使付之東流英語怎麼說及英文翻譯
❶ 化工英語文獻翻譯
希望不要讓我3.5個小時的努力付之東流！
篇名：液-固提升管的計算機層析攝影和微粒示蹤研究
作者：Shantanu Roy, Jinwen Chen, Sailesh B. Kumar, M. H. Al-Dahhan,* 和M. P. Dukovic [* 表示通訊作者的意思]。
單位：密蘇里州聖路易斯市華盛頓洲立大學化學工程系化學反應工程實驗室（63130）
摘要：液-固循環流化床在各種工業過程中均是一種有潛在價值的反應裝置，如煉油和精細化學品、石化產品及食品的合成。這些過程中，迅速失活的固體催化劑需要在基本反應完成後再生，並在提升管的固體中再循環。本研究表明，計算機輔助放射微粒示蹤技術(CARPT)可用於構建提升管中固體流速模型和供試流體流速下的固體迴流。?-射線計算機層析攝影(CT) 表明，在分餾柱中部固體濃度稍高。這和氣-固提升管反應器的情景相反，後者的固體濃度在柱壁上更高。
前言
液-固循環流化床在精細化學品、石化產品合成及煉油等各種工業過程中作為一種備選反應裝置迅速得到推廣(Liang等, 1995)。該過程在液相反應物（典型高壓、低溫下的烴）(Thomas, 1970)和可快速滅活的固相催化劑(Corma和Martinez, 1993)存在的反應器中完成。基本反應在高液/固流速比的垂直提升管柱中完成(在提升管中固體變成可被液體運載的液化狀態）。失活催化劑在通過連續內環流中的循環固體和基本反應偶聯的獨立處理過程中再生。此類連續流動的液固系統的設計和組裝需要每相中的流動模型以及相含率分配方面的知識。本工作的目的是通過實驗研究實驗室級循環液固系統流動模型的提升管中固相的流速和含率分布問題。
實驗
實驗室級液-固循環流化床的裝備圖紙如圖1所示。提升管是一根直徑6英寸、高7英尺的有機玻璃柱。提升管中的自來水帶動直徑2.5毫米的玻璃微珠流動，並通過柱塞和噴射器迴流進入系統。用噴射器(已把固體流速預標定為水流速函數)控制液流法來維持提升管中的固體物料流。全部固/液流速比可通過柱底部分配盤來調控。用內環流中的泵和儲水罐中的循環水來維持氣餾柱和噴射口部分恆定的高速水流。實驗在密蘇里州聖路易斯市華盛頓洲立大學化學工程系化學反應工程實驗室研發的CARPT和CT裝置中進行(Devanathan, 1991; Kumar,1994)。也許有必要指出，本研究使用的系統是緻密的，粘滯性小，惟有非浸入式流體檢測法如CARPT和CT才有能力精確測量固體流速和濃度。當前的裝備使得提升管可以在CARPT-CT操作平台上安裝用於本研究。早在固相水動力學的研究之前, 液相停留時間分布測定儀就在液相中得到應用。脈沖式快速注入氯化鉀溶液後測定液相在既定位置的傳導情況。本研究的結果其他地方也有報道(Roy 等, 1996)，我們發現液相實際上呈集中流勢，具有小的分散效應。液體示蹤顆粒E-曲線的二維方差總是小於0.1。
美國化學學會的CARPT研究(Devanathan, 1991; Yang等, 1992)把放射性Sc-46微粒(發射波長350 íCi，半衰期83天)引入一個粒徑和密度與待混流的玻璃微珠相匹配的中空鋁球中來制備示蹤顆粒。採用精妙的CARPT標定步驟(Yang等, 1992), 顆粒被放入供試反應段的約200-300個已知位置，就得到了每個檢測器的距離-密度關系標定圖譜。標定完成後，設置並保持所需的液體超臨界流速，且容許固體微粒自由進入流場來模擬典型的玻璃微粒的運動。長時間後(8小時)，示蹤顆粒的位置（用檢測器獲得的光子數目來表示）記作時間的函數。隨後，固體顆粒的平均流體組分和波動流體組分、粘滯系數和動力學能量可以通過舍棄和處理粗略的原始數據後計算得出(Devanathan, 1991; Larachi 等, 1997)。這是CARPT技術首次在一個體系中的成功演示，該體系中示蹤顆粒周期性地離開和重新進入被檢測器檢測到的分餾柱反應段。
密蘇里州聖路易斯市華盛頓洲立大學化學工程系化學反應工程實驗室的CT掃描儀採用扇-線幾何學來測定?-射線通過提升管中給定物體後的放射衰減。然後用粗略的衰減測量儀器重構中橫截面上各相的時間平均含率分布。該放射源被置於100 mCi的Cs-137同位素中, 11個碘化鈉檢測器(最大值)組成的角陣列用於衰減測試。基於極大似然原理的期望極大演算法(Lange和Carson, 1984)用來做投影儀中獲取的圖象重建。CREL掃描儀的軟體和硬體方面的細節問題已經由 Kumar 等 (1995)、Kumar和Dukovic′(1997)討論過。本研究中供試液-固提升管在沿柱的四個軸向位置被掃描。
結果與討論
實驗在液體超臨界流速（12-23 cm/s）的范圍內進行。本研究報道了在20 cm/s液體超臨界流速的條件下運行的系統中得到的典型結果。所有實驗採用直徑2.5毫米的玻璃微珠，噴射器的水流速度為25 gal/min。提升管底部的水流速度保持在33 gal/min，以便使柱中的平均液體超臨界流速達到20 cm/s。
圖2 是在20 cm/s的液體超臨界流速下4個軸向位置測得的對數平均化和時間平均化的徑向固體含率 (固體濃度) 分布圖。我們觀察到固體含率的級數並不隨著徑向位置的升高而呈顯著變化(最大變異是4%)，但隨軸向位置的變化而稍微下降(最大變異4%)。和柱壁比較而言，任何既定軸向位置的固體含率稍高於柱中部。這是一個有趣的結果，因為在氣-固提升管中廣泛報道的是相反趨勢(Rhodes和Geldart, 1989; Rhodes, 1990)。這里報道的固體含率分布的徑向梯度也更小。
圖3表示CARPT實驗中估計的固體流速場。圖3a是流速矢量圖, 該圖清楚地表明，從時間平均化的角度來考慮，固相有一個內循環迴路：固體在柱心上升並在柱壁上下降。圖3b表示柱中部四個位置的固體流速的時間平均化軸向成分也有相同的定量結果。有必要指出，柱壁上固體的下游流速和上游流體相比較有較小的數量級, 下游總的固體質量仍然是令人滿意的(本實驗為9.6%)。柱的33cm高度處固體含率圖一般來說是有序的。這個高度恰好位於柱中分配器和噴射器的上方(圖1),是混合區域的一部分, 顯然比78 cm高度處有較低的固體含率。這也為CARPT的實驗結果所證實：圖3a 清楚地表明固體流速矢量的方向在該高度上是隨機取向的, 而柱中較高的位置則出現清晰的循環迴路。因此，柱中33cm高度處的流體仍待斟酌，並且和柱的其他部分相比呈現明顯的偏離行為。用一種新穎的方法， 提升管中固體殘留時間分布(RTD)可間接從CARPT數據計算得出。由於示蹤顆粒被認為是可重復循環進入提升管的典型分散系組分，其每次通過提升管在其中停滯的時間的分布是其RTD值。這些不間斷採集數據獲得的「殘留時間」被作成圖4中的柱狀圖。提一個武斷的假說，這就給出了固相的RTD值。最後，在圖5中, 固體沿軸向的平均軸向流速被表示為液體超臨界流速的函數。不同條件下實驗表明，柱中線以及柱壁(下游)的流速整體上都是增加的。當然，這也可能是由於通過相同區段的液相模量較高引起固相模量的增加導致了固體平均流速提高。純粹基於這些實驗，結果似乎表明隨著液體超臨界流速的加大固相流速有一種趨於「飽和值」的傾向。然而，這些結果仍期待著未來進一步的實驗來做強有力的驗證。
結論
直至今日，流化床和提升管的設計仍停滯在經驗法則的水平上。此類系統中的實際現象遠比作為設計程式基礎的啟發式近似演算法獲得的結果要復雜的多。因此，液-固提升管的使用者和設計者可以從此類系統中的水動力學基本認識中獲得極大的啟發。當前的研究只是向同類實驗定量方面邁出了一小步。在CREL（作者的實驗室）, 各種操作條件和使用不同粒徑的顆粒的提升管配置研究工作正在進展中。此類體系中的靜止現象研究也在未來的計劃中。數據將做進一步的處理來計算固相的動力學能量、粘流剪切應力以及粘流分散系數。本研究努力的整體目標是了解影響液-固提升管效能的一些關鍵變數，進而研究更基礎的按比例增大規律。我們期望我們的實驗數據能作為液-固提升管流體的計算機動態建模的基準。
圖表題目翻譯如下：
圖1. 液-固提升管的裝備圖紙
圖2. 20 cm/s液體超臨界流速下不同軸向位置的固體含率（濃度）分布
圖3. 20 cm/s液體超臨界流速下的固體流速場: (a) 流速矢量圖; (b) 軸向平均流速圖。
致謝（略）
參考文獻（略）
❷ 謀國而貽天下之大患翻譯
原文：
謀國而貽天下之大患，斯為天下之罪人，而有差等焉。禍在一時之天下，則一時之罪人，盧杞是也；禍及一代，則一代之罪人，李林甫是也；禍及萬世，則萬世之罪人，自生民以來，惟桑維翰當之。
劉知遠決策以勸石敬塘之反，倚河山之險，恃士馬之強，而知李從珂淺軟，無難摧拉，其計定矣。而維翰急請屈節以事契丹。敬塘智劣膽虛，遂從其策，稱臣割地，授予奪之權於夷狄，知遠爭之而不勝。於是以生民之肝腦，五帝三王之名教禮樂，驅以入於狂流。契丹弱，而女真乘之；女真弱，而蒙古乘之，貽禍無窮，人胥為夷。非敬塘之始念也，維翰屍①之也。
夫維翰起家文墨，為敬塘書記，固唐教養之士人也，何仇於李氏，而必欲滅之？何德於敬塘，而必欲戴之為天子？敬塘而死於從珂之手，維翰自有餘地以居。敬塘之篡已成，已抑不能為知遠而相因而起。其為喜禍之奸人，固不足責；即使必欲石氏之成，抑可委之劉知遠輩，而徐收必得之功。乃力拒群言，決意以戴異族為君父也，吾不知其何心！始終重貴②之廷，唯以曲媚契丹為一定不遷之策，使重貴糜天下以奉契丹。民財竭，民心解，帝昺③山之禍，勢所固然。毀夷夏之大防，為萬世患；不僅重貴縲系，客死穹廬而已也。論者乃以亡國之罪歸景延廣，不亦誣乎？延廣之不勝，特不幸耳，即其智小謀強，可用為咎，亦僅傾臬捩雞④僥幸之宗社，非有損於堯封禹甸之中原也。義問已昭，雖敗猶榮。石氏之存亡，惡足論哉！
正名義於中夏者，延廣也；事雖逆而名正者，安重榮也；存中國以授予宋者，劉知遠也。於當日之儔輩而有取焉，則此三人可錄也。自有生民以來，覆載不容之罪，維翰當之。胡文定傳《春秋》而亟稱其功，殆為秦檜之嚆矢與？
譯文：
為國家出謀劃策但給天下遺留下大禍患，這樣的人是天下的罪人，但這樣的人是有等級的。禍患天下比較短的時間，就是短時間的罪人，盧杞就是這樣的人；禍患殃及一代人的，就是一代人的罪人，李林甫就是；禍患殃及萬代的，就是萬代罪人，自有人以來，只有桑維翰當之無愧。
劉知遠的謀略用(出謀劃策)來鼓勵石敬塘謀反，倚仗山河險要，依靠兵馬強壯，並且知道李從珂的淺薄、懦弱，勢力不難推倒，這樣的計謀就確定了。但桑維翰急切地請求折節來侍奉契丹。石敬塘又智力低微、膽子很小，就急忙聽從他的計策，向契丹割地稱臣，向夷狄給予還沒有奪過來的權利（給了契丹生殺予奪的權利），劉知遠據理力爭但沒有勝利。於是把百姓的生命、五帝三王的規矩都付之東流。契丹變弱小，女真乘機攻打；女真變弱小，蒙古乘機攻打。留下了無窮無盡的禍患，百姓都淪落為夷狄的奴隸。這不是石敬塘當初的想法，這是桑維翰主使他這樣。
桑維翰起家於文字，是石敬塘的書記官，本來是後唐的養士，對李氏有何仇恨，卻一定要消滅他？對於石敬塘來說（對石敬瑭），有何恩惠，一定要擁戴他為天子？如果石敬塘死於李從珂德手裡，桑維翰只（自）有居住、生活的地方。石敬塘已經篡位（篡位的圖謀已經實現），已經不能說因為劉知遠的計謀而起的。他的行為喜歡奸人(他是一個喜歡禍亂的奸人)，暫且不足以責備；假使一定想讓石敬塘成功，也可以委任給劉知遠這類人，慢慢地收獲一定會（必定得到的）成功。（桑維翰）（卻）力排眾議，一定（一心）擁戴異族為君父，我不知道他是何用心！石重貴的朝廷始終只（把）曲意逢迎契丹（作）為恆定的策略，使石重貴掠奪天下財富以侍奉契丹。百姓財產完盡，民心渙散，後來皇帝趙昺在崖山的災禍，形勢上看是必然的。毀壞國家的防線，是萬代的災禍；不僅是重貴被別人俘虜，客死在敵軍的大帳中。議論的人把亡國的罪過歸於景延廣，不也是誣陷嗎？景延廣的失敗，只是不幸啊！他的智慧小而謀略太大，可以是他的過錯，也僅僅是拋棄（傾亡）了臬捩雞（僥幸得來）的家室，沒有損失傳統的中華。正義的名聞已經昭顯，即使敗了也是光榮的。至於石敬塘的生死存亡，哪裡還值得討論呢？)
在華夏正名義的人，是景延廣；做事雖然大逆不道，但有正直名聲的，是安重榮；保存中原傳送給宋的人，是劉知遠。在當時的同類中的人有可取之處的，只有這三個人可以記錄。自有百姓以來，天地不容的罪過，只有桑維翰。胡文定寫《春秋傳》極力稱贊他的功勞，恐怕是秦檜之流的開始吧？
❸ 溫州話大全帶翻譯。
1.雕鷹拉個屁——影消消
翻譯：雕鷹放個屁就飛走了，沒影了。嘲笑某些人信誓旦旦說出的話，安排的計劃，到最後卻沒有一絲付諸行動的跡象。例：早呢講好生日買蛋糕給我，結果還是雕鷹拉個屁——影消消。
2.賴歪肉吃不壯
翻譯：靠耍賴贏過來的肉是吃不胖的。比喻通過不正當手段得來的好處，是要受到大夥譴責的。例：有人宿邊上講，該盤棋你新會贏——賴歪肉吃不壯！
3.螺螄殼里做道場
翻譯：螺螄殼比喻很小的場所，道場是和尚做法的場地。在螺螄殼里做道場是無稽之談。這句俚語比喻場所太小，難以辦成大事情。溫州人多地少，所以溫州人經常感嘆在溫州辦大事好比螺螄殼里做道場。例：堂地恁小，臀啊壘不轉，還妝起開店，螺螄殼里做道場啊！
4.買串炮仗兒僱人打
翻譯：喜歡放炮仗，又沒有膽量去把炮仗點燃，就買串炮仗請別人來放。嘲笑某些人想做某件事但有沒有膽量嘗試，結果弄的個「給他人做嫁衣裳」。例：你個人訾那神頭不靈清，車啊未學起，逮買來先，不是買串炮仗兒僱人打罷？
5.眠床底角吃糯柿，也有人曉得
翻譯：即便躲到被窩里吃柿子，也會友人知曉。勸勉某人行事光明正大。相當於俗話「若想人不知，除非己莫為」。例：你勿當事干做黃不講，大家人就曉不得，溫州人講眠床底角吃糯柿，也有人曉得個。
6.人毛嫌憎刀囤
翻譯：分明是人懶惰不想用力砍柴，偏要抱怨砍柴的刀太鈍。嘲笑某些人做事開口閉口抱怨工具不如意，而從不從自身找原因。毛就是差勁的意思。例：明明是你自開車不留心，才會撞底黃，你還人毛嫌憎刀囤，講是光線太暗。
7.三分人貌七分扮，癩頭兒扮起做小旦
翻譯：比喻通過外在裝飾能夠揚長避短。例：甲：恁界的明星妝著卸啦黃以後啊，簡直就看不得。乙：沃是恁個哪！三分人貌七分扮，癩頭兒扮起做小旦。
8.十八個搗臼畫岩上
翻譯：相當於「八字還未見一撇」，是指事情離完成還遠著，溫州話叫「還沒顯」。也說成「十八個搗臼畫岩上——還沒顯」。例：甲：你啦新屋還未分來啊？ 乙：十八個搗臼畫岩上——還沒顯。
9.十個煨兒九個蓋
翻譯：十個壇子卻只有九個蓋子，蓋來蓋去差一個。煨兒是壇子的意思。溫州人常拿這句比喻欠債的人借東家還西家。例：他打賭輸黃，借鈔票借起十個煨兒九個蓋。
10.心想唐底爛番薯恁
翻譯：意思相當於腦子想瘋了像爛番薯。比喻貪得無厭的人，總喜歡沉浸在不著邊際的狂想中。揶揄別人不切實際地想入非非。例：甲：我啦啊大國外快走來罷，過經來我就有名牌手錶、名牌皮鞋，名牌…… 乙：你真心想唐底爛番薯恁，你啦啊大宿國外生意做空黃罷，有個屁帶給你。
11.新起茅坑三日興
翻譯：新蓋的茅坑熱鬧了三天，就變得冷冷清清了。揶揄別人做事情光憑短暫熱情圖個新鮮，而沒有堅持力。例：甲：我啦鋼琴新買來，我該經來每天一走啦歸，就彈鋼琴，味道好顯好！ 乙：你黃，新起茅坑三日興，彈兩天仍單黃吧。
12.牙兒塌開糖金杏搗裂黃恁
翻譯：咧開嘴笑得燦爛，像糖金杏打裂了一樣。送糖金杏是溫州人的一個訂婚習俗，代表多子多孫。這句俚語比喻笑得開心徹底。例：你勿牙兒塌開糖金杏搗裂黃恁，留心窮人快活有糟難。 三日風，四日雨------ ①猶言反復無常。②喻 常發脾氣。
13.三粒板，兩條縫 ------喻事情明擺著，一清兩 楚。
14.三腳蛤蟆兒趵下趵下 -----諷喻學藝不精、 無能耐，卻喜歡賣弄、炫耀自己。
15.大麥未割，韭菜先割 ------ 多指大女兒未婚， 小女兒倒先嫁。
16.大貓趕來，草鞋幫斷爻 -----喻關鍵、緊急時 刻偏出問題。
17.大街上打巴掌，冷巷裡相喚 ----當他人面 打人顯威，背地又向人賠不是、討好。諷喻兩 副面孔。
18.口渴呷鹽鹵 義同飲鴆止渴。-----比喻只顧 緩解眼前之急，不顧嚴重後果。
19.千年打個石獅子，一槌敲 ----多年心血結 晶或積累錢財，一旦付之東流。
20.門神貼反爻 --------喻兩人意見不合，互不理 睬。貼門神時，兩畫像本側面相對，貼反了則變成背向反目。
21.幺幺對六六 -----------比喻兩人勾勾搭措，臭味 相投。幺幺、六六：骰子最小、最大點數。
22.開喉奶吃賺爻 -------喻某事一開始就做錯。 開喉奶：嬰兒吃的第一口奶。
23.天羅瓜打鼓 -----------①喻物非所用。②指不中 用的人或物。
24.天塌落來只箬笠恁大------ 喻不怕惹禍。
25.雲始月恁 -------雲朵中月亮，時隱時現，時明 時晦，喻人神思恍惚，昏頭昏腦
26.丐兒米倒草壇里爻 ------乞丐好不容易討來 米，倒在草壇里收拾不起來。形容人煩意心 情。
27.不會撐船怪河彎 ---------義與「不會泅河兒，埋 怨臀重」相近。
❹ 「我的英語退化到這種程度，真的很難過。曾經付出的努力都付之東流了。」翻譯成英語是什麼
My English is degraded to such an extent, really sad. Efforts have been undone by
❺ 把中國知網上的碩士論文翻譯成英文，可否當做英國碩士畢業論文。會不會被英國的論文抄襲檢測系統查出來。
如果被國內的人發現了，並且舉報，你就完蛋了，不要做這種事情。
❻ 付之東流的英文翻譯
Thrown into the eastward flowing stream; all one's efforts wasted; irrevocably lost.
你的努力似乎付之東流 。
Your efforts seem to go nowhere.
由於一重大失誤，已取得的成就付之東流。
Because of the big mistake, what we had achieved was irrevocably lost.
看到她所有的計劃付之東流。
Saw all her plans go down the tubes.
我的意思是，我的全部社交活動將付之東流。
I mean, it would be my whole social life down the drain.
過去兩年的一切努力將付之東流。
All the efforts of the last two years will be blown away.
他們所有的努力都付之東流了。
All their efforts came to nothing.
有沒有人能告訴我們為何森林被付之東流？
Can someone tell us why we let the forest burn?
在這一天中多年的積累都付之東流。
In this one day the accumulation and accomplishment of years were swept away.
只要一句說錯的話，就可以使一天表現良好的言行付之東流。
Saying just one wrong thing can negate an entire day of good statements and actions.
詩人為自己建立起的平靜安全，離群索居的生活很快就會付之東流。
Soon the secure, enclosed life the poet had built up for himself wound fall about his ears.
過去想將衍生產品在交易所交易的努力嘗試會付之東流。
Past attempts to trade credit derivatives on bourses have flopped.
這將使以出口導向為主的亞洲經濟體，在金融危機之後恢復和振興的努力，絕大部分付之東流。
This will fail most of the efforts made by export-oriented asian countries to revive and develop their economies in the wakeof the financial crisis.
❼ 我想成為一名自由翻譯，都需要作什麼准備
1、學歷和能力
能否成為一名優秀的自由翻譯工作者，這與學歷的高低和年齡的大小是無關的，知識的積累才是最主要的，時間管理、自律力與毅力也是你成為一名自由翻譯工作者的必要條件。 從翻譯的專業技能方面來說，一名優秀的自由翻譯工作者一定要擁有全面、綜合的素質。首先，語言功底一定要扎實，其次，所要涉及到的知識領域一定要廣。因此，想要成為一名優秀的自由翻譯工作者，就要多讀書多了解各個領域的知識。還有，在做翻譯的過程當中要學會適度的査漏補缺，語法的使用正確是非常重要的。最重要的是，翻譯時需要多査、多問，遇到自己不是很確定的問題，一定要虛心向職業翻譯請教。而且，就算自己是自由翻譯工作者，也要保證自己能夠不間斷的每天進行翻譯一些稿件，哪怕是很少的內容，也要堅持，不要三天打魚兩天曬網，讓自己的心血付之東流。 翻譯的水平高只是成為一名自由翻譯工作者的基礎，當然，你所要學習的東西還有很多。這里有三條黃金法則，能夠幫助你成為優秀的自由翻譯工作者。 （1）做時間的主人 做為一名自由翻譯，安排好自己的時間是非常重要的。你可能會有其他的工作，所以一定要勞逸結合，但是要記得，該工作的時候就一定要工作，不能在做翻譯的時候還看電影打游戲，這樣不但會耽誤時間，還會影響你的翻譯質量。自由翻譯，是沒有人要求你什麼時候去做什麼的，所以，你的時間，你自己一定要安排好，切不可浪費。 假如，今天是你成為自由翻譯工作者的第一天。起床整理收拾後,你會對這一天做一個安排。在沒有翻譯稿件的時候，可以先休息一下，也要為了突如其來的稿件做准備。多看些書籍資料對你的翻譯也是有好處的。一旦你確定了工作的時間，首先，你必須要將自己所有的任務分清主次，哪一項應該先完成，列好清單。然後用你認為最有效的方式，將自己的時間規劃好，什麼時候該做什麼事情，將一天的亊情全部做完。做時間的主人，在你精神最充沛的時候工作，讓你的生活與工作兩不耽誤。
2.自律和規劃
自律，是你成為一名優秀的自由翻譯工作者的必要條件。如果你無法做到專注於眼前的事情，便很難做出成績。在家工作的自由翻譯工作者，很容易因周邊發生的事情放棄工作，例如打游戲和聊天，但你要知道，那些事情不會比你成為自由翻譯工作者的亊業更重要，舍本逐未是不可取的，因為打游戲不是謀生的手段。如果是其他重要的事情的話，那就要規劃好自己的時間去逐個完成。 當然，自律力是可以培養的，對於一些剛踏入自由翻譯這個行業的新人來說，一開始在家工作難免會受到影響，這時的你，可以去一些家庭以外的地方工作。比如公共圖書館、附近咖啡廳等等覆蓋無線網路的地方。
3.恆心和毅力
毅力將會戰勝所有的疲憊和辛勞 楚韌不拔的毅力是成為一名優秀的自由翻譯工作者的另一個必備條件。在學習怎樣成為一名自由翻譯的過程中，要具有不怕苦的精神。俗話說，只要功夫深，鐵杵磨成針，要堅持不懈去訓練、去提高自己的水平與能力。 在剛開始找客戶、接業務的時候會很難，因為客戶不知道你的水平，不放心將自己的稿件交給你，但你也要有耐力，要堅韌不拔，不可因一時拿不到項目就氣餒放棄。當你這些技能都具備了之後，你要做的就是宣傳推銷自己了。給各個翻譯論壇、譯員論壇投簡歷、聯系翻譯公司，不放棄，幸運女神總將會降臨在你的身邊。 在做自由翻譯的過程中，同樣不要怕吃苦，必須要承受加班趕稿子的壓力，要學會忍受孤獨，調整自己克服勞累，保質保量地完成客戶的稿子，這樣你才能留住一個客戶、發展新的客戶。 當你把以上這三條黃金法則都掌握好、運用好之後，你一定能成為一名優秀的自由翻譯工作者。因為，心中有夢，所以，一切困難都將會客服。
❽ 給我篇有關管理層激勵或年薪制的英文文獻吧有中文翻譯的我追加給分
The annual salary system based on the incentive mechanism on stock options
Abstract: The Entrepreneurs of the incentive mechanisms that affect the development of the key factors. Based on the analysis of the current implementation of many of our enterprises on the basis of the annual salary system, studied and discussed more concive to encourage entrepreneurs of the stock options of long-term incentive mechanism.
The development of domestic and international business practice that: enterprise can do a good job, the key lies in people who have enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, the key is management, management can upswing, the key lies in the choice of entrepreneurs, incentive and restraint mechanisms And the incentive mechanism is the key to key.
First, the theoretical basis for the annual salary system
In recent years, the annual salary system graally income entrepreneurs in China to promote, to follow the needs of enterprise reform, but also the value of human capital and entrepreneurs specific functions to be recognized and the results.
(A) entrepreneurs have a special human capital
Business entrepreneurs, though not the owner of physical capital, but they have excellent quality and management capacity, for the proction and operation of enterprises to provide special human capital, human capital is such a modern enterprise survival and development of the most important and most dilute Lack of resources. Entrepreneurs, business development planning, internal management system, investment programmes and profit distribution plan and other major issues of policy makers and organizations perpetrators. In a sense, entrepreneurs hold the fate of enterprises, dominated the rise and fall of corporate survival. Entrepreneurs of the scarcity of human capital in its own survival period is longer, higher training costs, many business operators, but can really become entrepreneurs of the few.
Entrepreneurs to provide the most important and special scarce human capital, making them in a modern enterprise system in general was different from the human resources of the powers, responsibilities and benefits. They have the corporate management decision-making power, charged with the responsibility of corporate capital appreciation, the benefits should also be its power, relative responsibility, not only in their remuneration is higher than that of the general staff and workers compensation, performance is more important to Entrepreneurs should be involved in business in the remainder of the profit-sharing.
(B) of entrepreneurs with internal and external al function
Entrepreneurs is the internal function within the enterprise entrepreneurs to other proction elements of organization and coordination, the overall configuration, to the maximum play to the role of various factors of proction, specific performance in: entrepreneurs decided to internal organizational settings, Develop their internal management systems and to develop business profit distribution plan. This organization of the internal allocation of resources is a senior labor and complicated labor, entrepreneurs, according to the labor intensity and complexity of remuneration, this part of a general income distribution according to work areas.
Entrepreneur's external feature is that entrepreneurs of foreign competition features, including innovation and risk management capabilities. Innovative features including the introction of new procts, the introction of new technology, opening up new markets. The introction of new proction and management organizations. Risk management function is that entrepreneurs in their process of innovation should also be considered in their decision-making and analysis of market risks, social risks and natural risks, and actively pursuing hedge the risk of revenue at the same time. Foreign entrepreneurs function is determined by the innovative entrepreneurs take a risk and revenue income, income does not belong to this part of the general distribution according to work areas, we can call it "technical know distribution." And the innovative capacity of entrepreneurs and risk management capability can be attributed to their level of knowledge and level of knowledge and management as a special labor involved in the creation of corporate profits, and entrepreneurs have reason and right to participate in the sharing of corporate profits.
Second, entrepreneurs, the reality of the annual salary system
For these entrepreneurs, the theoretical basis for income, in real economic life, entrepreneurs, the annual salary income from salary income and profit sharing composed of two parts, namely S = α + βπ, for distribution according to work-α in the annual fixed pay, π is Profit targets, β coefficient is shared.
α as the income distribution according to work, its decision mechanism and the general staff remuneration for labor's decision mechanism is similar. However, e to labor management is a more advanced and complex work, so, α the identification more complicated. In addition to comply with the "minimum wage can maintain the survival and reproction of labour" principle outside, α the size of the main decisions on the following factors: First, the entrepreneurs affected the market supply and demand situation, to a large extent depends on the marginal proctivity of entrepreneurs Second, the entrepreneurs the opportunity cost (such as access to ecation and training expenses and spend a result of the loss of income opportunities) on the impact of the third, the complexity of the activities of management experience and risk degree of influence; fourth, Should take into account the "high-paying Yang Lian" needs.
∏ profit targets based on their own situation there are three main options: first, π means that the actual profit or that actual profits exceed the profits of the » Second, π means that the total profits or profits compared with last year's increase in the » Third, π can also be relatively few, that is, profitability, the profit margin is sales revenue or profit margins funds margin »
Share β coefficient determined by the size of entrepreneurs on the marginal contribution to profits. β have identified the three options: first, by the business owners in accordance with the specific situation of enterprise decision; second, entrepreneurs from the same instry competition to decide, within the same instry in the implementation of a unified β; third, from all social enterprises Home competition to decide, when the average β is the social entrepreneurs to share coefficient, the management decided to entrepreneurs working on the social average profit contribution.
From the reality of the annual salary system, we can see that the annual salary system more complete and objectively reflect the performance of the work of entrepreneurs, the wage relations, highlighted the importance of entrepreneurs, human capital, while making entrepreneurs and the economic efficiency of enterprises linked to income, Reflects the interests, responsibilities and risks of the principle of consistency. However, the annual salary system to consider only the company's annual revenue, in the case of asymmetric information, entrepreneurs will lead to acts of short-term, the pursuit of short-term high-income after Yizoule. In addition, the annual salary system does not include long-term rewards, in the absence of dynamic IP cases, entrepreneurs may obtain income through other channels, such as through various channels, "rent-seeking", in-service consumer, eat or drink, and other public funds. To remedy this deficiency, we can learn from foreign enterprises to implement the stock options and other long-term incentive mechanism, so that the personal interests of entrepreneurs and business interests more closely together.
Third, the connotation of incentive stock options and the feasibility of
The so-called incentive stock options system, the intent is to give entrepreneurs the company within a certain period of time in accordance with the established price to buy a certain number of shares of the Company's rights, made by the entrepreneurs of the cost of equity capital markets and equity prices on the poor Formation of a reward for entrepreneurs to add. This article discussed the incentive stock options, has a special meaning is that entrepreneurs will be paid an annual salary in profit sharing in whole or in part into the form of stock options to achieve long-term incentive effect. Incentive stock options will be "incentive pay" and "ownership incentives" ingenious combination of, on the one hand to entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs make the long-term behavior and interests of solidarity with the interests of business owners and entrepreneurs make a business One of the owners, have some ownership of other enterprises, at least have the following benefits: First, open a corporate ownership structure, and stability can continue to attract outstanding management personnel; Second, the entrepreneurs of the stock options from income Provision of the securities market, enterprises can rece the burden of paying cash reward, save a lot of working capital to enterprises in the non-payment of funds under the incentives to entrepreneurs; Third, can rece the asymmetric information, rece agency costs; four enterprises can be corrected Home of short-sighted mentality, so that entrepreneurs are not only concerned about the enterprise, more concerned about their future.
In contemporary developed countries, business manager's remuneration structure of a larger change than ever before, to stock options as the main reward system has been replaced by a basic annual salary and bonus as the mainstay of the traditional pay system. According to statistics, the world's top 500 large instrial enterprises, 90 percent of the enterprises have their senior management adopted a stock option compensation system, of course, these enterprises are joint-stock listed companies. At the national level, corporate stock options incentive mechanisms in recent years in Shenzhen, Shanghai, Wuhan and other places in infancy. 1993, Shenzhen Vanke developed a strict standard "staff shares scheme rules" for implementation in three phases, but because the relevant laws and regulations did not keep up, making the first phase of the "stock options" in 1995 after the employee shares into Has not been listed, the second phase of abortion. In early 1999, Shanghai's instrial system initiated the "operators revolution," the pilot system of incentive stock options. In 1999, the Wuhan City in the form of stock options to honour the six companies the legal representative of the annual salary. His annual salary from the base salary income, income risk and special incentives, such as the annual salary component. One risk of revenue in net profit in accordance with the approved enterprises, 30 percent in cash honoured, and the remaining 70 percent into stock options. Although these experiments is not the strict sense and norms of stock options, but it is a useful and positive exploration, to a large extent inspired the operators.
Fourth, stock option incentive mechanism design
The above analysis shows that the current remuneration structure of the annual salary system in the implementation of joint-stock enterprises have yet there are still some applicability, but also for the implementation of joint-stock companies listed on the stock incentive period only laid the foundation. As the annual salary system of compensation contract extension, entrepreneurs, business owners can pay part of profit sharing in cash paid to entrepreneurs, will be transformed into the rest of the stock options. Such stock options is the intrinsic value of stock options expire at the present value of the transfer, in the efforts of entrepreneurs, if the company's operating condition and stock price rising, entrepreneurs can be higher than the annual salary of stock options System for the proceeds of the contrary, if the company to operate properly, the stock was up against or not, are not entrepreneurs, not only the current stock options, but the previous efforts (of the stock options have value) will also have been in vain . Based on the above ideas, we designed stock options incentive mechanism.
First of all remuneration structure in the annual salary system S = α + βπ on the basis of the introction of the relative performance comparison information - another corporate profit targets z. In this way, the entrepreneurs to improve the remuneration structure:
Ε for which the income of entrepreneurs and other corporate profit targets z relations factor: If ε = 0, entrepreneurs of income and z, otherwise, the income of entrepreneurs and z clearance, that is, business owners in the development of expectations Profits when the standard reference to the profits of enterprises related to other indicators. Comparing the relative performance of the introction of information aimed at enhancing the strength of incentives to entrepreneurs objectivity. Of course, the entrepreneurs pay the profit-sharing programmes in the coefficient of standards and expectations of the determination of profits, ultimately a matter for the business owners and entrepreneurs to balance the results of Concorde, the owners and entrepreneurs can not be the initial desire to be fully met. Generally speaking, the desire to meet the level of the specific values of variables and the two sides in the negotiations depends on the status of the greater amount of information, the higher the position, the easier it is to satisfy the desire.
Determine the matter reward entrepreneurs profits in cash to pay the proportion of i, cash income from entrepreneurs such as:
Where p after the announcement of the corporate annual report one month's average price.
In addition, the business owner provides entrepreneurs, before the expiration of stock options may not be listed in circulation, but entrepreneurs have stock options dividends, by配股rights. After the expiration of stock options, entrepreneurs have full ownership, he can be realised or stock to continue to hold. Their specific operating under the rules of the actual business case may be, for example, will reward entrepreneurs, profit sharing of 30 percent in cash honoured, and the remaining 70 percent into stock options, this part of the shares of the voting machine temporarily by the owner of the exercise, The second year of the return of last year, equivalent to 30 per cent of profit sharing paid shares, then the third year in the same form of the return of 30 percent, while the remaining 10 per cent of total retirement.
Five of China's enterprises, stock options Thoughts
Domestic and foreign enterprises reform of the system of remuneration Practice has proved that the stock options is to coordinate the interests of shareholders and entrepreneurs the most direct way is to implement long-term incentives to entrepreneurs an effective means of restraint. However, stock options the feasibility and effectiveness does not mean that each and every enterprise in China must be adopted, nor does it mean that all enterprises have access to immediate effect. Stock options in order to make the smooth and effective implementation, it will be dependent on the following aspects of the work of common development.
(A) actively promote the stock option incentive mechanism pilot
China's enterprises in the internal and external conditions are ripe circumstances, must not blind action, Yihongershang, select some good joint-stock operation, standardize operations in recent years, no significant adverse events listed companies, especially those who grow up with good development potential Large high-tech pilot listed companies, to be made and the experience of all aspects of the promotion after the conditions are ripe.
(B) pay close attention to amend and improve laws and regulations governing securities
States should step up the formulation of the relevant stock option incentive mechanism of policies and regulations, including the mandate of the main stock options, incentive target, source, proportion, volume and price, the stock option shortest retention period, the minimum retention and non-negotiable, and Entrepreneurs such as the middle of separation or retirement of the approach, and so on, so that the enterprise incentive stock option plan law, rule-based, standardized operation.
(C) to speed up the establishment and improvement of professional entrepreneurs market
China's entrepreneurs, the cultivation, selection and use of still lacks clear and effective channel and contract protection, therefore, it is necessary to fully tap and entrepreneurs to play the function of the market, improve the mechanism by an agent, to the entrepreneurs of the term of office, powers and responsibilities, such as the establishment of Lee Clear and strict provisions of the lease for the smooth implementation of stock options to provide organizational guarantee.
(D) focus on cultivating effective stock market
It is necessary to guide investors adjusted attitude, focus on rational investment, guard against blindly speculation, to rece body speculation, the stock manipulation phenomena, to form an effective stock market, correctly reflect the operating results of enterprises so that the entrepreneurs of the stock options income and business performance Has a high correlation.
(5) to improve corporate governance and oversight mechanisms
Stake in the implementation of the enterprise must encourage the establishment and improvement of corporate governance and oversight mechanisms, and ensure the General Assembly and the Board of Directors by the shareholders determine compensation incentives to entrepreneurs of the specific programmes; entrepreneurs with the signing of a legally binding contract by the board of supervisors to exercise day-to-day Oversight functions.
超過字數限制了..中文的發不了..汗..
我用另一個號來發..
如果你覺得這個可以的話就把分加到我這個號上.(312004342)
❾ 我要參加比賽了,老師不給我翻譯啊,跪求,急!!!!!!!!!!!!
Climb over the mountain
Life is like the endless mountains which are always possesing "mountaintop" as well as "valley". However, our life are just like climbing hills with continously getting hurt. The strong ones will keep on climbing after getting hurt while the weak ones will stop at that point.
When time goes back to primary school grade four, our school opened a course for math progress. Only 10 applicants from each class were qulified to take the course, obviously, everyone including me wanted to be part of the team. Thus, we hold a qualification test to decide whom were the right ones to have the honour to take the class. Fortunately, I got number 10 sharing with someone others in my class. More fortunately, the other number 10 denied to take the chance and I automatically got the opportunity.
I felt I was suffering because I've never have this kind of course experience. I cannot understand in the class time and to review was competely a mass. At that time, I was something like a directionless bird flying in the sky and don't know what will happen next. No matter how hard I tried, my score never went to much up.
I cried, I hesitated, I also told myself to give up for the meanless hard-learning. But I cannot get my heart to accept to give up the golden chance. At last, I decided to go on and decided to changed the situation step by step.
With the help from the teachers and classmates, I entered into top 5 in the class in the course finishing test for I spent double / triple or more time in learning. The early bird will fly to the destination early was a good saying to encourage me going on.
Probably, there will be tear, pain and will get hurt by the herb or get tumbled when climbing the mountain. But remember, if we don't give up, if we keep on walking, something will be achieve equally.
When someday you get to the top and look back to the difficulty you've ever overcome, you can strongly feel that everything that I've persited is the reason for my now good result...
❿ 求英語高手翻譯這封信（翻譯網的就不要了）
Dear Master;
If you finish reading my letter with patience, I will be happy. First of all, I would like to apologize for my rudeness today. You came to me to have a talk. However, I just ignored you. I hope I haven't make you unhappy for my bad attitude. I am really poor in expressing myself. In fact, I do like you. You have made an good impression on me. Every time I think of you, I feel happy from the bottom of my heart. It warms me and encourages me. so how you feel means so much to me. I am afraid I will make you disappointed. If that happens, I would be to blame myself.
這是本人自己翻譯的，當然，不可能逐字逐句都翻譯下來，但是也大概表達了你對校長的歉意，以及你對你自己做法的原因及反省。 希望你能及時發送給你校長，並得到諒解。
希望可以幫到你。(*^__^*) 嘻嘻。