說。它以離奇和對比手法寫了一個發生在15世紀法國的故事：巴黎聖母院副主教克羅德道貌岸然、蛇蠍心腸，先愛後恨，迫害吉卜賽女郎愛斯梅拉爾達。面目醜陋、心地善良的敲鍾人卡西莫多為救女郎捨身。小說揭露了宗教的虛偽，宣告禁慾主義的破產，歌頌了下層勞動人民的善良、友愛、舍己為人，反映了雨果的人道主義思想。 《悲慘世界》最能代表雨果的思想藝術風格，他以卓越的藝術魅力展示了資本主義社會奴役勞動人民、逼良為娼的殘酷的現實。然而，作家深信唯有道德感化是醫治社會災難的良方。小說雖不乏現實主義因素，但就人物形象的塑造、環境的描寫，象徵和對比手法的運用等方面而言，仍然是一部浪漫主義的傑作。 《巴黎聖母院》和《悲慘世界》多次被拍成電影，在世界上廣為流傳，成為經典之作。
『伍』 雨果簡介
維克多·雨果，法國浪漫主義作家，人道主義的代表人物，19世紀前期積極浪漫主義文學運動的代表作家，法國文學史上卓越的資產階級民主作家，被人們稱為「法蘭西的莎士比亞」。
維克多雨果出生於法國東部緊挨瑞士的省城貝桑松，祖父是木匠，父親是共和國軍隊的軍官，
曾被拿破崙的哥哥西班牙王約瑟夫·波拿巴授予將軍銜，是這位國王的親信重臣。兒時的雨果隨父在西班牙駐軍，10歲回巴黎上學，中學畢業進入了法學院學習，但是他的興趣在於寫作。他15歲時寫的《讀書樂》在法蘭西學院的詩歌競賽會得獎，17歲時在「百花詩賽」得第一名，20歲時出版了詩集《頌詩集》，因歌頌波旁王朝復辟，獲路易十八賞賜，之後寫了大量異國情調的詩歌。之後他對波旁王朝和七月王朝都感到失望，成為共和主義者，他還寫過許多詩劇和劇本，而這幾部都是具有鮮明特色並貫徹其主張的小說。
1827年，雨果發表劇本《克倫威爾》及其序言。劇本雖未能演出，但那篇序言卻被認為是法國浪漫主義的宣言，成為文學史上劃時代的文獻。它對法國浪漫主義文學的發展起了很大的推動作用。
1830年，雨果的劇本《歐那尼》在法蘭西院大劇院上演，產生了巨大的影響，確立了浪漫主義在法國文壇上的主導地位。
《歐那尼》寫的是16世紀西班牙一個貴族出身的強盜歐那尼反抗國王的故事，雨果贊美了強盜的俠義和高尚，表現了強烈的反封建傾向。
1830年7月，法國發生了「七月革命」，封建復辟王朝被推翻了。雨果熱情贊揚革命，歌頌那些革命者，寫詩哀悼那些在巷戰中犧牲的英雄。
1831年發表的《巴黎聖母院》是雨果最富浪漫主義的小說。小說的情節曲折離奇，緊張生動，變幻莫測，富有戲劇性和傳奇色彩。
「七月革命」之後，法國建立了以金融家路易·菲力浦為首的大資產階級統治的「七月王朝。」七月王朝不斷對雨果進行拉攏，1841年雨果被選入法蘭西學士院，1845年，路易·菲力浦封他為法蘭西貴族世卿，還當上了貴族院議員。雨果創作中的斗爭熱情減弱了，1843年，他寫了一個神秘主義劇本《衛戍官》，上演時被觀眾喝倒彩，遭到了失敗。雨果為此沉默了將近10年沒有寫作。
1848年6月，巴黎人民舉行革命，推翻了七月王朝，成立了共和國。開始雨果對革命並不理解，但當大資產階級陰謀消滅共和國時，雨果卻成了一個堅定的共和主義者。1851年12月，路易·波拿巴發動政變，雨果參加了共和黨人組織的反政變起義。路易·波拿巴上台後建立了法蘭西第二帝國。他實行恐怖政策，對反抗者無情鎮壓。雨果也遭到迫害，不得不流亡國外。流亡期間寫下一部政治諷刺詩《懲罰集》，每章配有拿破崙三世的一則施政綱領條文，並加以諷刺，還用拿破崙一世的功績和拿破崙三世的恥辱對比。他還寫其他政治諷刺小冊子和政治諷刺詩，猛烈抨擊拿破崙三世的獨裁統治。這時期，他先後發表了長篇小說《悲慘世界》、《海上勞工》和《笑面人》。
1870年普法戰爭爆發，法國在色當兵敗之後，普魯士軍隊直逼巴黎。在這國家危亡的緊要關頭，雨果在流亡了19年之後回到了祖國。他到處發表演講，號召法國人民起來抗擊德國侵略者，保衛祖國。他還用他的著作和朗誦詩歌得來的報酬買了2門大炮，表現了崇高的愛國精神。
巴黎公社起義時，雨果並不理解這次革命。但當公社失敗後，反動政府瘋狂鎮壓公社社員時，雨果又憤怒譴責反動派的獸行，他呼籲赦免全部公社社員，並在報紙上宣布將自己在比利時首都布魯塞爾的住宅提供給流亡的社員作避難所。為此，他的家遭到反動暴徒的襲擊，他自己險些喪命，但他仍然堅持自己的立場。
雨果一生著作等身，涉及文學所有領域，評論家認為，他的創作思想和現代思想最為接近，他死後法國舉國致哀，被安葬在聚集法國名人紀念牌的「先賢祠」。
雨果最為法國人津津樂道的浪漫事跡是：他於30歲時邂逅26歲的女演員朱麗葉·德魯埃，並墜入愛河，以後不管他們在一起或分開，雨果幾乎每天都要給朱麗葉·德魯埃寫一封情書，直到朱麗葉·德魯埃75歲去世，將近50年來從未間斷，寫了將近兩萬封信。貫穿雨果一生活動和創作的主導思想是人道主義——反對暴力、以愛制「惡」。
雨果（1802～1885）是19世紀前期積極浪漫主義文學運動的領袖，法國文學史上卓越的資產階級民主作家，幾乎經歷了19世紀法國的所有重大事變。一生寫過多部詩歌、小說、劇本、各種散文和文藝評論及政論文章，是法國有影響的人物。
雨果的創作歷程超過60年，其作品包括26卷詩歌、20卷小說、12卷劇本、21卷哲理論著，合計79卷之多，給法國文學和人類文化寶庫增添了一份十分輝煌的文化遺產。其代表作是：長篇小說《巴黎聖母院》（即《鍾樓怪人》）、《悲慘世界》、《海上勞工》、《笑面人》、《九三年》，詩集《光與影》和《就英法聯軍遠征中國給巴特勒上尉的信》（人教版八年級上冊語文教材第四課），短篇小說：《「諾曼底」號遇難記》（現在叫《船長》）蘇教版六年級上冊第7課。北師大版，五年級上冊第八單元第一課。上海九年義務教育課本六年級下冊第十課。鄂教版六年級下冊第21課。《紀念伏爾泰逝世一百周年的演說》(入選人教版九年級上冊第六課)
雨果從小崇拜法國早期浪漫主義作家夏多布里昂。1827年發表韻文劇本《克倫威爾》和《<克倫威爾>序言》（1827），「序言」被稱為法國浪漫主義戲劇運動的宣言，是雨果極為重要的文藝論著。1830年他據序言中的理論寫成第一個浪漫主義劇本《愛爾那尼》，它的演出標志著浪漫主義對古典主義的勝利。
《巴黎聖母院》（1831）是雨果第一部大型浪漫主義小說。它以離奇和對比手法寫了一個發生在15世紀法國的故事：巴黎聖母院副主教克羅德道貌岸然、蛇蠍心腸，先愛後恨，迫害吉卜賽女郎愛斯梅拉爾達。面目醜陋、心地善良的敲鍾人卡西莫多為救女郎捨身。小說揭露了宗教的虛偽，宣告禁慾主義的破產，歌頌了下層勞動人民的善良、友愛、舍己為人，反映了雨果的人道主義思想。
《悲慘世界》（1862）最能代表雨果的思想藝術風格，他以卓越的藝術魅力展示了資本主義社會奴役勞動人民、逼良為娼的殘酷的現實。然而，作家深信唯有道德感化是醫治社會災難的良方。小說雖不乏現實主義因素，但就人物形象的塑造、環境的描寫，象徵和對比手法的運用等方面而言，仍然是一部浪漫主義的傑作。
《巴黎聖母院》和《悲慘世界》多次被拍成電影，在世界上廣為流傳，成為經典之作。
『陸』 雨果簡介
一、維克多·雨果（Victor Hugo，1802年2月26日—1885年5月22日），法國作家，19世紀前期積極浪漫主義文學的代表作家，人道主義的代表人物，法國文學史上卓越的資產階級民主作家，被人們稱為「法蘭西的莎士比亞」。一生寫過多部詩歌、小說、劇本、各種散文和文藝評論及政論文章，在法國及世界有著廣泛的影響力。
二、1802年，雨果生於法國貝桑松，上有兄長二人。13歲時與兄長進入寄讀學校就學，兄弟均成為學生領袖。雨果在16歲時已能創作傑出的詩句，21歲時出版詩集，聲名大噪。1845年，法王路易·菲利普授予雨果上議院議員職位，自此專心從政。
1848年法國二月革命爆發，法王路易被遜位。雨果於此時期四處奔走宣傳革命，為人民貢獻良多，贏得新共和政體的尊敬，晉封伯爵，並當選國民代表及國會議員。三年後，拿破崙三世稱帝，雨果對此大加攻擊，因此被放逐國外。
三、1870年法國恢復共和政體（法蘭西第三共和國），雨果亦結束流亡生涯，回到法國。1885年，雨果辭世，於潘德拉舉行國葬。
(6)怎麼用六年級英語介紹雨果擴展閱讀：
雨果其人
1802年2月26日，維克多·雨果出生於法國貝桑松（Besançon）的一個軍官家庭，其父勃魯都斯·雨果為拿破崙麾下的一位將軍。從中學時代，雨果愛好文學創作，對文學產生濃厚興趣，便開始寫詩。他的文學活動是從他為《文學保守派》雜志寫稿開始的。
他的第一部長篇小說《漢·伊斯蘭特》獲得了小說家諾蒂埃的贊賞。與諾蒂埃的結緣，促使雨果開始轉向浪漫主義並逐漸成為浪漫派的首領。
維克多·雨果：「善是精神世界的太陽」
2月26日是法國大文豪維克多·雨果的誕辰，他在法國甚至全世界都有很強的影響力，這位大文豪給世界人民留下了豐厚的精神遺產，他的不朽名著《巴黎聖母院》、《九三年》、《悲慘世界》等至今深受全世界讀者喜愛。
這位法國大文豪還和中國有著不解的淵源，他是一個寫信痛斥英法聯軍火燒圓明園罪行的勇者、一個中國古董的收集者、一個創作了不少中國特色水墨畫的人。
維克多·雨果是19世紀前期積極浪漫主義文學的代表作家，人道主義的代表人物，被人們稱為「法蘭西的莎士比亞」。
他的一生幾乎跨越整個19世紀，文學生涯達60年之久，創作力經久不衰。他一生寫過多部詩歌、小說、劇本、各種散文和文藝評論及政論文章，創作的作品包括26卷詩歌、20卷小說、12卷劇本以及21卷哲理論著，共計79卷，而且每篇作品都堪稱經典之作。
其代表作有長篇小說《巴黎聖母院》、《悲慘世界》、《笑面人》、《九三年》等，短篇小說《「諾曼底」號遇難記》。
同時，他還是一位多才多藝的畫家，其作品包括名著插畫、人物畫、風景畫，終其一生共創作了幾千幅畫作，而且他畫的不是歐洲的主流畫，畫的主要是中國特色的水墨畫。
『柒』 維克多·雨果簡歷英文版
1、Victor Hugo English resume
Victor Hugo (Hugo Victor, 1802 - 1885), French writer, positive romantic literature in nineteenth Century, the representative of the representative writers, the representative of humanity, the history of French literature, the outstanding bourgeois democratic writers, known as the "French Shakespeare". Has written a number of poems, novels, plays, essays and literary criticism and essays in life, has a wide influence in France and the world.
Hugo's creation course over 60 years, his works include 26 volumes of poetry, 20 volumes of novels, 12 volumes of the script, 21 volumes of philosophy, the total volume of 79. The representative of the novel "Notre Dame de Paris", "nine three years" and "les miserables", a short story "" Normandy "killed" (the sixth grade seventh classes I teach version called "Captain" in the primary school of su. "Normandy" killed "was selected into the textbook of jijiaoban the fifth grade twentieth class 2 and Jiangsu on the sixth grade seventh classes.
2、中文簡歷：
維克多·雨果（Victor Hugo，1802—1885），法國作家，19世紀前期積極浪漫主義文學的代表作家，人道主義的代表人物，法國文學史上卓越的資產階級民主作家，被人們稱為「法蘭西的莎士比亞」。一生寫過多部詩歌、小說、劇本、各種散文和文藝評論及政論文章，在法國及世界有著廣泛的影響力。
雨果的創作歷程超過60年，其作品包括26卷詩歌、20卷小說、12卷劇本、21卷哲理論著，合計79卷。其代表作有長篇小說《巴黎聖母院》、《九三年》和《悲慘世界》，短篇小說有《「諾曼底」號遇難記》（在小學生蘇教版六年級上冊第七課中稱《船長》。《「諾曼底」號遇難記》還被選入教材冀教版五年級下冊第二十課和蘇教版六年級上冊第七課。
『捌』 雨果的作品簡介 英語哦 快！！拜託了
Hugo, Victor
born Feb. 26, 1802, Besançon, Fr.
died May 22, 1885, Paris
poet, novelist, and dramatist who was the most important of the French Romantic writers. Though regarded in France as one of that country's greatest poets, he is better known abroad for such novels as Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) and Les Misérables (1862).
Early years (1802–30).
Victor was the third son of Joseph-Léopold-Sigisbert Hugo, a major and, later, general in Napoleon's army. His childhood was coloured by his father's constant traveling with the imperial army and by the disagreements that soon alienated his parents from one another. His mother's royalism and his father's loyalty to successive governments—the Convention, the Empire, the Restoration—reflected their deeper incompatibility. It was a chaotic time for Victor, continually uprooted from Paris to set out for Elba or Naples or Madrid, yet always returning to Paris with his mother, whose royalist opinions he initially adopted. The fall of the empire gave him, from 1815 to 1818, a time of uninterrupted study at the Pension Cordier and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, after which he matriculated at the law faculty at Paris, where his studies seem to have been purposeless and irregular. Memories of his life as a poor student later inspired the figure of Marius in his novel Les Misérables.
From 1816, at least, Hugo had conceived ambitions other than the law. He was already filling notebooks with verses, translations—particularly from Virgil—two tragedies, a play, and elegies. Encouraged by his mother, Hugo founded a review, the Conservateur Littéraire (1819–21), in which his own articles on the poets Alphonse de Lamartine and André de Chénier stand out. His mother died in 1821, and a year later Victor married a childhood friend, Adèle Foucher, with whom he had five children. In that same year he published his first book of poems, Odes et poésies diverses, whose royalist sentiments earned him a pension from Louis XVIII. Behind Hugo's concern for classical form and his political inspiration, it is possible to recognize in these poems a personal voice and his own particular vein of fantasy.
In 1823 he published his first novel, Han d'Islande, which in 1825 appeared in an English translation as Hans of Iceland. The journalist Charles Nodier was enthusiastic about it and drew Hugo into the group of friends, all devotees of Romanticism, who met regularly at the Bibliothèque de L'Arsenal. While frequenting this literary circle, which was called the Cénacle, Hugo shared in launching a new review of moderate tendencies, the Muse Française (1823–24). In 1824 he published a new verse collection, Nouvelles Odes, and followed it two years later with an exotic romance, Bug-Jargal (Eng. trans. The Slave King). In 1826 he also published Odes et ballades, an enlarged edition of his previously printed verse, the latest of these poems being brilliant variations on the fashionable Romantic modes of mirth and terror. The youthful vigour of these poems was also characteristic of another collection, Les Orientales (1829), which appealed to the Romantic taste for Oriental local colour. In these poems it can be remarked that the poet, while skillfully employing a great variety of metres in his verse and using ardent and brilliant imagery, was also graally shedding the legitimist royalism of his youth. It may be noted, too, that 「Le Feu ciel,」 a visionary poem, forecast those he was to write 25 years later. The fusion of the contemporary with the apocalyptic was always a particular mark of Hugo's genius.
Hugo emerged as a true Romantic, however, with the publication in 1827 of his verse drama Cromwell and a once-famous preface. The subject of this play, with its near-contemporary overtones, is that of a national leader risen from the people who seeks to be crowned king; but the play's reputation rested largely on the long, elaborate preface, in which Hugo proposed a doctrine of Romanticism that for all its intellectual moderation was extremely provocative. He demanded a verse drama in which the contradictions of human existence—good and evil, beauty and ugliness, tears and laughter—would be resolved by the inclusion of both tragic and comic elements in a single play. Such a type of drama would abandon the formal rules of classical tragedy for the freedom and truth to be found in the plays of William Shakespeare. Cromwell itself, though immensely long and almost impossible to stage, was written in verse of great force and originality.
Success (1830–51).
The defense of freedom and the cult of an idealized Napoleon in such poems as the ode 「À la Colonne」 and 「Lui」 brought Hugo into touch with the liberal group of writers on the newspaper Le Globe, and his move toward liberalism was strengthened by the French king Charles X's restrictions on the liberty of the press as well as by the censor's prohibiting the stage performance of his play Marion de Lorme (1829), in which the character of Louis XIII was portrayed unfavourably. Hugo immediately retorted with Hernani, the first performance of which, on Feb. 25, 1830, gained victory for the young Romantics over the traditional Classicists in a now-famous literary battle. In this play he extolled the Romantic hero in the form of a noble outlaw at war with society, dedicated to a passionate love and driven on by inexorable fate. The actual impact of the play owed less to the plot than to the sound and beat of the verse, which was softened only in the elegiac passages spoken by Hernani and Doña Sol.
Hugo had derived his early renown from his plays; he gained wider fame in 1831 with his historical novel Notre-Dame de Paris (Eng. trans. The Hunchback of Notre-Dame), an evocation of life in medieval Paris ring the reign of Louis XI. The novel condemns a society that, in the persons of Frollo the archdeacon and Phoebus the soldier, heaps misery on the hunchback Quasimodo and the gypsy girl Esmeralda. The theme touched the public consciousness more deeply than had that of his previous novel, Le Dernier Jour d'un condamné (1829; The Last Days of a Condemned), the story of a condemned man's last day, in which Hugo launched a humanitarian protest against the death penalty. While Notre-Dame was being written, Louis-Philippe, a constitutional king, had been brought to power by the July Revolution. Hugo composed a poem in honour of this event, Dicté aprés juillet 1830; it was a forerunner of much of his political verse.
Four books of poems came from Hugo in the period of the July Monarchy: Les Feuilles d'automne (1831; 「Autumn Leaves」), intimate and personal in inspiration; Les Chants crépuscule (1835; Songs of Twilight), overtly political; Les Voix intérieures (1837; 「Inner Voices」), both personal and philosophical; and Les Rayons et les ombres (1840; 「Sunlight and Shadows」), in which the poet, renewing these different themes, inlges his gift for colour and picturesque detail. But Hugo was not content merely to express personal emotions; he wanted to be the 「sonorous echo」 of his time. In his verse political and philosophical problems were integrated with the religious and social disquiet of the period; one poem evoked the misery of the workers, another praised the efficacy of prayer. He addressed many poems to the glory of Napoleon, though he shared with his contemporaries the reversion to republican ideals. Hugo restated the problems of his century and the great and eternal human questions, and he spoke with a warmhearted eloquence and reasonableness that moved people's souls.
So intense was Hugo's creative activity ring these years that he also continued to pour out plays. There were two motives for this: first, he needed a platform for his political and social ideas, and, second, he wished to write parts for a young and beautiful actress, Juliette Drouet, with whom he had begun a liaison in 1833. Juliette had little talent and soon renounced the stage in order to devote herself exclusively to him, becoming the discreet and faithful companion she was to remain until her death in 1883. The first of these plays was another verse drama, Le Roi s'amuse (1832; Eng. trans. The King's Fool), set in Renaissance France and depicting the frivolous love affairs of Francis I while antithetically revealing the noble character of his court jester. This play was at first banned but was later used by Giuseppe Verdi as the libretto of his opera Rigoletto. Three prose plays followed: Lucrèce Borgia and Marie Tudor in 1833 and Angelo, tyran de Padoue (「Angelo, Tyrant of Paa」) in 1835. Ruy Blas, a play in verse, appeared in 1838 and was followed by Les Burgraves in 1843.
Hugo's literary achievement was recognized in 1841 by his election, after three unsuccessful attempts, to the French Academy and by his nomination in 1845 to the Chamber of Peers. From this time he almost ceased to publish, partly because of the demands of society and political life but also as a result of personal loss: his daughter Léopoldine, recently married, was accidentally drowned with her husband in September 1843. Hugo's intense grief found some mitigation in poems that later appeared in Les Contemplations, a volume that he divided into 「Autrefois」 and 「Aujourd'hui,」 the moment of his daughter's death being the mark between yesterday and today. He found relief above all in working on a new novel, which became Les Misérables, published in 1862 after work on it had been set aside for a time and then resumed.
With the Revolution of 1848, Hugo was elected a deputy for Paris in the Constituent Assembly and later in the Legislative Assembly. He supported the successful candidacy of Prince Louis-Napoléon for the presidency that year. The more the president evolved toward an authoritarianism of the right, however, the more Hugo moved toward the assembly's left. When in December 1851 a coup d'état took place, which eventually resulted in the Second Empire under Napoleon III, Hugo made one attempt at resistance and then fled to Brussels.
Exile (1851–70).
Hugo's exile was to last until the return of liberty and the reconstitution of the republic in 1870. Enforced at the beginning, exile later became a voluntary gesture and, after the amnesty of 1859, an act of pride. He remained in Brussels for a year until, foreseeing expulsion, he took refuge on British territory. He first established himself on the island of Jersey, in the English Channel, where he remained from 1852 to 1855. When he was expelled from there, he moved to the neighbouring island of Guernsey. During this exile of nearly 20 years he proced the most extensive part of all his writings and the most original.
Immersed in politics as he was, Hugo devoted the first writings of his exile to satire and recent history: Napoléon le Petit (1852), an indictment of Napoleon III, and Histoire d'un crime, a day-by-day account of Louis Bonaparte's coup. Hugo's return to poetry was an explosion of wrath: Les Châtiments (1853; 「The Punishments」). This collection of poems unleashed his anger against the new emperor and, on a technical level, freed him from his remaining classical prejudices and enabled him to achieve the full mastery of his poetic powers. Les Châtiments ranks among the most powerful satirical poems in the French language. All Hugo's future verse profited from this release of his imagination: the tone of this collection of poems is sometimes lyrical, sometimes epic, sometimes moving, but most often virulent, containing an undertone of national and personal frustration.
Despite the satisfaction he derived from his political poetry, Hugo wearied of its limitations and, turning back to the unpublished poems of 1840–50, set to work on the volume of poetry entitled Les Contemplations (1856). This work contains the purest of his poetry—the most moving because the memory of his dead daughter is at the centre of the book, the most disquieting, also, because it transmits the haunted world of a thinker. In poems such as 「Pleurs dans la nuit」 and 「La Bouche d'ombre,」 he reveals a tormented mind that struggles between doubt and faith in its lonely search for meaning and significance.
Hugo's apocalyptic approach to reality was the source of two epic or metaphysical poems, La Fin de Satan (「The End of Satan」) and Dieu (「God」), both of them confrontations of the problem of evil. Written between 1854 and 1860, they were not published until after his death because his publisher preferred the little epics based on history and legend contained in the first installment (1859) of the gigantic epic poem La Légende des siècles (The Legend of the Centuries), whose second and third installments appeared in 1877 and 1883, respectively. The many poems that make up this epic display all his spiritual power without sacrificing his exuberant capacity to tell a story. Hugo's personal mythology of the human struggle between good and evil lies behind each of the legends: Eve's motherhood is exalted in 「Le Sacre de la femme」; mankind liberating itself from all religions in order to attain divine truth is the theme of 「Le Satyre」; and 「Plein Ciel」 proclaims, through utopian prediction of men's conquest of the air, the poet's conviction of indefinite progress toward the final unity of science with moral awareness.
After the publication of three long books of poetry, Hugo returned to prose and took up his abandoned novel, Les Misérables. Its extraordinary success with readers of every type when it was published in 1862 brought him instant popularity in his own country, and its speedy translation into many languages won him fame abroad. The novel's name means 「the wretched,」 or 「the outcasts,」 but English translations generally carry the French title. The story centres on the convict Jean Valjean, a victim of society who has been imprisoned for 19 years for stealing a loaf of bread. A hardened and astute criminal upon his release, he eventually softens and reforms, becoming a successful instrialist and mayor of a northern town. Yet he is stalked obsessively by the detective Javert for an impulsive, regretted former crime, and Jean Valjean eventually sacrifices himself for the sake of his adopted daughter, Cosette, and her husband, Marius. Les Misérables is a vast panorama of Parisian society and its underworld, and it contains many famous episodes and passages, among them a chapter on the Battle of Waterloo and the description of Jean Valjean's rescue of Marius by means of a flight through the sewers of Paris. Les Misérables's plot is basically that of a detective story, but by virtue of its characters, who are sometimes a little larger than life yet always vital and engaging, and by its re-creation of the swarming Parisian underworld, the main theme of man's ceaseless combat with evil clearly emerges while the whole gives a faithful picture of the ebb and flow of life.
The remaining works Hugo completed in exile include the essay William Shakespeare (1864) and two novels: Les Travailleurs de la mer (1866; The Toilers of the Sea), dedicated to the island of Guernsey and its sailors; and L'Homme qui rit (1869; The Man Who Laughs), a curious baroque novel about the English people's fight against feudalism in the 17th century, which takes its title from the perpetual grin of its disfigured hero. Hugo's last novel, Quatrevingt-treize (1874; Ninety-three), centred on the tumultuous year 1793 in France and portrayed human justice and charity against the background of the French Revolution.
Last years (1870–85).
The defeat of France in the Franco-German War and the proclamation of the French Third Republic in 1871 brought Hugo back to Paris. He became a deputy in the National Assembly (1871) but resigned the following month. Though he still fought for his old ideals, he no longer possessed the same energies. The trials of recent years had aged him, and there were more to come: in 1868 he had lost his wife, Adèle, a profound sadness to him; in 1871 one son died, as did another in 1873. Though increasingly detached from life around him, the poet of L'Année terrible (1872), in which he recounted the siege of Paris ring the 「terrible year」 of 1870, had become a national hero and a living symbol of republicanism in France. In 1878 Hugo was stricken by cerebral congestion, but he lived on for some years in the Avenue d'Eylau, renamed Avenue Victor-Hugo on his 80th birthday. In 1885, two years after the death of his faithful companion Juliette, Hugo died and was given a national funeral; his body lay in state under the Arc de Triomphe and was buried in the Panthéon.
Reputation.
Victor Hugo's enormous output is unique in French literature; it is said that he used to write each morning 100 lines of verse or 20 pages of prose. 「The most powerful mind of the Romantic movement,」 as he was described in 1830, laureate and peer of France in 1845, he went on to assume the role of an outlawed sage who, with the easy consciousness of authority, put down his insights and prophetic visions in prose and verse, becoming at last the genial grandfather of popular literary portraiture and the national poet who gave his name to a street in every town in France.
This instinctive recognition of Hugo as a great poet at the time of his death was followed by a period of critical neglect. A few of his poems were remembered, and Les Misérables continued to be widely read. The generosity of his ideas and the warmth of their expression still moved the public mind, for Hugo was a poet of the common man and knew how to write with simplicity and power of common joys and sorrows. But there was another side to him—what Paul Claudel called his 「panic contemplation」 of the universe, the numinous fear that penetrates his sombre poems La Fin de Satan and Dieu. Hugo's knowledge of the resources of French verse and his technical virtuosity in metre and rhyme, moreover, rescued French poetry from the sterility of the 18th century. André Gide, when asked whom he considered the greatest French poet, replied 「Victor Hugo, alas,」 explaining that if it was a regrettable fact at least it was fact.
Jean-Bertrand Barrère
Additional Reading
Biographies include Andre Maurois, Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo (1956, reissued 1985); Joanna Richardson, Victor Hugo (1976); and Elliott M. Grant, The Career of Victor Hugo (1945, reprinted 1969). John Porter Houston, Victor Hugo, rev. ed. (1988), is an introction, focusing especially on his poetry and its technical aspects. An analysis of Hugo's romantic drama is found in Charles Affron, A Stage for Poets: Studies in the Theatre of Hugo & Musset (1971). Victor Brombert, Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel (1984), explores the symbolic and mythological character of Hugo's works and is illustrated with Hugo's drawings.